Miss Universe

Not to be confused with Mrs. Universe.
Miss Universe

Logo of the Miss Universe pageant.
Motto Confidently Beautiful
Formation 1952
Type Beauty pageant
Headquarters New York City
Location
Official language
 English
President
 Paula Shugart
Affiliations William Morris Endeavor
Website www.missuniverse.com

Miss Universe is an annual international beauty pageant that is run by the Miss Universe Organization.[1] Along with its rival contests, Miss World and Miss Earth, this pageant is one of the most publicized beauty contests in the world.[2][3][4][5] The pageant was founded in 1952 by the California clothing company Pacific Mills, and is owned, along with Miss USA, by WME/IMG.[6]

In 1998, Miss Universe, Inc. changed its name to Miss Universe Organization, and moved its headquarters from Los Angeles to New York City.[7][8]

In 1998, the logo of Miss Universe – "the woman with stars" – was created,[8] representing the beauty and responsibility of women around the world.[9] The same logo is used in present-day pageants.[8]

In 2015, after Donald Trump made statements about immigrants from Mexico in his presidential campaign kickoff speech, NBC decided to end their business relationship and stated that they will no longer air the pageant, or the Miss USA pageant, on their networks.[10] In September 2015, Trump bought the entire stock of the Miss Universe Organization from NBC, becoming its sole owner for three days until selling the entire stock to WME/IMG.[6]

The current Miss Universe is Pia Wurtzbach of the Philippines who was crowned on 20 December 2015 in Las Vegas, USA.[11]

History

The title "Miss Universe" was first used by the International Pageant of Pulchritude in 1926. This contest was held annually until 1935, when the Great Depression and other events preceding World War II led to its demise.

Today's Miss Universe Pageant was founded after Yolande Betbeze, the winner of the 1951 Miss America pageant, refused to pose in a swimsuit from its major sponsor, Catalina Swimwear. The brand's manufacturer Pacific Mills withdrew its sponsorship from Miss America and set up the Miss USA and Miss Universe contests. The first Miss Universe Pageant was held in Long Beach, California in 1952. It was won by Armi Kuusela from Finland, who gave up her title, though not officially, to get married, shortly before her year was completed.[12] Until 1958, the Miss Universe title, like that of Miss America, was dated by the year following the contest, so at the time Ms. Kuusela's title was Miss Universe 1953.

Since its founding by Pacific Mills, the pageant has been organized and conducted by the Miss Universe Organization. Eventually Pacific Mills and its subsidiaries were acquired by the Kayser-Roth Corporation, which was in turn acquired by Gulf and Western Industries. Donald Trump acquired the pageant in 1996.[13]

The pageant was first televised in 1955. CBS began broadcasting the combined Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants in 1960, and as separate contests in 1965. John Charles Daly hosted the pageant from 1955 to 1966, Bob Barker from 1967 to 1987, Alan Thicke in 1988, John Forsythe in 1989, Dick Clark from 1990 to 1993, and Bob Goen from 1994 to 1996. In 2003, NBC outbid the other networks for the TV rights.[14] From 2003 to 2014, the pageant was broadcast in the US on NBC. NBC and Univision dropped the pageant in 2015 due to comments made by presidential candidate Trump about undocumented immigrants from Mexico.[10] Starting in 2015, Fox was the official broadcaster of the pageant.[15]

Ownership

Up until September 2015, the Miss Universe Organization was a joint venture between NBC and Donald Trump. The company has run the contest since 2002.[1] NBC cancelled all business relationships with the Miss Universe Organization and with Trump in response to his political comments about illegal immigration during his campaign for the presidency of the United States.[16] In September 2015, Trump bought out NBC's 50% stake in the organization making him the company's sole owner, which he held for three days before selling the entire pageant to WME/IMG.[17] The current president of the Miss Universe Organization is Paula Shugart.[18]

Official song

Miss Universe's historical song, "You are my star", was the official song for the pageant from 1987 to 1995. It was sung by the "Little Sisters", a group of young children from the host country.[19]

Competition formats

During the early years of the pageant, the delegates who made the first cut were announced after the preliminary competition. From 1965 to the present day, the semifinalists were not announced until the night of the main event. The semifinalists once again competed in evening gown and swimsuit and five finalists were announced. An interview portion was introduced in 1960 to decide the runners-up and the winner.

