MAX Light Rail

For the planned light rail system in Perth, Western Australia, see Metro Area Express (Perth).
MAX Light Rail
Overview
Locale Portland metropolitan area, Oregon
Transit type Light rail
Number of lines 5
Number of stations 97
Daily ridership 116,800 (avg. weekday boardings, FY2015)[1]
Annual ridership 37.75 million (boardings, FY2015)[1]
Website MAX Light Rail
Operation
Began operation September 5, 1986
Operator(s) TriMet
Number of vehicles 145
Technical
System length 59.7 mi (96.1 km)[2]
Track gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
(standard gauge)

MAX Light Rail, or Metropolitan Area Express, is a light rail system consisting of five separate lines (Blue, Green, Orange, Red, and Yellow lines) serving 97 stations in the Portland metropolitan area in Oregon. The system has had an average weekday ridership between 115,000 and 130,000 since Fiscal Year 2010.[1] It is owned and operated by TriMet and began service in 1986.

From its inception until 2004, about $3 billion was invested in light rail in Portland.[3]

Early system history

In the mid-1970s, TriMet (or Tri-Met, as it was known until 2002) began a study for light rail using funds intended for the cancelled Mount Hood Freeway. The light rail project was known as the Banfield Light Rail Project, named for the freeway (I-84) that part of the alignment followed. The TriMet board approved the project in September 1978.[4]

Construction of the 15-mile (24 km) route started in 1982,[5] and the system opened on September 5, 1986.[6] Of the project's total cost of $214 million, 83 percent was funded by the federal Urban Mass Transportation Administration (now known as the Federal Transit Administration).[7] Less than two months before the opening, TriMet adopted the name Metropolitan Area Express, or MAX, for the new system following an employee contest.[8][9]

As planning of a second light rail line, to the west side, gained momentum in the late 1980s, the MAX line came to be referred to as the Eastside MAX line, so as to distinguish it from the Westside MAX project. The 18-mile (29 km) Westside line, to Beaverton and Hillsboro, began construction in 1993 and opened in 1998. Except for a few rush-hour trips, all trips on the now-two light rail lines were connected in downtown. The resulting 33-mile (53 km) east-west line has always been operated as a single, through route, and it became known as the Blue Line in 2001, after TriMet adopted color designations for its separate light rail routes.[10]

Current system

Map of the MAX system (also showing WES commuter rail and streetcar lines)

Lines

The MAX system currently consists of five lines, each designated by a color.

A MAX train composed of one low-floor car and one high-floor car on the Portland Transit Mall in 2015

The MAX system was built in a series of six separate projects, and each line runs over one or more of the previously opened segments. The use of colors to distinguish the separately operated routes was first adopted in 2000[10] and brought into use in 2001. The 2004-opened Yellow Line originally followed the same routing in downtown Portland as the Red and Blue lines, along First Avenue, Morrison Street and Yamhill Street, but it was shifted to a new alignment along the Portland Transit Mall on August 30, 2009, introducing light rail service along the Mall.[16][17] The Green Line began serving the Mall on September 12, 2009.[16]

The system currently has a total of 97 stations.[2] Of these, 51 stations are served by the Blue Line, 28 stations by the Green Line, 17 by the Orange Line, 29 by the Red Line, and 17 by the Yellow Line, with 39 stations served by two or more lines and 8 by three. The system's central stations are at Pioneer Courthouse Square, on the Portland Transit Mall. All lines except for the Orange Line pass through the Rose Quarter and cross the Steel Bridge.

The trains operate on direct current and utilize two voltages, 750 V DC nominal on sections west of NE 9th Avenue & Holladay Street and 825V DC nominal on the remainder. The two systems are electrically isolated.[18]

Trains run every 15 minutes from early in the morning until late at night, even on weekends. The Blue Line runs every 10 minutes during rush hour. Headways between trains are shorter in the central section of the system, where lines overlap. Actual schedules vary by location and time of day. At many stations, a live readerboard shows the destination and time-to-arrival of the next several trains, using data gathered by a vehicle tracking system.

