Minneapolis

This article is about the city in Minnesota. For other uses, see Minneapolis (disambiguation).
Minneapolis, Minnesota
City
City of Minneapolis


Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): "City of Lakes", "Mill City", "Twin Cities" (a nickname shared with Saint Paul), "Mini Apple", "First City of the West"
Motto: En Avant (French: 'Forward')

Location in Hennepin County and the state of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 44°59′N 93°16′W / 44.983°N 93.267°W / 44.983; -93.267Coordinates: 44°59′N 93°16′W / 44.983°N 93.267°W / 44.983; -93.267
Country United States
State Minnesota
County Hennepin
Incorporated 1867
Founded by John H. Stevens and Franklin Steele
Named for Dakota word mni meaning water with Greek polis for city
Government
 • Type Weak mayor–council
 • Body Minneapolis City Council
 • Mayor Betsy Hodges (DFL)
Area
 • City 58.4 sq mi (151.3 km2)
 • Land 54.9 sq mi (142.2 km2)
 • Water 3.5 sq mi (9.1 km2)
Elevation 830 ft (264 m)
Population (2010)[1]
 • City 382,578
 • Estimate (2014)[2] 407,207
 • Rank US: 46th
 • Density 7,417/sq mi (2,863/km2)
 • Metro 3,495,176 (US: 16th)
 • Demonym Minneapolitan
Time zone CST (UTC-6)
 • Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP codes 55401 – 55488 (range includes some zip codes which are for Minneapolis suburbs)
Area code(s) 612
FIPS code 27-43000
GNIS feature ID 0655030[3]
Website www.MinneapolisMN.gov

Minneapolis (i/ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/) is the county seat of Hennepin County,[4] and larger of the Twin Cities, the 14th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, containing approximately 3.8 million residents.[1] As of 2016, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States with 407,207 residents.[2] Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, behind Chicago.[5]

Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with twenty lakes and wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls, many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber, and today is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing America's fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies.[6][7] As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city.[8]

Minneapolis' name is attributed to the city's first schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.[9][10]

History

Sioux natives, city founded

Little Crow in three quarter height view wearing a headress with three feathers and carrying a spear
Taoyateduta was among the 121 Sioux leaders who from 1837 to 1851 ceded what is now Minneapolis.[11]
Two men who loaded flour and a bag of flour that says Monahan's Minneapolis and a Pillsbury truck
Loading flour, Pillsbury, 1939

Dakota Sioux were the region's sole residents until French explorers arrived around 1680. Nearby Fort Snelling, built in 1819 by the United States Army, spurred growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, allowing people arriving from the east to settle there. The Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town on the Mississippi's west bank in 1856. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the year rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the east-bank city of St. Anthony in 1872.[12]

Waterpower; lumber and flour milling

Minneapolis grew up around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi. In early years, forests in northern Minnesota were the source of a lumber industry that operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses including flour mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes, and planing wood.[13] Due to occupational hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s.[14] The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the city's thirty-four flour mills. Millers have used hydropower elsewhere since the 1st century B.C.,[15] but the results in Minneapolis between 1880 and 1930 were so remarkable the city has been described as "the greatest direct-drive waterpower center the world has ever seen."[16]

A father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Washburn converted his business from gristmills to truly revolutionary technology including "gradual reduction" processing by steel and porcelain roller mills which were capable of producing premium-quality pure white flour very quickly.[17][18] Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray[19] and some through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre.[18] Charles A. Pillsbury and C.A. Pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately implement the new methods.[18] The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable ($.50 profit per barrel in 1871 increased to $4.50 in 1874[17]) and Minnesota "patent" flour was recognized at the time as the best in the world.[18] Not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran (which contains wheat's vitamins, minerals and fiber) that "Minneapolis... millers routinely dumped" into the Mississippi.[20] Millers cultivated relationships with academic scientists especially at the University of Minnesota. Those scientists backed them politically on many issues, for example during the early 20th century, when health advocates in the nascent field of nutrition criticized the flour "bleaching" process.[18] At peak production, a single mill at Washburn-Crosby made enough flour for 12 million loaves of bread each day,[21] and by 1900, 14.1 percent of America's grain was milled in Minneapolis.[17][18] Further, by 1895 through the efforts of silent partner William Hood Dunwoody, Washburn-Crosby exported four million barrels of flour a year to the United Kingdom,[22] and when exports reached their peak in 1900, about one third of all flour milled in Minneapolis was shipped overseas.[22]

Corruption, social movements, urban renewal

Known initially as a kindly physician, Doc Ames headed the city into corruption during four terms as mayor just before 1900.[23] The gangster Kid Cann was famous for bribery and intimidation during the 1930s and 1940s.[24] The city made dramatic changes to rectify discrimination as early as 1886 when Martha Ripley founded Maternity Hospital for both married and unmarried mothers.[25] When the country's fortunes turned during the Great Depression, the violent Teamsters Strike of 1934 resulted in laws acknowledging workers' rights.[26] A lifelong civil rights activist and union supporter, mayor Hubert Humphrey helped the city establish fair employment practices and a human relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities by 1946.[27] In the 1950s, about 1.6% of the population of Minneapolis was nonwhite.[28] Minneapolis contended with white supremacy, participated in desegregation and the African-American civil rights movement, and in 1968 was the birthplace of the American Indian Movement.[29]

Minneapolis was a "particularly virulent" site of anti-semitism until 1950. A hate group recruited members in the city and held meetings there around 1936 to 1938. The Jewish Free Employment Bureau tried to help victims of economic discrimination with limited success. Formed in 1948, the nonsectarian Mount Sinai Hospital was a place where Jewish physicians and health professionals could practice.[30][31]

During the 1950s and 1960s, as part of urban renewal, the city razed about 200 buildings across 25 city blocks (roughly 40% of downtown), destroying the Gateway District and many buildings with notable architecture including the Metropolitan Building. Efforts to save the building failed but are credited with sparking interest in (but not always succeeding in) historic preservation in the state.[32]

panoramic view of Saint Anthony Falls and the Mississippi riverfront in 1915
Mississippi riverfront and Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. At left, Pillsbury, power plants and the Stone Arch Bridge. Today the Minnesota Historical Society's Mill City Museum is in the Washburn "A" Mill, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center left are Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is Minneapolis City Hall. In the right foreground are Nicollet Island and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge.