From 1959 to 1964 there were slight format changes. From 1959 through 1963 there was no cut to reach the five finalists. The runners-up and winner were called from the assembled 15 semifinalists. In 1965 the pageant returned to the original format of a cut to five finalists, and remained so until 1989. In 1969 a final question was posed to the last five contestants. The final question was an on-and-off feature of the pageant. In 1990 it had taken root, and with every pageant since the final contestants have had to answer a final question. In 1990 the pageant implemented major changes in the competition itself. Instead of five finalists, the field was reduced from ten semifinalists to six. Each contestant then randomly selected a judge and answered the question posed by the judge. After that, the field was narrowed down further to a final three. In 1998, the number of finalists was reduced to five, although there still was a cut to a final three. This continued until 2001, when the final five format was reinstated.

In the year 2000, the interview portion of the semifinal was dropped, and the contestants competed only in swimsuits and evening gowns, as in the early years of the pageant. In 2003, the number of semifinalists was increased to fifteen, with cuts made to ten, and then to five contestants. The final question varied, each coming from the final delegates themselves and the current Miss Universe. In 2006, twenty semifinalists were selected for the swimsuit competition, ten of whom went on to the evening gown competition. The five who passed that stage competed in an interview round, after which the runners-up and winner were announced. The 2007 contest followed a similar format, with fifteen contestants competing in the swimsuit stage. In 2011, for the first time, one of the sixteen semifinalists was selected exclusively by TV viewers via online voting. In the 2014 contest held in January 2015, a final question was chosen from thousands submitted by Facebook.[20]

In 2015, the contest followed a similar format from its previous years. In the final 5, a contestant answered the question which is related to national issue of their country. After that, the field was narrowed down further to a final three who will then go on to answer one common question, the final Q and A. Finally, there will be a final vote based on overall impression and performance in the last round. For the first time, the rest of the contestants played the role of a final judge and had the chance to choose the new Miss Universe.

Contestant selection

Local organizations that wish to select the Miss Universe contestant for their countries must submit bids to the Miss Universe Organization for that right. Occasionally, the traditional license holder for a particular country may lose its bid, as has happened in Italy, Denmark, France, Sweden, Germany, Great Britain, and more.

Usually a country's candidate selection involves pageants in major cities, whose winners compete in a national pageant, but there are exceptions. For example, from 2000 to 2004, Australian delegates were chosen by a modeling agency. Although such "castings" are generally discouraged by the Miss Universe Organization, Miss Australia Jennifer Hawkins was chosen to be Miss Universe in 2004. When Australia resumed its national pageant, Michelle Guy became Miss Universe Australia 2005.

Some of the most successful national pageants in the last decade have been Venezuela, USA, Puerto Rico, France, Philippines which command consistently high interest and television ratings in their respective countries.[21] Recent arrivals in the pageant include Slovenia (2001), China and Albania (2002), Vietnam, Georgia and Ethiopia (2004), Latvia (2005), Kazakhstan (2006), Tanzania (2007), Kosovo (2008), Gabon and Lithuania (2012) alongside Azerbaijan (2013); there have also been efforts to revive strong national pageants in South Africa, Canada, Spain, Japan and Latin America (especially Venezuela, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil). Prior powerhouses are Finland, Germany and Sweden. England is the most successful nonwinning country with nine top-five positions. The current powerhouses that often make the semi-finals are: USA, Philippines, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, Puerto Rico, Ukraine, France, Australia, Indonesia and India.

The organization makes continual efforts to expand the pageant, but the participation of some countries such as Algeria has proven difficult due to cultural barriers to the swimsuit competition, while others such as Armenia, Mozambique, and Nepal have balked at sending representatives due to the cost. As of 2014, only four countries have been present at every Miss Universe since its inception in 1952: Canada, France, Germany (East and West up to 1990), and the USA. Many European countries allow 17-year-old contestants to compete in their pageants, while Miss Universe's minimum age is 18, so national titleholders often have to be replaced by their runners-up. Miss Universe had previously prohibited transsexual applicants and age fabrication, but beginning in 2012, transgender women were allowed to compete, as long as they win their national pageants.[22]

Main pageant

The main Miss Universe Pageant is held over a two-week period in December. In the 1970s through the 1990s, the pageant was a month long. This allowed time for rehearsals, appearances, and the preliminary competition, with the winner being crowned by the previous year's titleholder during the final competition.