Arrival information screens are in place at all stations on the Green Line and Transit Mall, with reader boards on the Yellow Line and some Red Line stations. These show arrival countdowns for trains and information about any service disruptions. After a $180,000 grant from the Federal Transit Administration, TriMet began adding digital displays to Blue and Red Line stations in 2013, initially on the west side, and then on the east side.[19] All MAX stations are expected to be fitted with screens by 2016.

Stations

MAX Light Rail stations vary in size, but are generally simple and austere. There are no faregates or specially segregated areas. Some stations have platforms and entrance halls, while others are little more than streetcar-style stops. Official concessionaires sometimes open coffee shops at stations.

Fares

MAX uses a proof-of-payment system; riders must carry a valid ticket or pass at all times. Tickets or passes are purchased before boarding and retained as proof of payment. Passengers must board the train before the time on ticket or pass expires, and are allowed to ride past the time on the ticket, provided the train was boarded before the expiration time. After validation, tickets are valid for 2½ hours and passes are valid until end of service day, and can be used an unlimited number of times, for travel in any direction, on MAX, TriMet buses, Portland Streetcar, and C-Tran buses (except express routes).

A new TriMet ticket vending machine installed in 2013,[20] with a ticket validator next to it
2.5-hour youth ticket printed from a ticket machine. Front (right) and back (left)

TriMet fares (as of September 1, 2015) are:

2½-Hour Ticket 1-Day Pass 7-Day Pass 14-Day Pass 30-Day/
1-Month Pass † 		1-Year Pass ‡
Adult $2.50 $5 $26 $51 $100 $1,100
Honored Citizen
(ages 65+/disabled/medicare) 		$1.25 $2.50 $7.50 $14.50 $28 $308
Youth
(ages 7–17 or high school/GED students) 		$1.25 $2.50 $7.50 $14.50 $28 $308
Children
(ages 0–6) 		Free when accompanied by fare-paying passenger
Notes:
  • † 30-day passes are sold at ticket vending machines at MAX stations, while passes valid for a single calendar month are sold at TriMet ticket outlets.[21]
  • ‡ 1-year pass can only be purchased at TriMet's Pioneer Square office.

Most tickets and passes may be purchased from vending machines located on every MAX platform or on TriMet's mobile ticketing app. Passengers can also purchase books of 10 unvalidated 2½-hour tickets, books of 5 unvalidated 1-day passes and 1-month passes on the TriMet website or from a ticket outlet.

The Portland Streetcar ticket vending machines can also issue 2½-hour tickets and 1-day passes that are valid on all TriMet services including MAX,[22] but $1 streetcar-only tickets and the streetcar-only annual pass are not valid on TriMet.[23]

From March to December 2015, card readers are being installed at MAX stations in preparation for TriMet's future e-fare system.[24] They will enable riders to pay their fare by tapping the card reader when boarding and disembarking a MAX train. Additionally, as part of the MAX Orange Line, the first turnstiles on MAX are being installed at the Bybee Boulevard and Park Avenue stations, to be activated with the e-fare system in 2017.[25] This pilot project will determine the feasibility of fare gates at other stations.

History

From the MAX system's opening until 2012, riding was free in Fareless Square (known as the Free Rail Zone from 2010 to 2012), which included all of downtown and, starting in 2001, part of the Lloyd District. The 37-year-old fare-free zone was discontinued on September 1, 2012, as part of systemwide cost-cutting measures.[26] As part of the same budget cuts, TriMet discontinued its zonal fares, moving to a flat fare system. Zones had been in place since 1986, with higher fares for longer rides, and three fare zones (five until 1988).[26]

Original line and expansions

Segment description Date opened Line(s) End points New
stations		 Length Construction Cost
(mi) (km)
Eastside (Banfield)[27] September 5, 1986 All Lines 31 (27
originally)		 15.1 24.3 March 1982 – September 1986 $214 million
Westside[28] September 12, 1998 Blue, Red 20 17.6 28.3 July 1993 – September 1998 $963 million
Airport[29] September 10, 2001 Red 4 5.6 9.0 May 1999 – September 2001 $125 million
Interstate Avenue[30] May 1, 2004 Yellow 10 5.8 9.3 November 2000 – May 2004 $350 million
Portland Transit Mall August 30, 2009 Green, Orange, Yellow 14 (7 per direction) 1.8 2.9 February 2007 – September 2009 $575.7 million
I-205[31] September 12, 2009 Green 8 6.5 10.5
Portland–Milwaukie[13] September 12, 2015 Orange
  • Lincoln/SW 3rd Ave
  • SE Park Ave
 10 7.3 11.7 June 2011 – September 2015 $1.49 billion
Total 97 59.7 96  