Geography and climate

Downtown skyline in view over Lake Calhoun and its dock
View of downtown Minneapolis across Lake Calhoun (Bde Maka Ska)[33]

The history and economic growth of Minneapolis are tied to water, the city's defining physical characteristic, which was brought to the region during the last ice age ten thousand years ago. Ice blocks deposited in valleys by retreating glaciers created the lakes of Minneapolis.[34] Fed by a receding glacier and Lake Agassiz, torrents of water from a glacial river cut the Mississippi riverbed and created the river's only waterfall, Saint Anthony Falls, important to the early settlers of Minneapolis.[35]

Lying on an artesian aquifer[6] and flat terrain, Minneapolis has a total area of 58.4 square miles (151.3 km2) and of this 6% is water.[36] Water supply is managed by four watershed districts that correspond to the Mississippi and the city's three creeks.[37] Twelve lakes, three large ponds, and five unnamed wetlands are within Minneapolis.[37]

The city center is located at 45° N latitude.[38] The city's lowest elevation of 686 feet (209 m) is near where Minnehaha Creek meets the Mississippi River. The site of the Prospect Park Water Tower is often cited as the city's highest point[39] and a placard in Deming Heights Park denotes the highest elevation. A spot at 974 feet (297 m) in or near Waite Park in Northeast Minneapolis, however, is corroborated by Google Earth as the highest ground.

Cityscape

Panorama of the Minneapolis skyline

Climate

People flying kites on Lake Harriet frozen and covered with snow
Lake Harriet frozen and snow-covered in winter

Minneapolis has a humid continental climate typical of the Upper Midwest. Winters are cold and snowy, while summers are warm with moderate to high humidity. According to NOAA, Minneapolis's annual average for sunshine is 58%.[40] On the Köppen climate classification, Minneapolis falls in the humid continental climate zone (Dfa) and is situated in USDA plant hardiness zone 5a/4b.[41] As is typical in a continental climate, the difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter month and the warmest summer month is great: 60.1 °F (33.4 °C).

The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, and fog. The highest recorded temperature was 108 °F (42 °C) in July 1936 while the lowest was −41 °F (−41 °C) in January 1888. The snowiest winter of record was 1983–84, when 98.4 inches (250 cm) of snow fell.[42]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18605,809—
187013,066124.9%
188046,887258.8%
1890164,738251.4%
1900202,71823.1%
1910301,40848.7%
1920380,58226.3%
1930464,35622.0%
1940492,3706.0%
1950521,7186.0%
1960482,872−7.4%
1970434,400−10.0%
1980370,951−14.6%
1990368,383−0.7%
2000382,6183.9%
2010382,5780.0%
Est. 2014407,207[48]6.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[49]
2014 Estimate[2]
Racial composition 2010[50] 1990[51] 1970[51] 1950[51]
White 63.8% 78.4% 93.6% 98.4%
 —Non-Hispanic 60.3% 77.5% 92.8%[52] n/a
Black or African American 18.6% 13% 4.4% 1.3%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 10.5% 2.1% 0.9%[52] n/a
Asian 5.6% 4.3% 0.4% 0.2%
Other race 5.6% n/a n/a n/a
Two or more races 4.4% n/a n/a n/a

As of the 2010 U.S. census, the racial composition was as follows:[53][54]

Die grossen blauen Pferde (The Large Blue Horses) by Franz Marc (1911) at the Walker Art Center. Over one-fifth of the population of Minneapolis is of German descent.

White Americans make up about three-fifths of Minneapolis's population. This community is predominantly of German and Scandinavian descent. There are 82,870 German Americans in the city, making up over one-fifth (23.1%) of the population. The Scandinavian-American population is primarily Norwegian and Swedish. There are 39,103 Norwegian Americans, making up 10.9% of the population; there are 30,349 Swedish Americans, making up 8.5% of the city's population. Danish Americans are not nearly as numerous; there are 4,434 Danish Americans, making up only 1.3% of the population. Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish Americans together make up 20.7% of the population. This means that ethnic Germans and Scandinavians together make up 43.8% of Minneapolis's population, and make up the majority of Minneapolis's non-Hispanic white population. Other significant European groups in the city include those of Irish (11.3%), English (7.0%), Polish (3.9%), French (3.5%) and Italian (2.3%) descent.

Person entering the front of the American Swedish Institute
American Swedish Institute. Immigrants from Scandinavia arrived beginning in the 1860s.
Crowd standing at Target Field, preparing to watch a Twins baseball game
The city's majority racial group, White people, declined as a percentage of the population from 92.8% in 1970 to 60.3% in 2010.[50][51]

There are 10,711 individuals who identify as multiracial in Minneapolis. People of black and white ancestry number at 3,551, and make up 1.0% of the population. People of white and Native American ancestry number at 2,319, and make up 0.6% of the population. Those of white and Asian ancestry number at 1,871, and make up 0.5% of the population. Lastly, people of black and Native American ancestry number at 885, and make up 0.2% of Minneapolis's population.

Dakota tribes, mostly the Mdewakanton, as early as the 16th century were known as permanent settlers near their sacred site of St. Anthony Falls.[12] New settlers arrived during the 1850s and 1860s in Minneapolis from New England, New York, and Canada, and during the mid-1860s, immigrants from Finland and Scandinavians (from Sweden, Norway and Denmark) began to call the city home. Migrant workers from Mexico and Latin America also interspersed.[56] Later, immigrants came from Germany, Italy, Greece, Poland, and Southern and Eastern Europe. These immigrants tended to settle in the Northeast neighborhood, which still retains an ethnic flavor and is particularly known for its Polish community. Jews from Russia and Eastern Europe began arriving in the 1880s and settled primarily on the north side of the city before moving in large numbers to the western suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s.[57] Asians came from China, the Philippines, Japan, and Korea. Two groups came for a short while during U.S. government relocations: Japanese during the 1940s, and Native Americans during the 1950s. From 1970 onward, Asians arrived from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Beginning in the 1990s, a large Latino population arrived, along with immigrants from the Horn of Africa, especially Somalia.[58] The metropolitan area is an immigrant gateway which had a 127% increase in foreign-born residents between 1990 and 2000.[59]

U.S. Census Bureau estimates in the year 2014 show the population of Minneapolis to be 407,207, a 6.5% increase since the 2010 census. The population grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718, and then declined as people moved to the suburbs until about 1990.

Among U.S. cities as of 2006, Minneapolis has the fourth-highest percentage of gay, lesbian, or bisexual people in the adult population, with 12.5% (behind San Francisco, and slightly behind both Seattle and Atlanta).[60][61] In 2012, The Advocate named Minneapolis the seventh gayest city in America.[62] In 2013, the city was among 25 U.S. cities to receive the highest possible score from the Human Rights Campaign, signifying its support for LGBT residents.[63]

Racial and ethnic minorities lag behind white counterparts in education, with 15.0% of blacks and 13.0% of Hispanics holding bachelor's degrees compared to 42.0% of the white population. The standard of living is on the rise, with incomes among the highest in the Midwest, but median household income among minorities is below that of whites by over $17,000. Regionally, home ownership among minority residents is half that of whites though Asian home ownership has doubled. In 2000, the poverty rate for whites was 4.2%; for blacks it was 26.2%; for Asians, 19.1%; Native Americans, 23.2%; and Hispanics, 18.1%.[59][64][65]

Religion

The Baroque-style Basilica of Saint Mary by Emmanuel Louis Masqueray[66]

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 70% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 46% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 21% professing Roman Catholic beliefs.[67][68] while 23% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 5% of the population

