Neprilysin

Membrane metallo-endopeptidase

The structure of the neprilysin ectodomain in complex with a zinc-chelating inhibitor. The zinc atom is shown as a gray sphere and the inhibitor is shown in green. Rendering based on 1r1h.
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
Symbols MME ; CALLA; CD10; NEP; SFE
External IDs OMIM: 120520 MGI: 97004 HomoloGene: 5275 ChEMBL: 1944 GeneCards: MME Gene
EC number 3.4.24.11
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 4311 17380
Ensembl ENSG00000196549 ENSMUSG00000027820
UniProt P08473 Q61391
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000902 NM_001289462
RefSeq (protein) NP_000893 NP_001276391
Location (UCSC) Chr 3:
155.02 – 155.18 Mb		 Chr 3:
63.24 – 63.39 Mb
PubMed search

Neprilysin (/ˌnɛprᵻˈlaɪsᵻn/ ), also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), neutral endopeptidase (NEP), cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10), and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MME gene. Neprilysin is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease that cleaves peptides at the amino side of hydrophobic residues and inactivates several peptide hormones including glucagon, enkephalins, substance P, neurotensin, oxytocin, and bradykinin.[1] It also degrades the amyloid beta peptide whose abnormal misfolding and aggregation in neural tissue has been implicated as a cause of Alzheimer's disease. Synthesized as a membrane-bound protein, the neprilysin ectodomain is released into the extracellular domain after it has been transported from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface.

Neprilysin is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and is particularly abundant in kidney. It is also a common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen that is an important cell surface marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). This protein is present on leukemic cells of pre-B phenotype, which represent 85% of cases of ALL.[1]

Hematopoetic progenitors expressing CD10 are considered "common lymphoid progenitors", which means they can differentiate into T, B or natural killer cells.[2] CD10 is of use in hematological diagnosis since it is expressed by early B, pro-B and pre-B lymphocytes, and by lymph node germinal centers.[3] Hematologic diseases in which it is positive include ALL, angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis (90%), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (variable), follicular center cells (70%), hairy cell leukemia (10%), and myeloma (some). It tends to be negative in acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, and marginal zone lymphoma. CD10 is found on non-T ALL cells, which derive from pre-B lymphocytes, and in germinal center-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma such as Burkitt lymphoma and follicular lymphoma, but not on leukemia cells or lymphomas, which originate in more mature B cells.[4]

Amyloid beta regulation

Neprilysin-deficient knockout mice show both Alzheimer's-like behavioral impairment and amyloid-beta deposition in the brain,[5] providing strong evidence for the protein's association with the Alzheimer's disease process. Because neprilysin is thought to be the rate-limiting step in amyloid beta degradation,[6] it has been considered a potential therapeutic target; compounds such as the peptide hormone somatostatin have been identified that increase the enzyme's activity level.[7] One hypothesis for the strong dependence of Alzheimer's incidence on age focuses on the declining production of somatostatin in the brains of elderly people, which thus depresses the activity of neprilysin and promotes aggregation of unprocessed amyloid beta.[8] Declining neprilysin activity with increasing age may also be explained by oxidative damage, known to be a causative factor in Alzheimer's disease; higher levels of inappropriately oxidized neprilysin have been found in Alzheimer's patients compared to cognitively normal elderly people.[9]

Signaling peptides

Neprilysin immunohistochemical staining of normal kidney.

