Mescalero-Chiricahua language

Mescalero-Chiricahua
Ndee bizaa
Native to	USA
Region	Oklahoma, New Mexico
Ethnicity	3,000+ Chiricahua (2007)^[1]
Native speakers	1,500 (2007)^[1]
Language family	Dené–Yeniseian? Na-Dene Athabaskan Southern Athabaskan Southwestern Apache Western Mescalero-Chiricahua
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`apm`
Glottolog	`mesc1238`^[2]

Mescalero-Chiricahua (also known as Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache) is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Mescalero and Chiricahua tribes in Oklahoma and New Mexico. It is related to Navajo and Western Apache. Mescalero-Chiricahua has been described in great detail by the anthropological linguist Harry Hoijer (1904–1976), especially in Hoijer & Opler (1938) and Hoijer (1946). Hoijer & Opler's Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts, including a grammatical sketch and traditional religious and secular stories, has been converted into an online "book" available from the University of Virginia.

Virginia Klinekole, the first female president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe, was known for her efforts to preserve the language.^[3]

There is at least one Apache language immersion school for children in Mescalero.^[4]

Sounds

Consonants

The 31 consonants of Mescalero-Chiricahua:

		Bilabial	Alveolar		Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
		Bilabial	central	lateral	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	unaspirated	p	t				k
	aspirated		tʰ				kʰ
	ejective		tʼ				kʼ	ʔ
Affricate	unaspirated		ts	tˡ	tʃ
	aspirated		tsʰ	tɬʰ	tʃʰ
	ejective		tsʼ	tɬʼ	tʃʼ
Nasal	simple	m	n
Nasal	prenasalized	(mᵇ)	nᵈ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ɬ	ʃ		x	h
Fricative	voiced		z	n	ʒ	ʝ	ɣ

Vowels

The 16 vowels of Mescalero-Chiricahua:

		Front		Central		Back
		short	long	short	long	short	long
High	oral	i	iː
High	nasal	ĩ	ĩː
Mid	oral	ɛ	ɛː			o	oː
Mid	nasal	ɛ̃	ɛ̃ː			õ	õː
Low	oral			a	aː
Low	nasal			ã	ãː

Mescalero-Chiricahua has phonemic oral, nasal, short, and long vowels.

References

1 2 Mescalero-Chiricahua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
↑ "Former tribal leader dies : Past Mescalero president, council member, writer remembered". Alamogordo Daily News. 2011-03-15. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
↑ http://www.alamogordonews.com/tablehome/ci_21431757/udall-visits-mescalero-apache-schools-talk-language-preservation

Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Chiricahua Apache stems. (Unpublished manuscript).
Hoijer, Harry. (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages. American Anthropologist, 40 (1), 75-87.
Hoijer, Harry. (1939). Chiricahua loan-words from Spanish. Language, 15 (2), 110-115.
Hoijer, Harry. (1945). Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (1), 13-23.
Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (4), 193-203.
Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (1), 1-13.
Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (2), 51-59.
Hoijer, Harry. (1946). Chiricahua Apache. In C. Osgood (Ed.), Linguistic structures in North America. New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938). Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 0-404-15783-1).
Opler, Morris E., & Hoijer, Harry. (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache. American Anthropologist, 42 (4), 617-634.
Pinnow, Jürgen. (1988). Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero [The language of the Chiricahua Apache: With side glances at the Mescalero]. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
Webster, Anthony K. (2006). On Speaking to Him (Coyote): The Discourse Functions of the yi-/bi- Alternation in Some Chiricahua Apache Narratives. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 25(2), 143-160.
Young, Robert W. (1983). Apachean languages. In A. Ortiz, W. C. Sturtevant (Eds.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest, (Vol. 10), (p. 393-400). Washington: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-004579-7.

External links

Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts
OLAC resources in and about the Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache language
Goddard, Pliny Earle (1919). San Carlos Apache texts. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
Rene Romo (2011-11-11). "Apaches work to save language". Alamogordo Daily News. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
Harold Oakes (2012-08-29). "Udall visits Mescalero Apache Schools to talk language preservation". Alamogordo Daily News. Retrieved 2012-09-02.

Athabaskan languages

Northern

Southern Alaskan	Ahtna Dena’ina

Central Alaska–Yukon	Deg Xinag Gwich’in Hän Holikachuk Koyukon Lower Tanana Northern Tutchone Southern Tutchone Tanacross Upper Kuskokwim Upper Tanana

Northwestern Canada	Dene Suline Dogrib Dunneza Kaska Sekani Slavey Tagish Tahltan

Central British Columbia	Babine–Witsuwit'en Chilcotin Dakelh

Other North Athabaskan	Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie Nicola Tsetsaut Tsuut’ina

Pacific Coast

California Athabaskan	Kato Hupa Mattole Tututni Wailaki

Oregon Athabaskan	Tolowa Upper Umpqua

Southern

Western Apachean	Chiricahua Mescalero Navajo Western Apache

Eastern Apachean	Jicarilla Lipan

Plains Apachean	Plains Apache

Italics indicate extinct languages

Languages of Arizona

Indigenous

Athabaskan	Navajo Western Apache

Tanoan	Tewa

Uto-Aztecan	Hopi O'odham Southern Paiute Yaqui

Yuman-Cochimí	Cocopah Havasupai Hualapai Maricopa Mojave Quechan Yavapai

Language isolate	Zuni

Non-Indigenous

Indo-European	English Spanish

Languages of New Mexico

Indigenous	Jemez Jicarilla Keresan Mescalero-Chiricahua Navajo Picuris Southern Tiwa Taos Tewa Zuni

Non-Indigenous	English New Mexican Spanish

Languages of Oklahoma

Indigenous	Alabama* Arapaho Caddo Cayuga Cherokee Cheyenne Chickasaw Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) Choctaw Comanche Delaware Hitchiti-Mikasuki Kansa Koasati Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk) Muscogee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Plains Apache Ponca Potawatomi Quapaw Seneca Shawnee Tonkawa Wichita Wyandot Yuchi

Sign languages	American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Plains Sign Talk

Non-Indigenous	English German Spanish Vietnamese

Italics indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere

Authority control	GND: 4204679-8

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