The Dakota people, the original inhabitants of the area where Minneapolis now stands, believed in the Great Spirit and were surprised that not all European settlers were religious.[69] Over fifty denominations and religions and some well known churches have since been established in Minneapolis. Those who arrived from New England were for the most part Christian Protestants, Quakers, and Universalists.[69] The oldest continuously used church in the city, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church in the Nicollet Island/East Bank neighborhood, was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward was acquired by a French Catholic congregation.[70] The first Jewish congregation in Minneapolis was formed in 1878 as Shaarai Tov (though it has been known since 1920 as Temple Israel); in 1928, it built the synagogue in East Isles.[57] St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887, opened a missionary school in 1897 and in 1905 created the first Russian Orthodox seminary in the U.S.[71] Edwin Hawley Hewitt designed both St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral and Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church on Hennepin Avenue just south of downtown.[72] The first basilica in the United States, and Co-Cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, the Basilica of Saint Mary near Loring Park was named by Pope Pius XI in 1926.[69]

Christ Church with its tower and cross
Christ Church Lutheran by Eliel and Eero Saarinen is considered an architectural masterpiece.[66]

The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, Decision magazine, and World Wide Pictures film and television distribution were headquartered in Minneapolis for about fifty of the years between the late 1940s into the 2000s.[73] Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye met while attending the Pentecostal North Central University and began a television ministry that by the 1980s reached 13.5 million households.[74] Today, Mount Olivet Lutheran Church in southwest Minneapolis with about 6,000 attendees is the nation's second-largest Lutheran congregation.[75] Christ Church Lutheran in the Longfellow neighborhood is among the finest work by architect Eliel Saarinen. The congregation later added an education building designed by his son Eero Saarinen.[76]

Religions outside the Judeo-Christian mainstream also have a home in the city. During the mid-to-late 1950s, members of the Nation of Islam created a temple in north Minneapolis,[77] and the first mosque was built in 1967.[78] In 1972 a relief agency resettled the first Shi'a Muslim family from Uganda. By 2004, between 20,000 and 30,000 Somali Muslims made the city their home.[79] In 1972, Dainin Katagiri was invited from California to Minneapolis—by one account, a place he thought nobody else would want to go—where he founded a lineage which today includes three Sōtō Zen centers among the city's nearly 20 Buddhist and meditation centers.[80][81] Atheists For Human Rights has its headquarters in the Shingle Creek neighborhood in a geodesic dome.[82] Minneapolis has had a chartered local body of Ordo Templi Orientis since 1994.[83]

Economy

Large Capella tower and U.S. Bancorp towers reflection
White U.S. Bancorp towers reflected in the Capella Tower

The Minneapolis–St. Paul area is the second largest economic center in the Midwest, behind Chicago. The economy of Minneapolis today is based in commerce, finance, rail and trucking services, health care, and industry. Smaller components are in publishing, milling, food processing, graphic arts, insurance, education, and high technology. Industry produces metal and automotive products, chemical and agricultural products, electronics, computers, precision medical instruments and devices, plastics, and machinery.[84] The city at one time produced farm implements.[85]

Five Fortune 500 corporations make their headquarters within the city limits of Minneapolis: Target, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, Ameriprise Financial and Thrivent Financial.[86] As of 2015 the city's largest employers downtown are Target, Wells Fargo, HCMC, Hennepin County, Ameriprise, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, City of Minneapolis, RBC Wealth Management, the Star Tribune, Capella Education Company, Thrivent, CenturyLink, ABM Industries, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.[87]

Target's tower seen behind its flagship store on the Nicollet Mall
Target Corporation's 361,000 employees operate 1,801 stores in all U.S. states except Vermont.[88]

Foreign companies with U.S. offices in Minneapolis include Accenture, Canadian Pacific, Coloplast,[89] RBC[90] and Voya Financial (a US company formerly part of ING Group).[91]

Availability of Wi-Fi, transportation solutions, medical trials, university research and development expenditures, advanced degrees held by the work force, and energy conservation are so far above the national average that in 2005, Popular Science named Minneapolis the "Top Tech City" in the U.S.[92] The Twin Cities ranked the country's second best city in a 2006 Kiplinger's poll of Smart Places to Live and Minneapolis was one of the Seven Cool Cities for young professionals.[93]

The Twin Cities contribute 63.8% of the gross state product of Minnesota. Measured by gross metropolitan product per resident ($62,054), Minneapolis is the fifteenth richest city in the U.S.[94] The area's $199.6 billion gross metropolitan product and its per capita personal income rank thirteenth in the U.S.[95] Recovering from the nation's recession in 2000, personal income grew 3.8% in 2005, though it was behind the national average of 5%. The city returned to peak employment during the fourth quarter of that year.[96]

The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, serves Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, and parts of Wisconsin and Michigan. The smallest of the 12 regional banks in the Federal Reserve System, it operates a nationwide payments system, oversees member banks and bank holding companies, and serves as a banker for the U.S. Treasury.[97] The Minneapolis Grain Exchange founded in 1881 is still located near the riverfront and is the only exchange for hard red spring wheat futures and options.[98]

Culture

Minneapolis' cultural organizations draw creative people and audiences to the city for theater, visual art, writing and music. The community's diverse population also continues to manage a long tradition of charitable support through progressive public social programs, VOLAGs and volunteering, as well as through private and corporate philanthropy.[99][100]

Visual arts

Main article: Arts in Minneapolis
The Minneapolis Institute of Art is open every day and offers free admission. Rembrandt's Lucretia (1666) is part of its collection of more than 100,000 objects.[101]

The Walker Art Center, one of the five largest modern art museums in the U.S., sits atop Lowry Hill, near the downtown area. The size of the Center was doubled with an addition in 2005 by Herzog & de Meuron, and expanded with the conversion of a 15 acres (6.1 ha) park designed by Michel Desvigne, located across the street from the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden.[102]

The Minneapolis Institute of Art, designed by McKim, Mead & White in 1915 in south central Minneapolis, is the largest art museum in the city, with 100,000 pieces in its permanent collection. New wings, designed by Kenzo Tange and Michael Graves, opened in 1974 and 2006, respectively, for contemporary and modern works, as well as more gallery space.[103]

The Weisman Art Museum, designed by Frank Gehry for the University of Minnesota, opened in 1993. An addition which doubled the size of the galleries, also designed by Gehry, opened in 2011.[104] The Museum of Russian Art opened in a restored church in 2005[105] and exhibits a collection of 20th-century Russian art as well as lecture series, seminars, social functions and other special events.

