Dagger

This article is about the weapon. For other uses, see Dagger (disambiguation).
The Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife, a modern-day dagger

A dagger is a knife with a very sharp point designed or capable of being used as a thrusting or stabbing weapon.[1][2] The design dates to human prehistory, and daggers have been used throughout human experience to the modern day in close combat confrontations.[3] Many ancient cultures used adorned daggers in ritual and ceremonial purposes, a trend which continues to the present time in the form of art knives. The distinctive shape and historic usage of the dagger have made it iconic and symbolic.

Over the years, the term has been used to describe a wide variety of thrusting knives, including knives that feature only a single cutting edge, such as the European rondel dagger or the Persian pesh-kabz, or, in some instances, no cutting edge at all, such as the stiletto of the Renaissance. However, over the last hundred years or so, authorities have recognized that the dagger, in its contemporary or mature form, has certain definable characteristics, including a short blade with a sharply tapered point, a central spine or fuller, and (usually) two cutting edges sharpened the full length of the blade, or nearly so.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

Most daggers also feature a full crossguard to keep the hand from riding forwards onto the sharpened blade edges. Another distinctive feature of the modern dagger is that it is designed to position the blade horizontally when using a conventional palm grip, enabling the user to slash right or left as well as thrust the blade between an opponent's ribs.[5] The twin full-length edges enable the user to make broad slashes (cuts) using either a forehand or backhand arm movement, while the sharp, acutely pointed tip makes the knife an effective thrusting or stabbing weapon.[5][10] This versatility distinguishes the modern dagger from more specialized thrusting knives, like the stiletto.[10][11]

Early history

A Neolithic dagger from the Muséum de Toulouse.
Pre-Roman Iberian iron dagger forged between the middle of the 5th century BCE and the 3rd century BCE
Bronze age swords, Kurdistan, museum of Sanandaj
Iberian triangular iron dagger

Much like battle axes, daggers evolved out of prehistoric tools. In Neolithic times, daggers were made of materials such as flint, ivory or bone and were used as weapons since the earliest periods of human civilization. The earliest metal daggers are of copper and appear in the early Bronze Age, in the 3rd millennium BCE, predating the Bronze Age sword.[12]

At least since pre-dynastic Egypt,[13] daggers were adorned as ceremonial objects with golden hilts and later even more ornate and varied construction. One early silver dagger was recovered with midrib design. Traditionally, some military and naval officers wore dress daggers as symbols of power, and modern soldiers are still equipped with combat knives and knife bayonets. Copper daggers of Early Minoan III were recovered at Knossos.[14]

In ancient Egypt, daggers were usually made of copper or bronze, while royalty had gold weapons. The 1924 opening of the tomb of Tutankhamun revealed two daggers, one with a gold blade, and one of smelted iron. Iron ore was not found in Egypt, making the iron dagger rare, and the context suggests that the iron dagger was valued on a level equal to that of its ceremonial gold counterpart.[15] The iron dagger is actually a majority iron content alloy that is considered to be of meteoric origin.[16]

One of the earliest objects made of smelted iron is a dagger dating to before 2000 BCE, found in a context that suggests it was treated as an ornamental object of great value. Found in a Hattic royal tomb dated about 2500 BCE, at Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia, the dagger has a smelted iron blade and a gold handle.[17]

Antiquity

The artisans and blacksmiths of Iberia in what is now southern Spain and southwestern France produced various iron daggers and swords of high quality from the 5th to the 3rd century BCE, in ornamentation and patterns influenced by Greek, Punic (Carthaginian), and Phoenician culture.[18][19] The exceptional purity of Iberian iron and the sophisticated method of forging, which included cold hammering, produced double-edged weapons of excellent quality.[18] One can find technologically advanced designs such as folding knives rusted among the artifacts of many Second Iberian Iron Age cremation burials or in Roman Empire excavations all around Spain and the Mediterranean.[20] Iberian infantrymen carried several types of iron daggers, most of them based on shortened versions of double-edged swords, but the true Iberian dagger had a triangular-shaped blade. Iberian daggers and swords were later adopted by Hannibal and his Carthaginian armies.[18] The Lusitanii, a pre-Celtic people dominating the lands northwest of Iberia (most of modern Portugal) successfully held off the Roman Empire for many years with a variety of innovative tactics and light weapons, including iron-bladed short spears and daggers modeled after Iberian patterns.

