Military of New France
The Military of New France consisted of a mix of regular soldiers of the French Army, French Navy and Canadien volunteer militia units. Prior to 1690 most French troops were sent from France, but localization meant that by 1690, (In 1669 Louis XIV ordered that all valid men of New France between the ages of 16 and 60 must do mandatory military service so every parish would have its own militia) more were Canadian volunteers and by the 1720s mostly Canadiens.[1]
Installations
Main article: List of French forts in North America
Château Saint-Louis
The French and Canadiens built forts from Newfoundland to Louisiana and others captured from the British from the 1600s to the late 1700s. Some were a mix of military post and trading forts.
- Chateau St. Louis - built 1648 with 16 redoubts; rebuilt and finally destroyed by fire 1834
- Citadelle of Quebec 1673-1872
- The Citadel, Montreal 1690-1821
- Fortress of Louisbourg, Louisbourg, (Ile Royale) Acadie 1720-1758 - destroyed in 1760 and partially rebuilt in the 1960s as a historic museum
- Port Royal, Port Royale, Acadie 1605-1613
- Fort Anne 1636-1713
- Fort Beauharnois 1727-
- Fort Beauséjour 1751-1835
- Fort Boishebert before 1696 to 1751
- Fort Bon Secours 1685-
- Fort Bourbon 1684 (by British); captured 1692 and captured by French several times and returneed 1713
Fort Chambly 1840
- Fort Carillon 1755-1759
- Fort Chambly 1675-1776
- Fort Champlain
- Fort-Coulonge
- Fort Crevier 1687-1701
- Fort Dauphin (Manitoba) 1741-?
- Fort de la Montagne, Mont-Royal 1685 - Quebec and home to Governor; mostly destroyed by fire of 1854
- Fort du Sault Saint-Louis 1725
- Fort Douville 1720-1730
- Fort Duquesne 1754-1758
- Fort Frontenac Fortenac 1673-1758; rebuilt 1783
- Fort Gaspareaux 1751-1756
- Fort Kaministiquia
- Fort La Baye 1717-1760
- Fort La Biche 1753-1757
Virtual Museum of Canada Fort Lachine (1913)
- Fort La Reine 1738-?
- Fort Le Boeuf 1753-1763
- Fort Lachine (Fort Rémy), Lachine 1672-1873 and site of Lachine massacre; abandoned 1825 and destroyed 1873
- Fort de la Corne 1753-?
- Fort La Jonquière 1751-?
- Fort La Pointe 1693-1759
- Fort Laprairie, Laprairie 1687-1713; site of the Battle of La Prairie 1691
- Fort La Reine 1738-1852
- Fort Le Sueur 1695-
- Fort Machault 1754-1763
- Fort Maurepas 1734-
- Fort Menagoueche 1751-1755
- Fort Miami 1679-1680
- Fort des Miamis 1702-1760
- Fort Michilimackinac 1715-1780
- Fort Michipicoton 1725-1904
Fort Niagara
- Fort Nashwaak 1692-1700
- Fort Niagara 1726-
- Fort Ouiatenon 1717-1791
- Fort Paskoya 1741-
- Fort Pentagouet 1613-1674
- Fort Pimiteoui1691-1812
- Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit 1701-1796
- Fort Presque Isle 1753-1852
- Fort Richelieu 1665-?
- Fort Royal (Plaisance) 1687-1713
- Fort Rouge 1738-1741
- Fort Sainte Anne 1686-1693
- Fort Saint Antoine 1686-1731
- Fort Saint Charles 1732-
- Fort Sainte Croix 1683-
- Fort Saint Jacques 1686-1713
- Fort Saint Jean, La Vallée-du-Richelieu 1666 - destroyed 1760 and rebuilt by British in 1775 and had small shipyard
Fort Saint Jean
- Fort Saint Joseph 1691-1795
- Fort Saint Nicholas 1685-
- Fort Saint Pierre 1731-1812?