USA Today voted the Northeast Minneapolis Arts District as the nation's best art district in 2015, citing 400 independent artists, a center at the Northrup King Building, and recurring annual events like Art-A-Whirl every spring, and the Fine Arts Show Art Attack and Casket Arts Quad's Cache open studio events in November.[106][107]

Theater and performing arts

The city is second only to New York City in terms of live theater per capita[108] and is the third-largest theater market in the U.S., after New York City and Chicago. Theater companies and troupes such as the Illusion, Jungle, Mixed Blood, Penumbra, Mu Performing Arts, Bedlam Theatre, HUGE Improv Theater, the Brave New Workshop, the Minnesota Dance Theatre, Red Eye Theater, Skewed Visions, Theater Latté Da, In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre, Lundstrum Center for the Performing Arts and the Children's Theatre Company are based in Minneapolis.[109]

The Guthrie Theater, the area's largest theater company, occupies a three-stage complex overlooking the Mississippi, designed by French architect Jean Nouvel.[103] The company was founded in 1963 as a prototype alternative to Broadway, and it produces a wide variety of shows throughout the year.[110] Minneapolis purchased and renovated the Orpheum, State, and Pantages Theatres vaudeville and film houses on Hennepin Avenue, which is now used for concerts and plays.[111] A fourth renovated theater, the former Shubert, joined with the Hennepin Center for the Arts to become the Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts, home to more than one dozen performing arts groups.[112][113] The city is home to Minnesota Fringe Festival, the largest nonjuried performing arts festival in the U.S.[114]

Doomtree playing First Avenue in 2010
Recording artist Prince studied at the Minnesota Dance Theatre through the Minneapolis Public Schools.[115]

Music

The son of a jazz musician and a singer, Prince is Minneapolis' most notable musical artist.[116] With fellow local musicians, many of whom recorded at Twin/Tone Records,[117] he helped make First Avenue and the 7th Street Entry prominent venues for both artists and audiences.[118] Other prominent artists from Minneapolis include Hüsker Dü and The Replacements—who were pivotal in the U.S. alternative rock boom during the 1990s. The Replacements' frontman, Paul Westerberg, developed a successful solo career beyond his original band.[119]

The Minnesota Orchestra plays classical and popular music at Orchestra Hall under music director Osmo Vänskä[120]—a critic writing for The New Yorker described it as "the greatest orchestra in the world" in 2010.[121] In 2013, the orchestra received a Grammy nomination for its recording of "Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 2 & 5" and it won a Grammy Award in 2014 for "Sibelius: Symphonies Nos 1 & 4".[122][123] Vänskä departed in 2013 when a labor dispute remained unresolved and forced the cancellation of concerts scheduled for Carnegie Hall.[124] After a 15-month lockout, a contract settlement resulted in the return of the performers, including Vänskä, to Orchestra Hall in January 2014.[125]

Tom Waits released two songs about the city, "Christmas Card from a Hooker in Minneapolis" (Blue Valentine (1978)) and "9th & Hennepin" (Rain Dogs (1985)), while Lucinda Williams recorded "Minneapolis" (World Without Tears (2003)). In 2008, the century-old MacPhail Center for Music opened a new facility designed by James Dayton.[126]

Home to the MN Spoken Word Association and independent hip hop label Rhymesayers Entertainment, the city has garnered attention for rap, hip hop and its spoken word community.[127] Underground Minnesota hip hop acts like Atmosphere and Manny Phesto frequently comment about the city and Minnesota in song lyrics.[128][129]

Two locally and internationally recognized Minneapolis electronic dance music artists are Woody McBride and Freddy Fresh (who walks a line with hip hop).[130][131]

Literature

Minneapolis is the third-most literate city in the U.S.[132] A center for printing and publishing,[133] Minneapolis was the city in which Open Book, the largest literary and book arts center in the U.S., was founded. The Center consists of the Loft Literary Center, the Minnesota Center for Book Arts and Milkweed Editions (the latter is sometimes called the country's largest independent nonprofit literary publisher).[134] The Center exhibits and teaches both contemporary art and traditional crafts of writing, papermaking, letterpress printing and bookbinding.[134]

Charity

Philanthropy and charitable giving are part of the community.[135] More than 40% of adults in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area give time to volunteer work, the highest such percentage of any large metropolitan area in the United States.[136] Catholic Charities is one of the largest providers of social services locally.[137] The American Refugee Committee helps one million refugees and displaced persons in ten countries in Africa, the Balkans and Asia each year.[138] In 2011, Target Corp. was #42 in a list of the best 100 corporate citizens in CR magazine for corporate responsibility officers.[139] The oldest foundation in Minnesota, the Minneapolis Foundation invests and administers over nine hundred charitable funds and connects donors to nonprofit organizations.[140] The metropolitan area gives 13% of its total charitable donations to the arts and culture. The majority of the estimated $1 billion recent expansion of arts facilities was contributed privately.[141]

Cuisine

Team USA, including Gavin Kaysen (of Spoon and Stable, kitchen pictured), Thomas Keller and Daniel Boulud, won a silver medal in the 2015 Bocuse d’Or.[142]

Minneapolis is home to award-winning restaurants and chefs. Three Minneapolis-based chefs have won James Beard Foundation Awards: Tim McKee, La Belle Vie; Alexander Roberts, Restaurant Alma; and Isaac Becker, 112 Eatery.[143][144][145] In 2014, seven chefs and restaurants in the area were named as semifinalists.[146]

Julia Moskin wrote about New Nordic cuisine, chef Paul Berglund and the Bachelor Farmer, and the restaurants La Loma, Tilia, Heartland, the Red Stag Supper Club, Fika and Haute Dish in The New York Times in 2012. She said Minneapolis chefs served trendy Nordic ingredients like root vegetables, fish roe, wild greens, venison, dried mushrooms, seaweed and cow's milk.[147] Two months later, Bon Appétit featured the Bachelor Farmer, Piccolo, Saffron, Salty Tart, Smack Shack/1029 Bar, and Travail Kitchen and Amusements, writing about New Nordic cuisine and the Scandinavian heritage of Minneapolis.[148] In 2012 Food & Wine magazine named Minneapolis the nation's best and best-priced new food city.[149] In 2015, profiling chef Gavin Kaysen and Spoon and Stable, Saveur named Minneapolis "the next great American food city."[150] Then, Food & Wine voted Spoon and Stable one of five 2015 Restaurants of the Year.[151]

In 2015, Bon Appétit named Spoon and Stable, along with Hola Arepa and Heyday, three of the 50 best places in the U.S. for a meal.[152] In 2015, Spoon and Stable was nominated for a James Beard Award for Best New Restaurant, and Shea, Inc., who designed the Spoon and Stable renovation, was nominated for Outstanding Restaurant Design. Jason DeRusha of WCCO-TV was nominated for his television segment, DeRusha Eats.[153]

USA Today's reader's choice 10 Best decided that Minneapolis–Saint Paul is the Best Local Food Scene in 2015.[154]

Sports

 Professional sports teams in Minneapolis
Club Sport League Since Venue (capacity) Championships
Minnesota Vikings American football NFL 1961 TCF Bank Stadium (52,500)
US Bank Stadium (65,400) opens July 2016		 1969
Minnesota Twins Baseball MLB 1961 Target Field (39,500) 1987 and 1991
Minnesota Timberwolves Basketball NBA 1989 Target Center (19,400)
Minnesota Lynx Basketball WNBA 1999 Target Center (19,400) 2011, 2013, and 2015
Minnesota United FC Soccer NASL 2010 National Sports Center (9,400) 2011
full height portrait of a young woman with long dark hair pulled back, wearing uniform that says "Lynx 23"
Maya Moore, the NBA's 2014 MVP,[155] of the Minnesota Lynx.