According to the organizers, the Miss Universe contest is more than a beauty pageant: women aspiring to become Miss Universe must be intelligent, well-mannered, and cultured. Often a candidate has lost because she did not have a good answer during the question responses rounds; although this section of competition has held less importance during recent pageants than it did in the twentieth century. Delegates also participate in swimsuit and evening gown competitions.

Currently, the final placement of the finalists is determined by a ranked vote, where each judge ranks each of the final three/five candidates, with the contestant posting the lowest cumulative score (thus often, but not necessarily always, the contestant with the most number one votes) becoming the winner. If there is a tie, the higher semifinal scores become decisive.

The winner is assigned a one-year contract with the Miss Universe Organization, going overseas to spread messages about the control of diseases, peace, and public awareness of AIDS. Since Donald Trump took over the pageant, the winner has been given the use of a Trump Place apartment in New York City during her reign.[23] If the winner, for any reason, cannot fulfill her duties as Miss Universe, the 1st runner-up takes over.

Aside from the main winner and her runners-up, special awards are also given to the winners of the best National Costume, Miss Photogenic, and Miss Congeniality. The Miss Congeniality award is chosen by the delegates themselves. In recent years, Miss Photogenic has been chosen by popular internet vote (the winner used to be chosen by media personnel covering the event).

Final judgment

The competition for the Miss Universe title has seen many changes, although there have been several constants throughout its history. All the contestants compete in a preliminary round of judging (nowadays called the "Presentation Show") where the field is narrowed to a select number of semifinalists. This number has fluctuated over the years. The first Miss Universe pageant had ten semifinalists. For the next two years, the number of semifinalists grew to 16. In 1955, the number dropped to a stable 15, which remained through 1970. In 1971, the number was reduced to 12. That number was further reduced to 10 in 1984. This lasted until 2003, when the number of 15 was reinstated. In 2006, there were 20 semifinalists, the highest number ever. In 2007, the organization announced the Top 15 system would be back, which was also used in 2008 until 2010. In 2011, the system went through another change. Since then, are 16 semifinalists, 15 chosen by judges and one chosen by most popular by Internet votes.

In the early years, the contestants were judged in swimsuit and evening gown only. In later years, the contestants also competed in a preliminary interview round in a one-on-one meeting with each individual judge.

Crown

Paulina Vega and Pia Wurtzbach[24] in 2014 and 2015 were decorated with the diamond crown.[25] The diamond crown, estimated to be worth US$300,000 was produced in the workshop of Czech company, DIC - Diamonds International Corporation . The whole production process of the diamond crown, from the first sketches to the production itself took approximately four months. The total value of the crown has climbed up to US$300,000. The shape of the crown is reminiscent of Manhattan skyline. Its production required the work of 10 people and the crown is made up of 311 pcs of diamonds, 5 pieces of blue topaz, 198 pieces of blue sapphire, 33 pieces of crystal and 220 grams of gold. Total weight of the crown is 411 g.

From 2009–2013, Diamond Nexus Labs made the Miss Universe crown. The crown is set with 1,371 gemstones, weighing a total of 416.09 carats (83.218 g). It contains 544.31 grams of 14k and 18k white gold as well as platinum. The crown features synthetic rubies to represent Miss Universe's HIV/AIDS education and awareness platform. Diamond Nexus Labs is the first ever eco-friendly Official Jeweler of Miss Universe and was selected as part of NBC Universal's "Green is Universal" initiative.[26][27]

