Miami Tribe of Oklahoma

Miami Tribe of Oklahoma

Miami Tribe of Oklahoma flag
Total population
(3,908[1])
Regions with significant populations
United States (Oklahoma)
Languages
Myaamia, English
Religion
Christianity, traditional tribal religion
Related ethnic groups
Peoria, Kaskaskia, Shawnee people, Wea, Illinois, and other Algonquian peoples

The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma is the only federally recognized Native American tribe of Miami Indians in the United States.[2] The people are descended from Miami who were removed in the 19th century from their traditional territory in present-day Indiana, Michigan and Ohio.

Language

Tribal members traditionally spoke the Miami-Illinois language, one of the Algonquian languages, but few do today. The tribe is working with Miami University of Ohio to set up the Myaama Center and programs to revive their 'sleeping' tongue. It is particularly well-documented in early sources (including a complete Illinois-French dictionary).[3] The two organizations are working together to conduct research projects to revitalize Miami language and culture, and to offer university students opportunities to visit and work with the tribe on various projects.[4]

Government and programs

The headquarters of the Miami Tribe are based in Miami, Oklahoma. Of the 3,908 enrolled tribal members, 775 live in the state of Oklahoma. Enrollment in the tribe is based on documented lineal descent;[1] they do not have a blood quantum requirement.

Douglas Lankford is the Chief of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. The Miami Tribe issues its own tribal vehicle tags and operate their own housing authority.[1]

Atotankiki Myaamiaki is the Miami Nation quarterly newspaper.[5] The tribe is in the process of building the Myaamia Complex, for the benefit of tribal elders, to house the food program and tribal library.[6]

Economic development

In the interest of providing economic development for the community, the tribe created Miami Nation Enterprises, which oversees tribally owned companies. These include Miami Business Services, which provides personnel, information technologies, and business supplies; Miami Designs, which provides graphic art and promotional materials; Miami Cineplex, a movie theater and arcade; and ServiceWorld Computer, which provides computer networking and support, as well as video surveillance.[7] Additionally the tribe owns one smokeshop and two casinos (Prairie Sun and Prairie Moon). Their estimated annual tribal economic impact is $16,700,000.[1]

Culture

The tribe holds an annual powwow early in June and a stomp dance every winter. The Myaamia Center continues research directed by the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma to revitalize language and culture.[2]

History

The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma is an Eastern Woodlands tribe, who traditionally spoke the Miami-Illinois language, a language of the Algonquin family. The name 'Miami' derives from Myaamia (plural Myaamiaki), the tribe's autonym (name for themselves) in their Algonquian language; it appears to have been derived from an older term meaning 'downstream people’. Some scholars contended the Miami called themselves the Twightwee (also spelled Twatwa), supposedly an onomatopoeic reference to their sacred bird, the sandhill crane. However, recent studies have shown that Twightwee derives from the Delaware language exonym name for the Miamis, tuwéhtuwe, a name of unknown etymology.[8] Some Miami have stated that this was only a name used by other tribes for the Miami, and not their autonym. They also use Mihtohseeniaki, "the people." The Miami continue to employ this autonym today.

Miami society was divided into clans, led by hereditary chiefs.[2] They had a patrilineal system of kinship, with descent and inheritance passing through the paternal lines. Children were considered born into their father's clans but clan mothers were highly influential who had approval over hereditary chiefs.

They constructed villages with long houses, occupied by related families. The Miami were farmers and were known for developing a unique type of white corn. Traditionally, they played double ball, the moccasin game, and darts.[2]

Like all tribes who had reservations in what became Oklahoma, in the late 19th century the Miami endured their communal lands being broken up by the Dawes Act, which allotted land to individual households with the thought to encourage assimilation as farmers. In practice, it resulted in the loss of much tribal land, as speculators took advantage of the Miami. Similarly, the Curtis Act of 1898 ended tribal government and the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs became an intermediary administration.

The Miami persevered and in the 1930s, they re-organized their own tribal government under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act, independent of the Peoria people. The Miami ratified their constitution on August 16, 1939, which established a representative government with elected council and chief.[9]

On February 5, 2014, Rep. Markwayne Mullin (R, OK-2) introduced the bill To revoke the charter of incorporation of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma at the request of that tribe (H.R. 4002; 113th Congress) into the United States House of Representatives.[10] The bill would accept the request of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma to revoke the charter of incorporation issued to that tribe and ratified by its members on June 1, 1940.[10][11]

In January 2015, the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma decided to build a cultural resources office in Fort Wayne, Indiana, which will include providing services to tribal members who live in Indiana.[12]

See Miami Nation of Indiana

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2011: 21. Retrieved 4 Jan 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Koenig, Pamela. Miami. Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. (retrieved 24 Feb 09)
  3. ↑ Anderton, Alice, PhD. Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma. Intertribal Wordpath Society. 2009 (24 Feb 2009)
  4. ↑ Statement of Purpose, The Myaamia Center at Miami University, 2013 (retrieved 23 Oct 2013)
  5. ↑ Atotankiki Myaamiaki: Miami Nation Newspaper. The Sovereign Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. (retrieved 24 Feb 2009)
  6. ↑ Special Projects. The Sovereign Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. (retrieved 24 Feb 2009)
  7. ↑ MNE Companies. Miami Nation Enterprises. (retrieved 24 Feb 2009)
  8. ↑ Costa, David J. 2000. Miami-Illinois Tribe Names. In John Nichols, ed., Papers of the Thirty-first Algonquian Conference, pp. 30-53. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba
  9. ↑ "Constitution of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma." Native American Constitution and Law Digitization Project. (retrieved 1 Mar 2010)
  10. 1 2 "H.R. 4002 - Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  11. ↑ Krehbiel, Randy (22 June 2014). "D.C. Report: Vote to revoke Miami Tribe charter expected". Tulsa World. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  12. ↑ Indianz.com January 15, 2015

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miami (tribe).
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, November 06, 2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.