Crotalus simus

Crotalus simus
Scientific classification
Synonyms
  • Crotalus simus Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801
  • Caudisona durissa – Cope, 1861
  • C[rotalus]. terrificus – Cope In Yarrow In Wheeler, 1875
  • Crotalus durissus durissus
    – Klauber, 1936
  • C[rotalus] terrificus copeanus
    – Amaral, 1937
  • Crotalus (Crotalus) durissus durissus – J. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970
  • Crotalus durissus neoleonensis
    – Juliá-Zertuche & Treviño-Saldaña, 1978 (nomen nudum)[2][3]
  • Crotalus simus – Porras & Solarzano, 2006
  • Crotalus simus – Quijada-Mascareñas & Wüster, 2006
Common names: Middle American rattlesnake,[2] Central American rattlesnake,[4] tzabcan (local name for subspecies C. s. tzabcan)

Crotalus simus is a venomous pit viper species found in Mexico and Central America. The specific epithet is Latin for "flat-nosed", likely because its head is blunt compared with lanceheads (Bothrops). Three subspecies are recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.[5]

Adults commonly exceed 130 cm (51 in) in length, with males growing larger than females. Large males reach 140-160 cm (55-63 in) in some populations. The maximum length is 180 cm (71 in).[2]

The body has a rough appearance because the dorsal scale keels are accentuated into protuberances or tuberculations. This is most apparent on the scale rows on either side of the body with a decreasing intensity in the lower rows. The vertebral scales are about as prominently keeled as the fourth row down on the flanks (with the vertebral scales as the first row).[4]

This species is found from Mexico in southwestern Michoacán on the Pacific coast, and Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula on the Atlantic coast, south through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua to west-central Costa Rica. It is absent from Panama, but apparently does occur on the Atlantic side of Colombia.[2] The type locality given is "Ceylan", which is incorrect.[3] Its habitats are semiarid, including dry or very dry tropical forests, thorn woodland, and arid scrub forest. It also occurs in mesic forests with relatively dry, open areas.[2]

To the Mayans and their living descendants, the Yucatan subspecies (C. s. tzabcan) was greatly revered. The word tzabcan means rattlesnake in Mayan. What the rattlesnake actually symbolizes is unknown, but many temples have carved rattlesnake shapes. Shamans also dry and roast snakes, grinding them into a powder used as medicine.

Bites are similar to rattlesnake bites in the United States. Local symptoms may be severe, with pain, massive swelling, blistering, and necrosis that lead to fasciotomies and in some cases amputations. Systemic effects involving hemostatic disturbances are rare, as are renal failure and neurotoxicity. Only venom from neonates contains crotoxin; a constituent typically found in C. durissus venom that produces neurotoxic symptoms.[6]

Subspecies

Subspecies[5] Taxon author[5] Common name[4] Geographic range[4]
C. s. culminatus Klauber, 1952 Northwestern Neotropical rattlesnake Mexico in southwestern Michoacán, southern and western Morelos, Guerrero, and southwestern Oaxaca, probably in extreme western Puebla and possibly in the Mexican Federal District
C. s. simus Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Central American rattlesnake Southeastern Mexico (central Veracruz, southeastern Oaxaca, Tabasco and Chiapas), central and southern Guatemala, western and southern Honduras, southern Belize, El Salvador, southwestern Nicaragua, and northwestern and central Costa Rica
C. s. tzabcan Klauber, 1952 Yucatán Neotropical rattlesnake Mexico (Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo and eastern Tabasco), northern Guatemala and northern Belize

Taxonomy

Previously, until 2004, the description for this form was listed as the nominate subspecies for the tropical rattlesnake, C. durissus.[3] Molecular genetic data suggest the taxa culminatus and tzabcan should be considered as separate species from C. simus [7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/197480/0
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Campbell, J.A.; Lamar W.W. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. pp. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2..
  3. 1 2 3 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  4. 1 2 3 4 Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. 2 volumes. Reprint, University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-21056-5.
  5. 1 2 3 "Crotalus simus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  6. ↑ Warrell DA. 2004. Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Clinical Management. In Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  7. ↑ Wüster, W., J.E. Ferguson, J.A. Quijada-Mascareñas, C.E. Pook, M.G. Salomão & R.S. Thorpe (2005) Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus durissus). Molecular Ecology 14(4): 1095-1108.

Further reading

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