The winner of the 2008 Miss Universe Pageant, which was broadcast from the Crown Convention Center in Nha Trang, Vietnam was crowned with the masterpiece which was designed by Rosalina Lydster of Jewelry by Rosalina and Ms. Dang Thi Kim Lien of CAO Fine Jewelry. The crown, valued at $120,000, is made of 18K white and yellow gold. It is composed of over 1,000 precious stones; including 555 white diamonds (30 carats), 375 cognac diamonds (14 carats), 10 smoky quartz crystals (20 carats) and 19 morganite gemstones (60 carats). The colors of the jewels chosen for the crown have great significance. The yellow luster of the gold represents the prosperous thriving economy in Vietnam. White, light pink and cognac are the main hues in the crown which represent inspiration and feeling. Each piece of the crown was designed to represent an important attribute of the Miss Universe Pageant. The curves of inlaid precious stones represent the strong development and potential of each country. The image of the crane (Lac Bird) symbolizes Vietnamese spirit and culture. The image of the heart represents unified breath, rhythm and vision, which are powerful internal forces that stress faith, hope and unity.

The Miss Universe crown used from 2002–2007 was designed by Mikimoto, the official jewelry sponsor of the Miss Universe Organization, and depicted the phoenix rising, signifying status, power and beauty. The crown has 500 diamonds of almost 30 carats (6.0 g), 120 South Sea and Akoya pearls, ranging in size from 3 to 18 mm diameter and is valued at $250,000. The Crown was designed for the pageant on Mikimoto Pearl Island in Japan with the Mikimoto crown and tiara being first used for Miss Universe 2002.[28]

Recent titleholders

For full list and details, see List of Miss Universe titleholders.
YearCountry/TerritoryMiss UniverseNational TitleLocationNumber of Entrants
2016 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA
2015  Philippines Pia Wurtzbach Binibining Pilipinas Las Vegas, USA 80
2014  Colombia Paulina Vega Miss Colombia Doral, USA 88
2013  Venezuela Gabriela Isler Miss Venezuela Moscow, Russia 86
2012  USA Olivia Culpo Miss USA Las Vegas, USA 89

Gallery of winners

Miss Universe Organization

The Miss Universe Organization is the organization that currently owns and runs the Miss Universe, Miss USA[29] and Miss Teen USA beauty contests. Based in New York, the organization is owned by WME/IMG. The current president is Paula Shugart. The organization sells television rights to the pageants in other countries.

Miss Universe Organization titleholders

Crystle Stewart, Miss USA 2008 and Stevi Perry, Miss Teen USA 2008
Hilary Cruz, Miss Teen USA 2007 and Crystle Stewart, Miss USA 2008
Hilary Cruz, Miss Teen USA 2007 and Riyo Mori, Miss Universe 2007 attend the "Fashion Rocks the Universe" event prior to the Miss USA 2008 pageant
Rachel Smith, Miss USA 2007 and Hilary Cruz, Miss Teen USA 2007 signing autographs during a USO tour of Japanese military bases
Chelsea Cooley, Miss USA 2005 and Shelley Hennig, Miss Teen USA 2004 at Guantanamo Bay

The following is a list of all Miss Universe Organization titleholders over the years.