- Fort Sandoské 1747-1763
- Fort Senneville 1671-1691; 1692-1776
- Fort Tourette 1683-1763
- Fort Trempealeau 1685-1731
- Fort Verchères 1672-
- Fort Vincennes 1731-1766
- Fort Ville-Marie 1642-74; demolished 1688
Units
Régiment de Languedoc soldier
- French Army
- Carignan-Salières Regiment (Régiment de Carignan-Salières) - volunteer army unit (1665–1668)
- François Cottineau, dit Champlaurier, a member of this unit and ancestor of PM Sir Wilfrid Laurier
- Régiment suisse de Karrer 1722-1745 (Louisbourg); 1747-1749 (Quebec)
- 176 soldiers and 4 officers 1740s
- Canadian Voyageurs - militia unit
- militia artillery corps (2 brigades) - 1723
- Reserve companies (2 units) - 1750s
- The Governor General's Guard 1672-1682 - 20 mounted men-at-arms or carabineers for Comte de Frontenac
- Compagnie des canonniers-bombardiers de Quebec (Gunner and Bombardier Company) 1750-1760 - consisted of 43 gunners/bombers
- Régiment de la Reine 1755-1760
- Régiment de Guyenne 1755-1760
- Régiment de Berry 1755-1760
- Régiment de Béarn 1755-1760
- Régiment La Sarre 1755-1760
- Carignan-Salières Regiment (Régiment de Carignan-Salières) - volunteer army unit (1665–1668)
Compagnies Franches de la Marine
- Régiment Royal Roussillon 1755-1760
- Régiment de Languedoc 1755-1760
- Régiment de Bourgogne 1755-1760
- Régiment d'Artois 1755-1760 - 520 soldiers
- Régiment de Cambis 1758 - 680 soldiers
- 2 companies
- Marechaussee - police unit
- French Navy
- 28 Compagnies Franches de la Marine (Naval Corps) 1683-1755
- 30 companies 1750s with 1500 soldiers and 120 officers
- Compagnies franches de la Marine of Acadia
- 4 companies with 200 soldiers and 12 officers by 1702
- Compagnies franches de la Marine of Plaisance
- 3 companies with 150 soldiers and 9 officers by the 1690s
- Compagnies franches de la Marine on Ile Royale 1710s
- 24 companies with 1200 soldiers and 96 officers by 1749
- 28 Compagnies Franches de la Marine (Naval Corps) 1683-1755
Troupes de la Marine
- Bombardiers de la Marine (Navy Bombardiers) 1702-1760s - 108 bombardiers
- Troupes de la marine (Troops of Marines) 1682-1755 - 1759 - 1000 soldiers
- Galley Troops (Pertuisaniers des Galères)
- Canadian Militia
- District of Québec: 1759 - 5,640 miliciamen
- District of Montréal: 1759 - 5,455 miliciamen 4,200 sent to Quebec City
- District of Trois-Rivière: 1759 - 1,300 miliciamen 1,100 to Quebec City
- Canadian Cavalery: 200 cavalerymen
- Acadian Militia 1759 - 150 miliciens
- Native Indians 1759 - 1,800
Military commanders
General Montcalm
- Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
- Chevalier de Lévis
- Louis Antoine de Bougainville
- François-Charles de Bourlamaque
- Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur
- Marquis de Denonville
- Jean-Daniel Dumas
- Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu
- Louis Coulon de Villiers
- Chevalier de la Corne
- Charles Le Moyne
- Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière
French Royal Navy
Duc d'Anville
- Jean Vauquelin
- Duc d'Anville
- Joseph de Bauffremont
- Comte de La Galissonière
- Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville
- Louis Charles du Chaffault de Besné
- Marquis de la Jonquière
- Dubois de la Motte
- Alcide 64-guns
- L'Algonquin 74-guns
- Bienfaisant 64-guns
- Bourgogne
Le Pélican
- Dauphin Royal 74-guns
- Diadème 74-guns
- Duc de Bourgogne 74-guns
- Fantasque 64-guns
- Formidable 80-guns
- Héros 74-guns
- Le Machault 32-guns
- Orient 80-guns
- Pélican 44-guns
- Raisonable 64-guns
- Tonnant 84-guns
Ships built in New France
A list of ships posted to New France:
- La Tempête
Ship building in New France 1650s and repair facilities were available in Quebec and Louisburg.
Ships built in Quebec shipyard include:
Algonquin
- 500-tonne store ship launched on June 4, 1742
- Caribou, a 700-tonne store ship launched on May 13, 1744
- Castor, a 26-gun frigate launched on May 16, 1745
- Carcajou, a 12-gun corvette built in 1744-45
- Martre, a 22-gun frigate launched on June 6, 1746
- Saint-Laurent, a 60-gun vessel launched on June 13, 1748
- Original, a 60-gun vessel - sank when launched on September 2, 1750
- Algonquin, a 72-gun ship launched in June 1753
- Abénaquise, a 30-gun frigate launched in the spring of 1756
- 30-gun frigate begun in 1756 but not completed
Weapons
- muskets
- light hunting musket by militia units
- flintlock muskets by marines
- matchlock muskets with bayonets by marines
- swords
- pike - used by pikemen
- hatchet - used by militiamen
- halbard
See also
- Canadian Forces
- List of conflicts in Canada
- Provincial Marine
- Canadian militia
- Colonial militia in Canada
- Military history of the Mi’kmaq People
- Military history of the Acadians
References
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