Minneapolis is home to four professional sports teams. In recent years, the Minnesota Lynx have been the most successful sports team in Minneapolis and a dominant force in the WNBA, reaching the WNBA Finals in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2015 and winning in 2011, 2013, and 2015.[156][157][158] The Minnesota Timberwolves brought NBA basketball back to Minneapolis in 1989, followed by the Lynx in 1999. Both basketball teams play in the Target Center.

The Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Twins have played in the state since 1961. The Vikings were an NFL expansion team, and the Twins were formed when the Washington Senators relocated to Minnesota. The Twins have won 8 division titles (1987, 1991, 2002–04, 2006, 2009, and 2010), 2 American League Pennants (1987 and 1991) and the World Series in 1987 and 1991. The Twins have played at Target Field since 2010.

Baseball field at night, scoreboard displays a player, Twins "M" and "Stp" decorate a large neon sign
ESPN called Target Field, the Minnesota Twins' new home, "the #1 stadium experience in major league baseball".[159]
Large sign saying "M", towering above a football field
Tribal Nations Plaza at TCF Bank Stadium, a gift of the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community who donated $14.5 million to the University of Minnesota, the largest gift in Gopher athletics history

The Minnesota Wild of the NHL play in St. Paul at the Xcel Energy Center.[160] The soccer team Minnesota United FC of the NASL play in Blaine at the National Sports Center.[161]

Other professional teams have played in Minneapolis in the past. First playing in 1884, the Minneapolis Millers baseball team produced the best won-lost record in their league at the time and contributed fifteen players to the Baseball Hall of Fame. During the 1920s, Minneapolis was home to the NFL team the Minneapolis Marines, later known as the Minneapolis Red Jackets.[162] During the 1940s and 1950s the Minneapolis Lakers basketball team, the city's first in the major leagues in any sport, won six basketball championships in three leagues to become the NBA's first dynasty before moving to Los Angeles.[163] The American Wrestling Association, formerly the NWA Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club, operated in Minneapolis from 1960 until the 1990s.[164]

The downtown Metrodome was the largest sports stadium in Minnesota from 1982 to 2013. Demolition started in January 2014 to make way for a new 65,000 seat clear roofed stadium for the Vikings which will open in the fall of 2016.[165]

When U.S. Bank Stadium is completed in 2016, six spectator sport stadiums will be in a 1.2-mile (2 km) radius centered downtown, counting the existing facilities at Target Center and the university's Williams Arena and Mariucci Arena.[166] Other large stadiums include Target Field,[167] the Gopher football program's TCF Bank Stadium,[167] and the Vikings' U.S. Bank Stadium.[168]

Major sporting events hosted by the city include the 1985 and 2014 Major League Baseball All-Star Games, the 1987 and 1991 World Series, Super Bowl XXVI in 1992, the 1992 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four, the 2001 NCAA Men's Division 1 Final Four and the 1998 World Figure Skating Championships.[169][170][171] Minneapolis has made it to the international round finals to host the Summer Olympic games three times, being beaten by London in 1948, Helsinki in 1952 (when the city finished in second place), and Melbourne in 1956. In May 2014, the NFL announced that Minneapolis will host Super Bowl LII in 2018.[172]

Since the 1930s, the Golden Gophers have won national championships in baseball, boxing, football, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, indoor and outdoor track, swimming, and wrestling.[173]

Parks and recreation

Minnehaha Falls surrounded by dark green summer foliage
Minnehaha Falls is part of a 193-acre (78 ha) city park rather than an urban area, because its waterpower was overshadowed by that of St. Anthony Falls a few miles farther north.[174][175]

The Minneapolis park system has been called the best-designed, best-financed, and best-maintained in America.[176] Foresight, donations and effort by community leaders enabled Horace Cleveland to create his finest landscape architecture, preserving geographical landmarks and linking them with boulevards and parkways.[177] The city's Chain of Lakes, consisting of seven lakes and Minnehaha Creek, is connected by bike, running, and walking paths and used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, and ice skating. A parkway for cars, a bikeway for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians runs parallel along the 52 miles (84 km) route of the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway.[178]

Theodore Wirth is credited with the development of the parks system.[179] Today, 16.6% of the city is parks and there are 770 square feet (72 m2) of parkland for each resident, ranked in 2008 as the most parkland per resident within cities of similar population densities.[180][181] In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Minneapolis had the best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.[182][183]

Three women, two smiling, and a man with his hand pointing into the air leading a large group of runners past Lake Calhoun and some observers
The 2006 Medtronic Twin Cities Marathon

Parks are interlinked in many places and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area connects regional parks and visitor centers. The country's oldest public wildflower garden, the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary, is located within Theodore Wirth Park. Wirth Park is shared with Golden Valley and is about 60% the size of Central Park in New York City.[184] Site of the 53-foot (16 m) Minnehaha Falls, Minnehaha Park is one of the city's oldest and most popular parks, receiving over 500,000 visitors each year.[175] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow named Hiawatha's wife Minnehaha for the Minneapolis waterfall in The Song of Hiawatha, a bestselling and often-parodied 19th century poem.[185]

Runner's World ranks the Twin Cities as America's sixth best city for runners.[186] Team Ortho sponsors the Minneapolis Marathon, Half Marathon and 5K which began in 2009 with more than 1,500 starters.[187][188] The Twin Cities Marathon run in Minneapolis and Saint Paul every October draws 250,000 spectators. The 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race is a Boston and USA Olympic Trials qualifier. The organizers sponsor three more races: a Kids Marathon, a 1-mile (1.6 km), and a 10-mile (16 km).[189]

The American College of Sports Medicine ranked Minneapolis (with Saint Paul) the "fittest city" in the U.S. in 2011, 2012, and 2013.[190] In other sports, five golf courses are located within the city, with the nationally ranked Hazeltine National Golf Club and Interlachen Country Club in nearby suburbs.[191] Minneapolis is home to more golfers per capita than any other major U.S. city.[192] The state of Minnesota has the nation's highest number of bicyclists, sport fishermen, and snow skiers per capita. Hennepin County has the second-highest number of horses per capita in the U.S.[108] While living in Minneapolis, Scott and Brennan Olson founded (and later sold) Rollerblade, the company that popularized the sport of inline skating.[193]

Government

Two young persons seated on the ground watching two women dancing with fire
Spring art party, North Commons Park, Willard-Hay, one of the eighty one neighborhoods of Minneapolis

Minneapolis is a stronghold for the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), an affiliate of the Democratic Party. The Minneapolis City Council holds the most power and represents the city's thirteen districts called wards. The city adopted instant-runoff voting in 2006, first using it in the 2009 elections.[194] The council has 12 DFL members and one from the Green Party.[195] Election issues in 2013 included funding for a new Vikings stadium over which some incumbents lost their positions.[194] That year, Minneapolis elected Abdi Warsame, Alondra Cano, and Blong Yang, the city's first Somali-American, Mexican-American, and Hmong-American city councilpeople, respectively.[194][196][197]