Year Miss Universe Country Miss USA State Miss Teen USA State
2015 Pia Wurtzbach Philippines Olivia Jordan Oklahoma Katherine Haik Louisiana
2014 Paulina Vega Colombia Nia Sanchez Nevada K. Lee Graham South Carolina
2013 Gabriela Isler Venezuela Erin Brady Connecticut Cassidy Wolf California
2012 Olivia Culpo USA Nana Meriwether Maryland Logan West Connecticut
2011 Leila Lopes Angola Alyssa Campanella California Danielle Doty Texas
2010 Ximena Navarrete Mexico Rima Fakih Michigan Kamie Crawford Maryland
2009 Stefanía Fernández Venezuela Kristen Dalton North Carolina Stormi Henley Tennessee
2008 Dayana Mendoza Venezuela Crystle Stewart Texas Stevi Perry Arkansas
2007 Riyo Mori Japan Rachel Smith Tennessee Hilary Cruz Colorado
2006 Zuleyka Rivera Puerto Rico Tara Conner Kentucky Katie Blair Montana
2005 Natalie Glebova Canada Chelsea Cooley North Carolina Allie LaForce Ohio
2004 Jennifer Hawkins Australia Shandi Finnessey Missouri Shelley Hennig Louisiana
2003 Amelia Vega Dominican Republic Susie Castillo Massachusetts Tami Farrell Oregon
2002 Justine Pasek Panama Shauntay Hinton District of Columbia Vanessa Semrow Wisconsin
Oxana Fedorova[a] Russia
2001 Denise Quiñones Puerto Rico Kandace Krueger Texas Marissa Whitley Missouri
2000 Lara Dutta India Lynnette Cole Tennessee Jillian Parry Pennsylvania
1999 Mpule Kwelagobe Botswana Kimberly Pressler New York Ashley Coleman Delaware
1998 Wendy Fitzwilliam Trinidad & Tobago Shawnae Jebbia Massachusetts Vanessa Minnillo South Carolina
1997 Brook Lee USA Brook Lee Hawaii Shelly Moore Tennessee
1996 Alicia Machado Venezuela Ali Landry Louisiana Christie Lee Woods Texas
1995 Chelsi Smith USA Shanna Moakler New York Keylee Sue Sanders Kansas
1994 Sushmita Sen India Lu Parker South Carolina Shauna Gambill California
1993 Dayanara Torres Puerto Rico Kenya Moore Michigan Charlotte Lopez Vermont
1992 Michelle McLean Namibia Shannon Marketic California Jamie Solinger Iowa
1991 Lupita Jones Mexico Kelli McCarty Kansas Janelle Bishop New Hampshire
1990 Mona Grudt Norway Carole Gist Michigan Bridgette Wilson Oregon
1989 Angela Visser Netherlands Gretchen Polhemus Texas Brandi Sherwood Idaho
1988 Porntip Nakhirunkanok Thailand Courtney Gibbs Texas Mindy Duncan Oregon
1987 Cecilia Bolocco Chile Michelle Royer Texas Kristi Addis Mississippi
1986 Bárbara Palacios Venezuela Christy Fichtner Texas Allison Brown Oklahoma
1985 Deborah Carthy-Deu Puerto Rico Laura Martinez-Herring Texas Kelly Hu Hawaii
1984 Yvonne Ryding Sweden Mai Shanley New Mexico Cherise Haugen Illinois
1983 Lorraine Downes New Zealand Julie Hayek California Ruth Zakarian New York
1982 Karen Dianne Baldwin Canada Terri Utley Arkansas
1981 Irene Sáez Venezuela Kim Seelbrede Ohio
1980 Shawn Weatherly USA Jineane Ford Arizona
1979 Maritza Sayalero Venezuela Mary Therese Friel New York
1978 Margaret Gardiner South Africa Judi Andersen Hawaii
1977 Janelle Commissiong Trinidad & Tobago Kimberly Tomes Texas
1976 Rina Messinger Israel Barbara Peterson Minnesota
1975 Anne Marie Pohtamo Finland Summer Bartholomew California
1974 Amparo Muñoz Spain Karen Morrison Illinois
1973 Margarita Moran-Floirendo Philippines Amanda Jones Illinois
1972 Kerry Anne Wells Australia Tanya Wilson Hawaii
1971 Georgina Rizk Lebanon Michele McDonald Pennsylvania
1970 Marisol Malaret Puerto Rico Deborah Shelton Virginia
1969 Gloria Diaz Philippines Wendy Dascomb Virginia
1968 Martha Vasconcellos Brazil Dorothy Anstett Washington
1967 Sylvia Hitchcock USA Cheryl Ann Patton Florida
1966 Margareta Arvidsson Sweden Maria Remenyi California
1965 Apasra Hongsakula Thailand Sue Ann Downey Ohio
1964 Corinna Tsopei Greece Bobbie Johnson District of Columbia
1963 Ieda Maria Vargas Brazil Marite Ozers Illinois
1962 Norma Nolan Argentina Macel Leilani Wilson Hawaii
1961 Marlene Schmidt Germany Sharon Brown Louisiana
1960 Linda Bement USA Linda Bement Utah
1959 Akiko Kojima Japan Terry Huntingdon California
1958 Luz Marina Zuluaga Colombia Eurlyne Howell Louisiana
1957 Gladys Zender Peru Charlotte Sheffield Utah
Mary Leona Gage[b] Maryland
1956 Carol Morris USA Carol Morris Iowa
1955 Hillevi Rombin Sweden Carlene Johnson Vermont
1954 Miriam Stevenson USA Miriam Stevenson South Carolina
1953 Christiane Martel France Myrna Hansen Illinois
1952 Armi Kuusela Finland Jackie Loughery New York

a In 2002, Fedorova was dethroned by the Miss Universe Organization and replaced by Pasek, the first runner-up.
b In 1957, Gage was stripped of her Miss USA title when it was revealed that she was married and the mother of two children. Sheffield, the first runner-up, replaced her.