Future

Proposed extensions

A Red Line train on the Banfield Mainline next to Interstate 84

Southwest Corridor

Former extensions

Vancouver

Other extensions

Operations

General description

In parts of the MAX system, particularly in central Portland and Hillsboro, MAX trains run on surface streets. Except on the Portland Transit Mall, trains run in reserved lanes closed to other motorized vehicles. On the Transit Mall, trains operate on the same lanes as TriMet buses (although MAX trains have traffic priority). Elsewhere, MAX runs within its own exclusive right-of-way, in street medians, alongside freeways, and on former freight railroad lines.

Where the tracks run in a street median, such as the majority of the Yellow Line and the section of the Blue Line along Burnside Avenue between Gateway Transit Center and Ruby Junction, intersections are generally controlled by traffic signals which give trains preemption. Where the tracks occupy a completely separate right-of-way, the tracks are protected by automated grade crossing gates. A three-mile (4.8 km) section consists of two tunnels below Washington Park. While this section has only one station, it is 260 feet (79 m) below ground level, making it the deepest transit station in North America[40] and one of the deepest in the world.

Because of Portland's relatively small 200-foot (61 m) downtown blocks, trains operate with only one or two cars (technically, the single-car "trains" are in fact not trains). The MAX cars are about 90 feet (27.4 m) long, so a stopped train consisting of more than two cars would block intersections. All service is typically operated with two-car trains, except for certain trips during late-night hours. During the first few years of Red Line and Yellow Line service, those lines normally used single cars on a portion of their service, but as ridership has grown and additional light rail cars have been acquired, those lines now normally use all two-car trains. The 2009-introduced MAX Mall Shuttle, which provided supplementary service along the Portland Transit Mall on weekday afternoons only, normally always used a single car;[16] it was discontinued in June 2011.[41]

Rolling stock

Type 1 (Bombardier, left) and Type 2 (Siemens SD660, right) light rail cars at the Beaverton Transit Center, on the Blue Line and Red Line, respectively

There are currently five models of MAX light rail vehicles, designated by TriMet as "Type 1", "Type 2", "Type 3", "Type 4" and "Type 5". All of the different types are used on all of the MAX lines.

Type 1

The Type 1 cars were manufactured by a joint venture between La Brugeoise et Nivelles and Bombardier Corporation before the latter acquired the former, and featured a raised floor with steps at the doors. These cars are based on a La Brugeoise et Nivelles design used in Rio de Janeiro Line Line 2.[42] The first vehicle was completed at the factory in late 1983[43] and arrived in Portland in 1984.[44] The Type 1 cars were delivered without air-conditioning, but it was added to all cars during a retrofit between in 1997–98. The Type 1 are the only MAX cars whose rollsign-type destination signs are hand-cranked. Because of the time-consuming process to change the signs, only the sign on the exposed end of the car is changed to the correct destination; the side signs only list the designated route color, and the sign on the coupled end of each car in a two-car train is left blank. All Type 1 stock are currently undergoing a refurbishing. Once completed, all cars will be equipped with digital signing, new HVAC systems, and new brake resisters. Updating the rail-cars was chosen over replacing them due to cost.[45]

Type 2

The interior of a Type 2 MAX car, towards middle section

With the partial opening of Westside MAX in 1997, TriMet's "Type 2" light rail vehicle were introduced. The Siemens model SD660 (originally SD600, but retroactively redesignated SD660 in 1998[46]) have a low-floor design, a first for light rail vehicles in North America,[47][48] digital readerboards and a slightly more open floor plan. The floor is nearly level with the platforms, and small ramps called "bridge plates" extend (on request) from two of the four doors, enabling passengers in wheelchairs to roll on and off of the vehicle easily. These permitted the elimination of wheelchair lifts that had been located at every station and were time-consuming to use.[49] High-floor Type 1 cars are now always paired with a low-floor Type 2 or 3 car so that each train is wheelchair-accessible.