During the Roman Empire, legionaries were issued a pugio (from the Latin pugnō, or “fight”), a double-edged iron thrusting dagger with a blade of 7–12 inches. The design and fabrication of the pugio was taken directly from Iberian daggers and short swords; the Romans even adopted the triangular-bladed Iberian dagger, which they called the parazonium.[18] Like the gladius, the pugio was most often used as a thrusting (stabbing weapon). As an extreme close-quarter combat weapon, the pugio was the Roman soldier's last line of defense. When not in battle, the pugio served as a convenient utility knife.[21]

Middle Ages

Further information: Misericorde (weapon) and Rondel dagger

The term dagger appears only in the Late Middle Ages, reflecting the fact that while the dagger had been known in antiquity, it had disappeared during the Early Middle Ages, replaced by the hewing knife or seax.[22][23]

Depiction of combat with the dagger (degen) in Hans Talhoffer (1467)

The dagger reappeared in the 12th century as the "knightly dagger", or more properly cross-hilt or quillon dagger,[24] and was developed into a common arm and tool for civilian use by the late medieval period.[25]

Modern reproductions of three of the four main types of Medieval dagger. From left to right: Ballock Dagger (a copy of Wallace Collection A732 by Arms & Armor, US), a typical later style of rondel dagger (by English Cutler, UK) and a sword-hilt dagger made by the photographer, based on an original 14th century dagger in the Museum of London (formerly in the Guildhall Museum).

The earliest known depiction of a cross-hilt dagger is the so-called "Guido relief" inside the Grossmünster of Zürich (c. 1120).[26] A number of depictions of the fully developed cross-hilt dagger are found in the Morgan Bible (c. 1240). Many of these cross-hilt daggers resemble miniature swords, with cross guards and pommels very similar in form to swords of the period.[27] Others, however, are not an exact match to known sword designs, having for example pommel caps, large hollow star shaped pommels on so-called “Burgundian Heraldic daggers” or antenna style cross and pommel, reminiscent of Hallstatt era daggers.[28] The cross-hilt type persisted well into the Renaissance [29]

The Old French term dague appears to have referred to these weapons in the 13th century, alongside other terms such as poignal and basilard. The Middle English dagger is used from the 1380s.

During this time, the dagger was often employed in the role of a secondary defense weapon in close combat. The knightly dagger evolved into the larger baselard knife in the 14th century. The baselard was considered an intermediate between a short sword and a long dagger, and became popular also as a civilian weapon. Sloane MS. 2593 (c. 1400) records a song satirizing the use of oversized baselard knives as fashion accessories.[30]

In the Late Middle Ages, knives with blade designs that emphasized thrusting attacks, such as the stiletto, became increasingly popular, and some thrusting knives commonly referred to as 'daggers' ceased to have a cutting edge. This was a response to the deployment of heavy armor, such as maille and plate armour, where cutting attacks were ineffective and focus was on thrusts with narrow blades to punch through mail or aim at armour plate intersections (or the eye slits of the helmet visor). These late medieval thrusting weapons are sometimes classed by the shape of their hilt as either roundel, bollock or ear daggers. The term dagger is coined in this time, as are the Early Modern German equivalents dolch (tolch) and degen (tegen). In the German school of fencing, Johannes Liechtenauer (Ms. 3227a) and his successors (specifically Andres Lignizer in Cod. 44 A 8) taught fighting with the dagger.[31]

These techniques in some respects resemble modern knife fighting, but emphasized thrusting strokes almost exclusively, instead of slashes and cuts. When used offensively, a standard attack frequently employed the reverse or icepick grip, stabbing downward with the blade to increase thrust and penetrative force. This was done primarily because the blade point frequently had to penetrate or push apart an opponent's steel chain mail or plate armor in order to inflict an injury. The disadvantage of employing the medieval dagger in this manner was that it could easily be blocked by a variety of techniques, most notably by a block with the weaponless arm while simultaneously attacking with a weapon held in the right hand. Another disadvantage was the reduction in effective blade reach to the opponent when using a reverse grip. As the wearing of armor fell out of favor, dagger fighting techniques began to evolve which emphasized the use of the dagger with a conventional or forward grip, while the reverse or icepick grip was retained when attacking an unsuspecting opponent from behind, such as in an assassination.

Renaissance and Early Modern era

Further information: Stiletto, Parrying dagger and Dirk
Mughal dagger, Louvre.