Neprilysin is also associated with other biochemical processes, and is particularly highly expressed in kidney and lung tissues. Inhibitors have been designed with the aim of developing analgesic and antihypertensive agents that act by preventing neprilysin's activity against signaling peptides such as enkephalins, substance P, endothelin, and atrial natriuretic factor.[10][11]

Associations have been observed between neprilysin expression and various types of cancer; however, the relationship between neprilysin expression and carcinogenesis remains obscure. In cancer biomarker studies, the neprilysin gene is often referred to as CD10 or CALLA. In some types of cancer, such as metastatic carcinoma and some advanced melanomas, neprilysin is overexpressed;[12] in other types, most notably lung cancers, neprilysin is downregulated, and thus unable to modulate the pro-growth autocrine signaling of cancer cells via secreted peptides such as mammalian homologs related to bombesin.[13] Some plant extracts (methanol extracts of Ceropegia rupicola, Kniphofia sumarae, Plectranthus cf barbatus, and an aqueous extract of Pavetta longiflora) were found able to inhibit the enzymatic activity of neutral endopeptidase.[14]

Inhibitors

Immunochemistry

CD10 is used in clinical pathology for diagnostic purpose.

In lymphomas and leukemias

In epithelial tumors

In other tumors

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: Membrane metallo-endopeptidase".
  2. ↑ "Human T, B, natural killer, and dendritic cells arise from a common bone marrow progenitor cell subset.". Immunity 3 (4): 459–73. Oct 1995. doi:10.1016/1074-7613(95)90175-2. PMID 7584137.
  3. ↑ Singh C (2011-02-25). "CD10". CD Markers. PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.
  4. ↑ Papandreou CN, Nanus DM (January 2010). "Is methylation the key to CD10 loss?". J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 32 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181c74aca. PMID 20051779.
  5. ↑ Madani R, Poirier R, Wolfer DP, Welzl H, Groscurth P, Lipp HP, Lu B, El Mouedden M, Mercken M, Nitsch RM, Mohajeri MH (December 2006). "Lack of neprilysin suffices to generate murine amyloid-like deposits in the brain and behavioral deficit in vivo". J. Neurosci. Res. 84 (8): 1871–8. doi:10.1002/jnr.21074. PMID 16998901.
  6. ↑ Iwata N, Tsubuki S, Takaki Y, Watanabe K, Sekiguchi M, Hosoki E, Kawashima-Morishima M, Lee HJ, Hama E, Sekine-Aizawa Y, Saido TC (February 2000). "Identification of the major Abeta1-42-degrading catabolic pathway in brain parenchyma: suppression leads to biochemical and pathological deposition". Nat. Med. 6 (2): 143–50. doi:10.1038/72237. PMID 10655101.
  7. ↑ Iwata N, Higuchi M, Saido TC (November 2005). "Metabolism of amyloid-beta peptide and Alzheimer's disease". Pharmacol. Ther. 108 (2): 129–48. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.010. PMID 16112736.
  8. ↑ Hama E, Saido TC (2005). "Etiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease: somatostatin, neprilysin, and amyloid beta peptide". Med. Hypotheses 65 (3): 498–500. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.02.045. PMID 15921860.
  9. ↑ Wang DS, Iwata N, Hama E, Saido TC, Dickson DW (October 2003). "Oxidized neprilysin in aging and Alzheimer's disease brains". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 310 (1): 236–41. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.003. PMID 14511676.
  10. ↑ Sahli S, Stump B, Welti T, Schweizer WB, Diederich R, Blum-Kaelin D, Aebi JD, Böhm H-J (April 2005). "A New Class of Inhibitors for the Metalloprotease Neprilysin Based on a Central Imidazole Scaffold". Helvetica Chimica Acta 88 (4): 707–730. doi:10.1002/hlca.200590050.
  11. ↑ Oefner C, Roques BP, Fournie-Zaluski MC, Dale GE (February 2004). "Structural analysis of neprilysin with various specific and potent inhibitors". Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 60 (Pt 2): 392–6. doi:10.1107/S0907444903027410. PMID 14747736.