Betsy Hodges of the DFL is the current mayor of Minneapolis.[196] The office of mayor is relatively weak but has some power to appoint individuals such as the chief of police. Parks, taxation, and public housing are semi-independent boards and levy their own taxes and fees subject to Board of Estimate and Taxation limits.[198]

At the federal level, Minneapolis proper sits within Minnesota's 5th congressional district, which has been represented since 2006 by Democrat Keith Ellison, the first practicing Muslim in the United States Congress. Both of Minnesota's two U.S. Senators, Amy Klobuchar and Al Franken, were also elected while living in Minneapolis and are also Democrats.[199]

The Republican Party of Minnesota in January 2014 moved its state headquarters from Saint Paul to the Seward neighborhood of Minneapolis.[200]

Citizens had a unique and powerful influence in neighborhood government. Neighborhoods coordinated activities under the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), which ended in 2009.[201] Minneapolis is divided into communities, each containing neighborhoods. In some cases two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization. Some areas are commonly known by nicknames of business associations.[202]

The organizers of Earth Day scored Minneapolis ninth best overall and second among mid-sized cities in their 2007 Urban Environment Report, a study based on indicators of environmental health and their effect on people.[203]

Four of city hall's turrets seen near the roof
Minneapolis City Hall

Early Minneapolis experienced a period of corruption in local government and crime was common until an economic downturn in the mid-1900s. Since 1950 the population decreased and much of downtown was lost to urban renewal and highway construction. The result was a "moribund and peaceful" environment until the 1990s.[204] Along with economic recovery the murder rate climbed. The Minneapolis Police Department imported a computer system from New York City that sent officers to high crime areas. Despite accusations of racial profiling; the result was a drop in major crime. Since 1999 the number of homicides increased during four years.[205] Politicians debated the causes and solutions, including increasing the number of police officers, providing youths with alternatives to gangs and drugs, and helping families in poverty.[206]

From 2006 to 2012, under chief Tim Dolan, the crime rate steadily dropped, and the police benefited from new video and gunfire locator resources, although Dolan was criticized for expensive city settlements for police misconduct.[208] While violent crime dropped (from 6,374 in 2006 to 3,720 in 2011[208]), homicides rose by 105%[209] and rape was at the highest rate among large cities.[210] U.S. News & World Report said in 2011 that Minneapolis tied with Cleveland, Ohio as the 10th most dangerous city in the United States.[211]

Janeé Harteau was confirmed as the new chief in 2012. A member of the force since 1987, Harteau, who was nominated by mayor R.T. Rybak and is the city's first female and first openly gay police chief, already served as deputy chief, inspector, and patrol bureau commander.[212][213]

The City Council passed a resolution in March 2015 making fossil fuel divestment city policy.[214] With encouragement from mayor Hodges, Minneapolis joined seventeen cities worldwide in the Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance. The city's climate plan is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 15 percent in 2015 "compared to 2006 levels, 30 percent by 2025 and 80 percent by 2050".[215]

Education

Patrons walking towards door in modern lobby with 19th C. bronze sculpture of Minerva by Jakob Fjelde on left
Statue of Minerva in the central Hennepin County Library downtown

Minneapolis Public Schools enroll 36,370 students in public primary and secondary schools. The district administers about 100 public schools including 45 elementary schools, seven middle schools, seven high schools, eight special education schools, eight alternative schools, 19 contract alternative schools, and five charter schools. With authority granted by the state legislature, the school board makes policy, selects the superintendent, and oversees the district's budget, curriculum, personnel, and facilities. Students speak 90 different languages at home and most school communications are printed in English, Hmong, Spanish, and Somali.[216] About 44% of students in the Minneapolis Public School system graduate, which ranks the city the 6th worst out of the nation's 50 largest cities.[217] Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota's open enrollment statute.[218] Besides public schools, the city is home to more than 20 private schools and academies and about 20 additional charter schools.[219]

Minneapolis' collegiate scene is dominated by the main campus of the University of Minnesota where more than 50,000 undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attend 20 colleges, schools, and institutes.[220] The graduate school programs ranked highest in 2007 were counseling and personnel services, chemical engineering, psychology, macroeconomics, applied mathematics and non-profit management.[221] A Big Ten school and home of the Golden Gophers, the U of M is the fourth largest campus among U.S. public 4-year universities in terms of enrollment.[222]

East Bank Minneapolis campus in winter
As of 2010, the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis East Bank campus above) has the fourth-largest student body of U.S. public 4-year universities.[222]

Augsburg College, Minneapolis College of Art and Design, and North Central University are private four-year colleges. Minneapolis Community and Technical College, the private Dunwoody College of Technology, Globe University/Minnesota School of Business, and Art Institutes International Minnesota provide career training. St. Mary's University of Minnesota has a Twin Cities campus for its graduate and professional programs. Capella University, Minnesota School of Professional Psychology, and Walden University are headquartered in Minneapolis and some others including the public four-year Metropolitan State University and the private four-year University of St. Thomas have campuses there.[223]

The Hennepin County Library system began to operate the city's public libraries in 2008.[224] The Minneapolis Public Library, founded by T. B. Walker in 1885,[225] faced a severe budget shortfall for 2007, and was forced to temporarily close three of its neighborhood libraries.[226] The new downtown Central Library designed by César Pelli opened in 2006.[227] Ten special collections hold over 25,000 books and resources for researchers, including the Minneapolis Collection and the Minneapolis Photo Collection.[228] At recent count 1,696,453 items in the system are used annually and the library answers over 500,000 research and fact-finding questions each year.[229]

Media

sandstone tower with square windows on the corner of the Nicollet Mall
WCCO-TV on the Nicollet Mall

Five major newspapers are published in Minneapolis: Star Tribune, Finance and Commerce, Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder, the university's The Minnesota Daily and MinnPost.com. Other publications are the City Pages weekly, the Mpls.St.Paul and Minnesota Monthly monthlies, and Utne magazine.[230] In 2008 readers of online news also used The UpTake, Minnesota Independent, Twin Cities Daily Planet, Downtown Journal, Cursor, MNSpeak and about fifteen other sites.[231]

Minneapolis has a mix of radio stations and healthy listener support for public radio. In the commercial market three radio broadcasting companies iHeartMedia (formerly Clear Channel), CBS Radio, and Cumulus Media operate the majority of the radio stations in the market. Listeners support three Minnesota Public Radio non-profit stations and two community non-profit stations, the Minneapolis Public Schools and the University of Minnesota each operate a station, and religious organizations run four stations.[232]

KFAI and the back entrance to old buildings with brightly colored woodwork
KFAI radio with studios in Cedar-Riverside is a community station.