The dagger was very popular as a fencing and personal defense weapon in 17th- and 18th-century Spain, where it was referred to as the daga or puñal.[32] During the Renaissance Age the dagger was used as part of everyday dress, and daggers were the only weapon commoners were allowed to carry on their person.[33] In English, the terms poniard and dirk are loaned during the late 16th to early 17th century, the latter in the spelling dork, durk (presumably via Low German, Dutch or Scandinavian dolk, dolch, ultimately from a West Slavic tulich), the modern spelling dirk dating to 18th-century Scots.

Beginning with the 17th century, another form of dagger—the plug bayonet and later the socket bayonet—was used to convert muskets and other longarms into spears by mounting them on the barrel.

During the same time, highly elaborate and richly decorated daggers were produced in India.

Modern (1815 to 2000s)

Main article: Combat knife
Daggers from the 20th century made by Ek Commando Knife Co.

WW1 trench warfare caused daggers and fighting knives to come back in play. They also replaced the sabres worn by officers, which were too long and clumsy for trench warfare. They were worn with pride as a sign of having served front line duty.

Daggers achieved public notoriety in the 20th century as ornamental uniform regalia during the Fascist dictatorships of Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany. The resurgence of these dress daggers and accoutrements in post-World War I Germany gave a much needed boost to the flagging fortunes of the metalworking center Solingen. Dress daggers were used by several other countries as well, including Japan, but never to the same extent as those worn by the military and political bodies of the Third Reich or Fascist Italy. As combat equipment they were carried by many infantry and commando forces during the Second World War. British Commando and other elite units were issued an especially slender dagger, the Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife, developed by William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes from real-life close-combat experiences gained while serving on the Shanghai Municipal Police Force.[5][34] The F-S dagger proved very popular with the commandos, who used it primarily for sentry elimination. Some units of the U.S. Marine Corps Raiders in the Pacific were issued a similar fighting dagger, the Marine Raider Stiletto.,[35] though this modified design proved less than successful when used in the type of knife combat encountered in the Pacific theater[36][37] due to this version using inferior materials and manufacturing techniques.[38]

During the Vietnam War, the Gerber Mark II, designed by US Army Captain Bud Holzman and Al Mar, was a popular fighting knife pattern that was privately purchased by many U.S. soldiers and marines serving in that conflict.

Aside from military forces, most daggers are no longer carried openly, but concealed in clothing. One of the more popular forms of the concealable dagger is the boot knife. The boot knife is nothing more than a shortened dagger that is compact enough to be worn on the lower leg, usually by means of a sheath clipped or strapped to a boot or other footwear.[39]

Cultural symbolism

U.S. Army emblem with dagger

The dagger is symbolically ambiguous. Daggers are commonly used as part of the insignias of elite military units or special forces, such as the US Army Airborne Special Operations unit or the Commando Dagger patch for those who have completed the British All Arms Commando Course. Daggers may be associated with deception, stealth, and/or treachery due to the ease of concealment and surprise that someone could inflict with one on an unsuspecting victim, and indeed many assassinations have been carried out with the use of a dagger, including that of Julius Caesar.[40] A cloak and dagger attack is one in which a deceitful, traitorous, or concealed enemy attacks a person.[41] On the other hand, for some cultures and military organizations the dagger symbolizes courage and daring in combat.[42]