  12. ↑ Velazquez EF, Yancovitz M, Pavlick A, Berman R, Shapiro R, Bogunovic D, O'Neill D, Yu YL, Spira J, Christos PJ, Zhou XK, Mazumdar M, Nanus DM, Liebes L, Bhardwaj N, Polsky D, Osman I (2007). "Clinical relevance of neutral endopeptidase (NEP/CD10) in melanoma". J Transl Med 5 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-5-2. PMC 1770905. PMID 17207277.
  13. ↑ Cohen AJ, Bunn PA, Franklin W, Magill-Solc C, Hartmann C, Helfrich B, Gilman L, Folkvord J, Helm K, Miller YE (February 1996). "Neutral endopeptidase: variable expression in human lung, inactivation in lung cancer, and modulation of peptide-induced calcium flux". Cancer Res. 56 (4): 831–9. PMID 8631021.
  14. ↑ Alasbahi R, Melzig MF (January 2008). "Screening of some Yemeni medicinal plants for inhibitory activity against peptidases". Pharmazie 63 (1): 86–8. PMID 18271311.
  15. ↑ McGowan P, Nelles N, Wimmer J, Williams D, Wen J, Li M, Ewton A, Curry C, Zu Y, Sheehan A, Chang CC (2012). "Differentiating between Burkitt lymphoma and CD10+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: the role of commonly used flow cytometry cell markers and the application of a multiparameter scoring system". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 137 (4): 665–70. doi:10.1309/AJCP3FEPX5BEEKGX. PMID 22431545.
  16. ↑ Berglund M, Thunberg U, Amini RM, Book M, Roos G, Erlanson M, Linderoth J, Dictor M, Jerkeman M, Cavallin-Ståhl E, Sundström C, Rehn-Eriksson S, Backlin C, Hagberg H, Rosenquist R, Enblad G (2005). "Evaluation of immunophenotype in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and its impact on prognosis". Mod. Pathol. 18 (8): 1113–20. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800396. PMID 15920553.
  17. ↑ Höller S, Horn H, Lohr A, Mäder U, Katzenberger T, Kalla J, Bernd HW, Went P, Ott MM, Müller-Hermelink HK, Rosenwald A, Ott G (2009). "A cytomorphological and immunohistochemical profile of aggressive B-cell lymphoma: high clinical impact of a cumulative immunohistochemical outcome predictor score". J Hematop 2 (4): 187–94. doi:10.1007/s12308-009-0044-x. PMC 2798934. PMID 20309427.
  18. ↑ Xu Y, McKenna RW, Molberg KH, Kroft SH (2001). "Clinicopathologic analysis of CD10+ and CD10- diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Identification of a high-risk subset with coexpression of CD10 and bcl-2". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 116 (2): 183–90. doi:10.1309/J7RN-UXAY-55GX-BUNK. PMID 11488064.
  19. ↑ Fabiani B, Delmer A, Lepage E, Guettier C, Petrella T, Brière J, Penny AM, Copin MC, Diebold J, Reyes F, Gaulard P, Molina TJ (2004). "CD10 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas does not influence survival". Virchows Arch. 445 (6): 545–51. doi:10.1007/s00428-004-1129-7. PMID 15517363.
  20. ↑ Baseggio L, Traverse-Glehen A, Berger F, Ffrench M, Jallades L, Morel D, Goedert G, Magaud JP, Salles G, Felman P (2011). "CD10 and ICOS expression by multiparametric flow cytometry in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma". Mod. Pathol. 24 (7): 993–1003. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.53. PMID 21499231.
  21. ↑ Yuan CM, Vergilio JA, Zhao XF, Smith TK, Harris NL, Bagg A (2005). "CD10 and BCL6 expression in the diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: utility of detecting CD10+ T cells by flow cytometry". Hum. Pathol. 36 (7): 784–91. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2005.05.008. PMID 16084948.
  22. ↑ Attygalle AD, Diss TC, Munson P, Isaacson PG, Du MQ, Dogan A (2004). "CD10 expression in extranodal dissemination of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 28 (1): 54–61. doi:10.1097/00000478-200401000-00005. PMID 14707864.