The first low-floor light rail vehicle was delivered in 1996[50] and first used in service on August 31, 1997.[49] The new vehicles also came equipped with air-conditioning, a feature originally lacking from the Type 1 vehicles,.[47] The initial order of 39 Type 2 vehicles was expanded, in stages, to a total of 52 vehicles.[51]

Some of the later models of light rail vehicles had automatic passenger counters retrofitted; in these models, they are on the floor of the doorways.

In 2001–02, TriMet modified the interior of the Type 2 cars to add space for bicycles. Eight seats per vehicle were removed and replaced—in four places per car—with hooks from which a bicycle can be hung.[52] All later cars have been delivered from the manufacturer with these bike hooks already installed.

Type 3

An extended doorway bridge plate, or wheelchair ramp, in a low-floor MAX car

The second series of Siemens SD660 cars, TriMet's "Type 3" MAX light rail vehicle, are outwardly identical to the Type 2 cars in design, the primary difference being various technical upgrades. Siemens installed an improved air-conditioning system, more ergonomic seats and automatic passenger counters using photoelectric sensors above the doorways. The Type 3 cars were the first to wear the transit agency's newer (2002-adopted) paint scheme. Purchased for the opening of the Yellow Line in May 2004, delivery of the Type 3 series began in February 2003, and the vehicles began to enter service in September 2003.[53]

Type 4

"Type 4" MAX vehicles (Siemens S70) in service on the Blue Line

Twenty-two new Siemens S70 low-floor cars, designated Type 4, were purchased in conjunction with the I-205 and Portland Mall MAX projects. They feature a more streamlined design than previous models, have more seating and are lighter in weight and therefore more energy-efficient. They can only operate in pairs, since each car has just one operator's cab, at the "A" end (the "B" end has additional passenger seating). At about 95 feet (28.96 m) long, they are about three feet longer than Type 2 and Type 3 cars, which were 92 feet (28.04 m).[54] The Type 4 MAX cars began to enter service in August 2009.[55]

The Type 4 cars were the first to use LED-type destination signs. On the rollsign-type destination signs used on the Type 1, 2 and 3 cars the designated route color (blue, green, red, or yellow) is shown as a colored background under white or black text, while in the LED signs the route color is indicated by a colored square at the left end of the display, and all text is orange lettering against a black background.[16] In October 2014, TriMet began a program to gradually replace all rollsigns in its MAX fleet with LED signs, affecting a total of 105 cars (and four signs per car). The program is projected to take until around mid-2016 to complete.[56]

Type 5

The second series of Siemens S70 cars, TriMet's "Type 5" MAX vehicle, were purchased in conjunction with the Portland–Milwaukie (MAX Orange Line) project, but will be used on all lines in the system. These vehicles include some improvements over the Type 4 cars, including a less-cramped interior seating layout[57] and improvements to the air-conditioning system and wheelchair ramps.[58] TriMet placed the order for the Type 5 cars with Siemens in April 2012 and they began to be delivered in September 2014. The first two cars entered service on April 27, 2015.[59] All 18 are expected to be in service by the time the Orange Line opens in September 2015.[60] The fleet numbers for the Type 5 cars are 521–538[61] (at the time the first cars were built, fleet numbers 511–514 were in use for the Vintage Trolley cars).

Portland MAX Light Rail Vehicles
Image Designation Car numbers Manufacturer Model No. First used No. of Seats/
Overall Capacity 		Quantity
Type 1 101–126 Bombardier none 1986 76/166 26
Type 2 201–252 Siemens SD660 1997 64/166 52
Type 3 301–327 Siemens SD660 2003 64/166 27
Type 4 401–422 Siemens S70 2009 68/172[54] 22
Type 5 521–538 Siemens S70 2015 72/186[58] 18

Notes on capacities:

Former Vintage Trolley service

In addition to regular MAX service, the Portland Vintage Trolley operated on the MAX system from 1991 until 2014, on most weekends, serving the same stops. This service, which operated for the last time in July 2014,[63][64] used 1991-built replicas of 1904 Portland streetcars. Until 2009, the Vintage Trolley service followed a section of the original MAX line, between the Galleria/Library stations and Lloyd Center, but in September 2009 the service moved to the newly opened MAX alignment along the transit mall, running from Union Station to Portland State University,[16][65] and remained on that route in subsequent seasons. In 2011, the service was reduced to only seven or eight Sundays per year,[66] and in July 2014 it was discontinued entirely, with the sale of the two remaining faux-vintage cars to a group planning a streetcar line in St. Louis.[63][64]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "TriMet Service and Ridership Information" (PDF). TriMet. October 20, 2014. p. 1. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "TriMet At-a-Glance". TriMet. 2015. p. 6. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
  3. ↑ Ozawa, Connie P., ed. (2004). The Portland Edge: Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities. Island Press. p. 19. ISBN 1-55963-695-5.
  4. ↑ Hortsch, Dan (September 27, 1978). "Tri-Met board votes to back Banfield light-rail project". The Oregonian, p. F1.
  5. ↑ Federman, Stan (March 27, 1982). "At ground-breaking: Festivities herald transitway". The Oregonian, p. A12.
  6. ↑ Koberstein, Paul (September 7, 1986). "Riders swamp light rail as buses go half-full and schedules go by the way". The Oregonian, p. A1.
  7. ↑ Federman, Stan (September 5, 1986). "All aboard! MAX on track; ride free". The Oregonian, p. A1.
  8. ↑ Tri-Met (July 25, 1986). Light rail name announced. Press release.
  9. ↑ Anderson, Jennifer (May 5, 2006). "Stumptown Stumper". Portland Tribune. Retrieved August 21, 2012.
  10. 1 2 Stewart, Bill (September 21, 2000). "Local colors roll out: Tri-Met designates the Blue, Red and Yellow lines". The Oregonian.
  11. ↑ "TriMet - MAX Blue Line". TriMet. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
  12. ↑ "TriMet - MAX Green Line". TriMet. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
  13. 1 2 "Portland-Milwaukie Light Rail Project" (PDF). TriMet. June 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
  14. ↑ "TriMet - MAX Red Line". TriMet. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
  15. ↑ "TriMet - MAX Yellow Line". TriMet. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Morgan, Steve (2010). "Expansion for Portland's MAX: New routes and equipment". Passenger Train Journal (White River Productions, Inc.) 33 (1 – First quarter 2010): 38–40.
  17. ↑ "New MAX line opens downtown". Portland Tribune. August 28, 2009. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  18. ↑ "One Breakpoint is Enough: Traction Power Simulation in Portland" (PDF). Transportation Research Board. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  19. ↑ Blevins, Drew (July 23, 2013). "We're adding arrival screens at more Blue and Red Line MAX stations". How We Roll (TriMet). Retrieved April 5, 2015.
  20. ↑ "Making your experience better: Fixing TriMet’s ticket vending machines". TriMet News. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
  21. ↑ "One-month pass". TriMet. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Streetcar Fares". Portland Streetcar Inc. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  23. ↑ Mayer, James (August 2, 2012). "New streetcar fares explained". The Oregonian. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
  24. ↑ "E-Fare Card Reader Installation". TriMet. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
  25. ↑ Rose, Joseph (March 20, 2015). "Fare turnstiles coming to Portland-Milwaukie MAX stations". The Oregonian. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
  26. 1 2 Bailey Jr., Everton (August 30, 2012). "TriMet boosts most fares starting Saturday; some routes changing". The Oregonian. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  27. ↑ "Eastside MAX Blue Line Project History". TriMet. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  28. ↑ "Westside MAX Blue Line Project History". TriMet. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  29. ↑ "Airport MAX Red Line Project History". TriMet. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  30. ↑ "Interstate MAX Yellow Line Project History". TriMet. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  31. ↑ "MAX Green Line Project History". TriMet. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Southwest Corridor Plan". Metro. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  33. ↑ "Southwest Corridor Plan – Draff Staff Recommendation for July 2015 Decisions" (PDF). Southwest Corridor. Metro. June 12, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  34. ↑ Tims, Dana (July 14, 2015). "No deep tunnel for OHSU: Southwest Corridor plan". The Oregonian. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  35. ↑ Beebe, Craig (July 13, 2015). "Southwest Corridor leaders drop Marquam Hill/Hillsdale tunnels, leave door open on Sylvania option". Metro News. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  36. ↑ "Columbia River Crossing information packet". ODOT, WSDOT. February 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