The city's first television was broadcast in 1948 by the Saint Paul station and ABC affiliate KSTP-TV, an NBC affiliate at the time. The first to broadcast in color was WCCO-TV, the CBS affiliate which is located in downtown Minneapolis.[233] WCCO-TV, FOX affiliate KMSP-TV and MyNetworkTV affiliate WFTC operate as owned-and-operated stations of their affiliated networks. The city and suburbs are also home to independently-owned affiliates of NBC (KARE), PBS (KTCA-TV/KTCI-TV), The CW (WUCW) and one independent station (KSTC-TV).[234]

A number of movies have been shot in Minneapolis, including The Heartbreak Kid (1972),[235] Ice Castles (1978),[236] Take This Job and Shove It (1981),[237] Purple Rain (1984),[238] That Was Then, This Is Now (1985),[239] The Mighty Ducks (1992),[240] Untamed Heart (1993),[241] Beautiful Girls (1996),[242] Jingle All the Way (1996),[243] Fargo (1996),[244] and Young Adult (2011).[245] In television, two episodes of Route 66 were shot in Minneapolis in 1963 (and broadcast in 1963 and 1964).[246][247] The 1970s CBS situation comedy fictionally based in Minneapolis, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, won three Golden Globes and 31 Emmy Awards.[248]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Yellow light rail across the street from old city hall downtown
METRO Blue Line LRT downtown at Government Plaza

Half of Minneapolis–Saint Paul residents work in the city where they live.[249] Most residents drive cars but 60% of the 160,000 people working downtown commute by means other than a single person per auto.[250] Alternative transportation is encouraged. The Metropolitan Council's Metro Transit, which operates the light rail system and most of the city's buses, provides free travel vouchers through the Guaranteed Ride Home program to allay fears that commuters might otherwise be occasionally stranded if, for example, they work late hours.[251]

On January 1, 2011, the city's limit of 343 taxis was lifted.[252]

Minneapolis currently has two light rail lines and one commuter rail line. The METRO Blue Line LRT (formerly the Hiawatha Line[253]) serves 34,000 riders daily and connects the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport and Mall of America in Bloomington to downtown. Most of the line runs at surface level, although parts of the line run on elevated tracks (including the Franklin Ave. and Lake St./Midtown stations) and approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) of the line runs underground, including the Lindbergh terminal subway station at the airport.

Minneapolis' second[254] light rail line, the METRO Green Line shares stations with the Blue Line in downtown Minneapolis, and then at the Downtown East station, travels east through the University of Minnesota, and then along University Avenue into downtown Saint Paul. Construction began in November 2010 and the line began service on June 14, 2014. The third line, the Southwest Line (Green Line extension), will connect downtown Minneapolis with the southwestern suburb of Eden Prairie. Completion is expected sometime in the late 2010s.[255] A northwest LRT is planned for along Bottineau Boulevard (Blue Line extension) from downtown to Brooklyn Park and Maple Grove.

The 40-mile Northstar Commuter rail, which runs from Big Lake through the northern suburbs and terminates at the multi-modal transit station at Target Field, opened on November 16, 2009.[256] It utilizes existing railroad tracks and serves 2,600 daily commuters.[257]

Bike hanging sideways on a rack inside a train
Bike rack on the Blue Line

Minneapolis ranks 27th in the nation for the highest percentage of commuters by bicycle,[258] and was editorialized as the top bicycling city in "Bicycling's Top 50" ranking in 2010.[259] Ten thousand cyclists use the bike lanes in the city each day, and many ride in the winter. The Public Works Department expanded the bicycle trail system from the Grand Rounds to 56 miles (90 km) of off-street commuter trails including the Midtown Greenway, the Light Rail Trail, Kenilworth Trail, Cedar Lake Trail and the West River Parkway Trail along the Mississippi. Minneapolis also has 34 miles (54 km) of dedicated bike lanes on city streets and encourages cycling by equipping transit buses with bike racks and by providing online bicycle maps.[260] Many of these trails and bridges, such as the Stone Arch Bridge, were former railroad lines that have now been converted for bicycles and pedestrians.[261] In 2007 citing the city's bicycle lanes, buses and LRT, Forbes identified Minneapolis the world's fifth cleanest city.[262] In 2010, Nice Ride Minnesota launched with 65 kiosks for bicycle sharing,[263] and 19 pedicabs were operating downtown.[264] Nice Ride plans to expand in 2013 to 170 stations in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, and expects to add 17 more in 2014.[265]

A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Minneapolis the ninth most walkable of 50 largest cities in the United States.[266]

Seven miles (11 km) of enclosed pedestrian bridges called skyways, the Minneapolis Skyway System, link eighty city blocks downtown. Second floor restaurants and retailers connected to these passageways are open on weekdays.[267]

Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (MSP) sits on 3,400 acres (1,400 ha)[268] on the southeast border of the city between Minnesota State Highway 5, Interstate 494, Minnesota State Highway 77, and Minnesota State Highway 62. The airport serves three international, 12 domestic, seven charter and four regional carriers[269] and is a hub and home base for Delta Air Lines, Mesaba Airlines, and Sun Country Airlines.[270]

Health and utilities

Waist high portrait of young woman wearing electric green shirt and navy blue baseball cap standing on Marquette Av downtown
Minneapolis DID Ambassador

Minneapolis has seven hospitals, four ranked among America's best by U.S. News & World Report—Abbott Northwestern Hospital (part of Allina), Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center.[271] Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children and Allina's Phillips Eye Institute also serve the city.[272] The Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota is a 75-minute drive away.[273]

Cardiac surgery was developed at the university's Variety Club Hospital, where by 1957, more than 200 patients had survived open-heart operations, many of them children. Working with surgeon C. Walton Lillehei, Medtronic began to build portable and implantable cardiac pacemakers about this time.[274]

HCMC opened in 1887 as City Hospital and was also known as General Hospital.[31] A public teaching hospital and Level I trauma center, the HCMC safety net sees more than 350,000 clinic visits and 97,000 emergency room visits each year and in 2012 provided about 18% of the uncompensated care given in Minnesota.[275]

Funded in part by assessments on commercial properties, in 2009 Ambassadors of the Minneapolis Downtown Improvement District (DID) began working on 120 blocks of downtown to improve its cleanliness, friendliness and acceptability of behavior. They are employees of Block by Block, a company in Nashville, Tennessee that serves 46 U.S. cities.[276]

Utility providers are regulated monopolies: Xcel Energy supplies electricity, CenterPoint Energy supplies gas, CenturyLink provides landline telephone service, and Comcast provides cable service.[277] In 2007 citywide wireless internet coverage began, provided for 10 years by US Internet of Minnetonka to residents for about $20 per month and to businesses for $30.[278] The Minneapolis Wi-Fi network earns $1.2 million annual profit and as of 2010 has about 20,000 customers.[279] The city treats and distributes water and requires payment of a monthly solid waste fee for trash removal, recycling, and drop off for large items. Residents who recycle receive a credit. Hazardous waste is handled by Hennepin County drop off sites.[277] After each significant snowfall, called a snow emergency, the Minneapolis Public Works Street Division plows over 1,000 miles (1,609 km) of streets and 400 miles (643.7 km) of alleys—counting both sides, the distance between Minneapolis and Seattle and back. Ordinances govern parking on the plowing routes during these emergencies as well as snow shoveling throughout the city.[280]