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 Natalie Tadena (July 2, 2015).Donald Trump’s Miss USA Pageant Lands on Reelz Cable Channel. Wall Street Journal.
  2. ↑ D’Souza, Eugene (24 August 2009). "Miss Immo Cowan is Miss Universe 2009". Daijiworld Media Network. Daijiworld. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  3. ↑ Sylvia Toh Paik Choo (24 June 2008). "MISS Singapore Universe". Archived from the original on 2008-06-28. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  4. ↑ "Miss Universe on August 23". Timesofmalta.com. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  5. ↑ "Newsforyouth.com". Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  6. 1 2 "Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency". The New York Times. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  7. ↑ Foreman, Jonathan (January 18, 1999). "Mistress of the Universe". New York Post. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 "Miss USA Olivia Culpo is Miss Universe 2012!". India Today. December 19, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  9. ↑ Stewart Adams, Mary (25 December 2015). "Beauty, vanity, and hideousness in the stars". Interlochen Public Radio. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  10. 1 2 Stanhope, Kate (2015-06-29). "NBC Cuts Ties With Donald Trump Over "Derogatory Statements," Pulls Miss USA and Miss Universe Pageants". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
  11. ↑ "Miss Universe 2015: Miss Philippines Pia Alonzo Wurtzbach crowned winner". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  12. ↑ FUNFARE by Ricky Lo (June 28, 2006). "A misty-eyed look at Armi Kuusela, the 1st Miss Universe". philstar.com. The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  13. ↑ Prestigious Beauty Pageant (November 18, 2013). "Four Big Ships Dominate International Beauty Pageants". Prestigious Beauty Pageants. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
  14. ↑ Jim Rutenberg (June 22, 2002). "Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  15. ↑ "Miss Universe and Miss USA Pageants to Air on Fox". TV Insider. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  16. ↑ "NBCUniversal cuts ties with Donald Trump". CNN Money. June 29, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  17. ↑ Jethro Nededog (14 September 2015). "Donald Trump sells the Miss Universe Organization - Business Insider". Business Insider. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  18. ↑ "PAULA M. SHUGART". Miss Universe. Miss Universe Organization. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  19. ↑ "Miss Universe 1988 Evening Gown Competition". YouTube. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  20. ↑ Yahr, Emily (26 January 2015). "Miss Universe Pageant makes always-awkward Q&A segment worse with viewer questions". Washington Post. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  21. ↑ "Miss Venezuela Parades Online". PR Newswire. September 18, 2002. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010. The Miss Venezuela broadcast, which on average captures a whopping 74% of the Venezuelan television market share for Venevision, will also be available to users on demand.
  22. ↑ Dillon, Nancy (10 April 2012). "Transgender contestants can compete in Miss Universe". Daily News (New York).
  23. ↑ Felicia R. Lee (October 10, 2007). "Three Crowns Sharing One Apartment". nytimes.com (The New York Times). Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  24. ↑ http://armenpress.am/static/news/b/2015/12/830296.jpg Pia Wurzbach with the Czech Crown
  25. ↑ 4every1 s.r.o. "New Miss Universe to be decorated by crown made by Czech company DIC, for the first time in the pageant’s history". Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  26. ↑ "Connection to MISS UNIVERSE®". diamondnexus.com.
  27. ↑ "Diamond Nexus Labs Announced as The Official Jewelry of The Miss Universe Organization". redorbit.com (redOrbit). February 3, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  28. ↑ "Mikimoto History Timeline". mikimotoamerica.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014.
  29. ↑ Don Chareunsy. "Philippines crowned Miss Universe after Harvey wrongly names Colombia winner". LasVegasSun.com. Retrieved 5 February 2016.

External links

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