  23. ↑ Cook JR, Craig FE, Swerdlow SH (2003). "Benign CD10-positive T cells in reactive lymphoid proliferations and B-cell lymphomas". Mod. Pathol. 16 (9): 879–85. doi:10.1097/01.MP.0000084630.64243.D1. PMID 13679451.
  24. ↑ Yasir S, Herrera L, Gomez-Fernandez C, Reis IM, Umar S, Leveillee R, Kava B, Jorda M (2012). "CD10+ and CK7/RON- immunophenotype distinguishes renal cell carcinoma, conventional type with eosinophilic morphology from its mimickers". Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 20 (5): 454–61. doi:10.1097/PAI.0b013e31823fecd3. PMID 22417859.
  25. 1 2 Notohara K, Hamazaki S, Tsukayama C, Nakamoto S, Kawabata K, Mizobuchi K, Sakamoto K, Okada S (2000). "Solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: immunohistochemical localization of neuroendocrine markers and CD10". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 24 (10): 1361–71. doi:10.1097/00000478-200010000-00005. PMID 11023097.
  26. ↑ Córdoba A, Guerrero D, Larrinaga B, Iglesias ME, Arrechea MA, Yanguas JI (2009). "Bcl-2 and CD10 expression in the differential diagnosis of trichoblastoma, basal cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma with follicular differentiation". Int. J. Dermatol. 48 (7): 713–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04076.x. PMID 19570076.
  27. ↑ Sari Aslani F, Akbarzadeh-Jahromi M, Jowkar F (2013). "Value of CD10 Expression in Differentiating Cutaneous Basal from Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Basal Cell Carcinoma from Trichoepithelioma". Iran J Med Sci 38 (2): 100–6. PMC 3700055. PMID 23825889.
  28. ↑ Murali R, Delprado W (2005). "CD10 immunohistochemical staining in urothelial neoplasms". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 124 (3): 371–9. doi:10.1309/04BH-F6A8-0BQM-H7HT. PMID 16191505.
  29. ↑ Bahadir B, Behzatoglu K, Bektas S, Bozkurt ER, Ozdamar SO (2009). "CD10 expression in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder". Diagn Pathol 4 (1): 38. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-4-38. PMC 2780995. PMID 19917108.
  30. 1 2 Mikami Y, Hata S, Kiyokawa T, Manabe T (2002). "Expression of CD10 in malignant müllerian mixed tumors and adenosarcomas: an immunohistochemical study". Mod. Pathol. 15 (9): 923–30. doi:10.1097/01.MP.0000026058.33869.DB. PMID 12218209.
  31. ↑ McCluggage WG, Sumathi VP, Maxwell P (2001). "CD10 is a sensitive and diagnostically useful immunohistochemical marker of normal endometrial stroma and of endometrial stromal neoplasms". Histopathology 39 (3): 273–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01215.x. PMID 11532038.
  32. ↑ Kabbinavar FF, Hambleton J, Mass RD, Hurwitz HI, Bergsland E, Sarkar S (2005). "Combined analysis of efficacy: the addition of bevacizumab to fluorouracil/leucovorin improves survival for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer". J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (16): 3706–12. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.00.232. PMID 15867200.
  33. ↑ Weinreb I, Cunningham KS, Perez-Ordoñez B, Hwang DM (2009). "CD10 is expressed in most epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas: a potential diagnostic pitfall". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 133 (12): 1965–8. doi:10.1043/1543-2165-133.12.1965. PMID 19961253.
  34. ↑ Jung SM, Kuo TT (2005). "Immunoreactivity of CD10 and inhibin alpha in differentiating hemangioblastoma of central nervous system from metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma". Mod. Pathol. 18 (6): 788–94. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800351. PMID 15578072.
  35. ↑ Yin WH, Li J, Chan JK (2012). "Sporadic haemangioblastoma of the kidney with rhabdoid features and focal CD10 expression: report of a case and literature review". Diagn Pathol 7 (1): 39. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-7-39. PMC 3364142. PMID 22497861.

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