Notable people

Sister cities

Minneapolis has 11 sister cities, as per Sister Cities International:[281][282][283]

On the city's website, Winnipeg, Canada is listed as a sister city since 1973, but the two are not listed as sister cities in the organization's 2014 membership directory.[281][284]

The city also has an informal connection with:[281]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Official records for Minneapolis/St. Paul were kept by the St. Paul Signal Service in that city from January 1871 to December 1890, the Minneapolis Weather Bureau from January 1891 to 8 April 1938, and at KMSP since 9 April 1938.[43]

References

  1. 1 2 "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  3. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. ↑ "NACo County Explorer". National Association of Counties. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  5. ↑ Gullickson, Ryan. "U.S. Metro Economies" (PDF). IHS Global Insight. IHS Global Insight. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  6. 1 2 "Minneapolis". Emporis Buildings (emporis.com). Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  7. ↑ "Cities". Fortune 500 (CNN Money). Retrieved February 7, 2012.
  8. ↑ "The World According to GaWC". Loughborough University Department of Geography. 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
  9. ↑ Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press via Google Books. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4.
  10. ↑ Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society. X Part 1. Minnesota Historical Society. 1905. p. 262.
  11. ↑ Kappler, Charles J., Washington: Government Printing Office, ed. (1904). Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. II (Treaties, 1778–1883). Oklahoma State University Library.. and "Treaty with the Sioux". September 29, 1837. and "Treaty with the Sioux—Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands". July 23, 1851. and "Treaty With the Sioux—Mdewakanton and Wapahkoota Bands". August 5, 1851. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
  12. 1 2 "A History of Minneapolis: Mdewakanton Band of the Dakota Nation, Parts I and II". Hennepin County Library. 2001. Archived from the original on 2012-04-09. and "A History of Minneapolis: Minneapolis Becomes Part of the United States". Archived from the original on 2012-04-21., and "A History of Minneapolis: Governance and Infrastructure". Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. and "A History of Minneapolis: Railways". Archived from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  13. ↑ Frame, Robert M. III, Jeffrey Hess (January 1990). "West Side Milling District, Historic American Engineering Record MN-16". U.S. National Park Service (via U.S. Library of Congress). p. 2. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
  14. ↑ Hart, Joseph (June 11, 1997). "Lost City". City Pages (Village Voice Media). Retrieved October 28, 2013.
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  22. 1 2 Gray, James (1954). Business without Boundary: The Story of General Mills. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 33–34, 41. LCCN 54-10286.
  23. ↑ Nathanson, Iric (2010). Minneapolis In the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 41–47. ISBN 0-87351-725-3.
  24. ↑ Nathanson, Iric (2010). Minneapolis In the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-87351-725-3.
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  27. ↑ Reichard, Gary W. (Summer 1998). "Mayor Hubert H. Humphrey". Minnesota History (Minnesota Historical Society) 56 (2): 50–67. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
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  35. ↑ "Mississippi: River Facts". U.S. National Park Service via Internet Archive. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
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  43. ↑ ThreadEx
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  52. 1 2 From 15% sample
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  251. ↑ "Guaranteed Ride Home". Metro Transit. Archived from the original on August 26, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
  252. ↑ "Amending ordinance relating to Taxicabs" (PDF). City of Minneapolis. 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
  253. ↑ "Hiawatha Light Rail is now METRO Blue Line" (Press release). Metro Transit. May 17, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  254. ↑ METRO Green Line
  255. ↑ "Southwest Corridor LRT Timeline". Metropolitan Council. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  256. ↑ "Central Corridor next steps and timeline". Metropolitan Council. April 2, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  257. ↑ "Ridership Report Archives". American Public Transportation Association. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
  258. ↑ Maciag, Mike (October 16, 2012). "New Data Shows Where Americans Bike to Work". Governing.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  259. ↑ "Bicycling's Top 50". Bicycling Magazine. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  260. ↑ "Where to Ride in Minneapolis". City of Minneapolis. 1997–2004. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
  261. ↑ "Stone Arch Bridge". Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
  262. ↑ Malone, Robert (April 16, 2007). "Which Are The World's Cleanest Cities?". Forbes. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  263. ↑ Lopez, Ricardo (July 2, 2010). "New Nice Ride bike-sharing program a hit – too big of one, local rental shops fear". Pioneer Press (MediaNews Group). Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  264. ↑ Scott, Gregory J. "Rickshaw renaissance". The Journal (Minnesota Premier Publications). Retrieved February 15, 2011.
  265. ↑ Halter, Nick (February 21, 2013). "Federal grants allow for Nice Ride expansion". The Journal (Minnesota Premier Publications). Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  266. ↑ "2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings". Walk Score. 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  267. ↑ "Skyways". Meet Minneapolis. Retrieved March 21, 2007. and Gill, N.S. "Skyways: Downtown Minneapolis and Saint Paul Skyways". About.com. About, Inc., The New York Times Company. Retrieved March 15, 2007.
  268. ↑ "History and Mission". Metropolitan Airports Commission. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  269. ↑ "A History of Minneapolis: Air Transportation". Hennepin County Library. 2001. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  270. ↑ "Pilot Groups". Air Line Pilots Association. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2007.
  271. ↑ "Best Hospitals". U.S.News & World Report (U.S.News & World Report, L.P.). Retrieved March 28, 2009.
  272. ↑ "Hospitals, Physicians and Organizations". Hennepin County Library. and "Twin Cities Shriners Hospital". Shriners International. Retrieved March 29, 2009.
  273. ↑ "Rochester, Minnesota Campus". Mayo Foundation. Retrieved March 15, 2007.
  274. ↑ Jeffrey, Kirk (2001). Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 59–65. ISBN 978-0-8018-6579-4.
  275. ↑ "Verified Trauma Centers". American College of Surgeons. July 3, 2012. and "About HCMC". and "HCMC Governance". Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC). Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  276. ↑ "About the Minneapolis Downtown Improvement District". Minneapolis DID. and "Minneapolis Downtown Improvement District". SMS Holdings. and "Our Cities". SMS Holdings. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  277. 1 2 "Utilities". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved April 7, 2007.
  278. ↑ "Wireless Minneapolis Frequently Asked Questions". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved April 7, 2007.
  279. ↑ Alexander, Steve and Brandt, Steve (December 5, 2010). "Minneapolis moves ahead with wireless". Star Tribune. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
  280. ↑ "Snow and Ice Control". City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010.
  281. 1 2 3 "International Connections (Sister Cities)". City of Minneapolis. January 31, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  282. ↑ Baran, Madeleine (July 31, 2009). "City council approves Najaf, Iraq as Minneapolis' sister city". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
  283. ↑ "Minneapolis City Council Approves New Sister City In Somalia". CBS. October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
  284. ↑ "2014 Membership Directory". Sister Cities International. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

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