  37. ↑ Manning, Jeff (March 7, 2014). "Columbia River Crossing: ODOT to pull plug, bridge project is dead". The Oregonian. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  38. 1 2 3 "Transit Investment Plan FY 2012" (PDF). TriMet. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  39. ↑ Rivera, Dylan (September 5, 2009). "MAX Green Line signals decades of rail growth". The Oregonian. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  40. ↑ "Westside Light Rail MAX Blue Line extension (fact sheet)" (PDF). TriMet. November 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  41. ↑ Rose, Joseph (June 3, 2011). "TriMet will make several seasonal bus line adjustments Sunday". The Oregonian. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  42. ↑ http://vfco.brazilia.jor.br/TU/MetroRio/Trem-VLT-Cobrasma-Pre-Metro-Rio-RJ.shtml
  43. ↑ "‘Roomy, good-looking’ light-rail cars please Tri-Met official" (November 27, 1983). The Sunday Oregonian, p. B5.
  44. ↑ "First car for light rail delivered" (April 11, 1984). The Oregonian, p. C4.
  45. ↑ Longeteig, Andrew (June 19, 2015). "OUR OLDEST MAX TRAINS ARE GETTING MAKEOVERS". HowWeRoll (TriMet). Retrieved September 13, 2015.
  46. ↑ Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, October 1998, p. 397. UK: Ian Allan Publishing/Light Rail Transit Association. ISSN 1460-8324.
  47. 1 2 Oliver, Gordon (April 15, 1993). "Tri-Met prepares to purchase 37 low-floor light-rail cars". The Oregonian, p. D4.
  48. ↑ Vantuono, William C. (July 1993). "Tri-Met goes low-floor: Portland's Tri-Met has broken new ground with a procurement of low-floor light rail vehicles. The cars will be North America's first low-floor LRVs." Railway Age, pp. 49–51.
  49. 1 2 O'Keefe, Mark (September 1, 1997). "New MAX cars smooth the way for wheelchairs". The Oregonian, p. B12.
  50. ↑ Oliver, Gordon (August 1, 1996). "MAX takes keys to cool new model". The Oregonian, p. D1.
  51. ↑ Oliver, Gordon (September 26, 1997). "Tri-Met expands light-rail car order". The Oregonian, p. B6.
  52. 1 2 Stewart, Bill (August 20, 2001). "MAX will add racks for bikes, not bags". The Oregonian.
  53. ↑ Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, November 2003, p. 428. UK: Ian Allan Publishing/Light Rail Transit Association.
  54. 1 2 "MAX: The Next Generation". TriMet. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  55. ↑ Redden, Jim (August 6, 2009). "TriMet puts new light-rail cars on track". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  56. ↑ Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, March 2015, p. 121. UK: LRTA Publishing.
  57. ↑ Rose, Joseph (July 31, 2012). "TriMet asks cramped MAX riders to help design next-generation train's seating". The Oregonian. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
  58. 1 2 "PMLR Type 5 LRV Fact Sheet" (PDF). TriMet. March 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  59. ↑ Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, July 2015, p. 289. UK: LRTA Publishing. ISSN 1460-8324.
  60. ↑ Rose, Joseph (September 30, 2014). "TriMet's first new 'Type 5' MAX light-rail vehicle has rolled into Portland (or has it?)". The Oregonian. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  61. ↑ Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, June 2012, p. 235. UK: LRTA Publishing. ISSN 1460-8324.
  62. ↑ "Glossary section, Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 2nd Edition (TCRP Report 100)" (PDF). Transportation Research Board. October 2003. pp. 9 ("car weight designations"). Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  63. 1 2 "Vintage Trolley Has Ceased Operation". Portland Vintage Trolley website. September 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  64. 1 2 "Portland double-track is brought into use". Tramways & Urban Transit (LRTA Publishing). November 2014. p. 454.
  65. ↑ "Vintage Trolley 2012 Schedule on the Portland Mall". Portland Vintage Trolley website. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
  66. ↑ Tramways & Urban Transit, April 2011, p. 152. LRTA Publishing Ltd.

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