Art knives

Buster Warenski dagger

Daggers are a popular form of what is known as the "art knife", due in part to the symmetry of the blade.[43] One of the most famous examples is knifemaker Buster Warenski's replication of the gold dagger found in Tutankhamun's tomb. Warenski's dagger was made with a cast gold blade and the knife contained 32 ounces of pure gold in its construction.[44] One of the knives required of an American Bladesmith Society Mastersmith is the construction of an "art knife" or a "European style" dagger.[45]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ State v. Martin, 633 S.W.2d 80 (Mo. 1982): This is the dictionary or popular-use definition of a dagger, which has been used to describe everything from an ice pick to a folding knife with pointed blade as a 'dagger'. The Missouri Supreme Court used the popular definition of 'dagger' found in Webster's New Universal Dictionary ("a short weapon with a sharp point used for stabbing") to rule that an ordinary pointed knife with four-to-five inch blade constitutes a 'dagger' under the Missouri criminal code.
  2. ↑ California Penal Code 12020(a)(24):"dagger" means a knife or other instrument with or without a handguard that is capable of ready use as a stabbing weapon that may inflict great bodily injury or death. The State of California and other jurisdictions have seized upon the popular-use definition of a dagger to classify items ranging from a pointed kitchen knife to a tent stake as a 'dagger' under the law.
  3. ↑ Burton, Walter E., Knives For Fighting Men, Popular Science, July 1944, Vol. 145 No. 1, p. 150: The dagger is classified as a type of fighting knife, while a combat knife is a knife specifically designed for military use, and is thus only certain types of daggers designed for military use are considered to be combat knives. Thus, an ordinary dagger designed for civilian sale and use is only a fighting knife, while the U.S. Army M3 trench knife is both a combat knife and a fighting knife.
  4. ↑ Emerson, Robert L., Legal Medicine and Toxicology, New York: D. Appleton & Co. (1909), p. 80
  5. 1 2 3 4 Cassidy, William L., The Complete Book Of Knife Fighting, ISBN 0-87364-029-2, ISBN 978-0-87364-029-9 (1997), pp. 9–18, 27–36
  6. ↑ Draper, Frank W., A Text-book of Legal Medicine, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders & Co. (1905), pp. 341–343
  7. ↑ Gross, Hans, Criminal Investigation: A Practical Textbook for Magistrates, Police Officers and Lawyers, London: Sweet & Maxwell (1949), p. 185
  8. ↑ Harding, David, and Cann, Jefferson (eds.), Weapons: An International Encyclopedia from 5000 B.C. to 2000 A.D., The Diagram Visual Group, New York: St. Martin's Press/Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-03950-6, ISBN 978-0-312-03950-9 (1990), pp. 32–33
  9. ↑ Goddard, Wayne, The Wonder of Knifemaking, Iola, WI: Krause Publications, ISBN 1-4402-1684-3, ISBN 978-1-4402-1684-8 (2011), pp. 50, 131–132
  10. 1 2 The New Werner Twentieth Century edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 6, Akron, OH: The Werner Co. (1907), p. 669
  11. ↑ Dagger Law & Legal Definition
  12. ↑ Sheridan, Alison, A Beaker Period Copper Dagger Blade from the Silees River near Ross Lough, Co. Fermanagh, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 56 (1993), pp. 61–62
  13. ↑ Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards, Cyril John Gadd, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, 1970
  14. ↑ C. Michael Hogan, Knossos fieldnotes, Modern Antiquarian (2007)
  15. ↑ Jay Cassell (2007). Peter J. Fiduccia, ed. Tutankhamun's armies: battle and conquest during ancient Egypt's late eighteenth dynasty. John Wiley and Sons. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-471-74358-3.
  16. ↑ http://www.incose-cc.org/2010/03/king-tutankhamuns-dagger/
  17. ↑ Robert Raymond (1986). Out of the fiery furnace: the impact of metals on the history of mankind. Penn State Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-271-00441-9.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Wise, Terence, Armies of the Carthaginian Wars, 265–146 BCE, London: Osprey Publishing Ltd., ISBN 0-85045-430-1, ISBN 978-0-85045-430-7 (1982), pp. 20–21
  19. ↑ Keay, Simon (Prof.), Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Romans in Southern Iberia, Swan Hellenic's Online Library & Archive, 30 June 2011, retrieved 2 August 2011
  20. ↑ De Fontcuberta, Eduardo A., Bandolero Blades, Tactical-Life.com, Tactical Knives (September 2010), retrieved 13 August 2011
  21. ↑ Sir William Smith (1898). Francis Warre Cornish, ed. A concise dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Murray. p. 66.
  22. ↑ Underwood, Richard (1999) Anglo-Saxon Weapons and Warfare Stroud, England: Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-1910-2 p70.
  23. ↑ Gale, David (1989) The Seax in Weapons and Warfare in Anglo-Saxon England Oxford, England: Oxbow ISBN 0-947816-21-6
  24. ↑ Capwell, p. 28 and Thompson, p. 25. Note that the term “quillon” is a modern invention, though it is commonly used
  25. ↑ Christopher Gravett (2007). Knight. Penguin,. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7566-6762-7.
  26. ↑ Daniel Gutscher, Das Grossmünster in Zürich (1983), 120–121, 214–215.
  27. ↑ See Thompson, p. 10 and Peterson, plate 25, for good examples of this type in the Museum of London
  28. ↑ See Capwell pp. 28, 122-123, Thompson pp. 24-25, and Peterson plates 26-29
  29. ↑ Peterson plate 46 and Dean p.96, No. 100
  30. ↑ prenegarde prenegarde, thus bere I myn baselard ed. Pickering 1836.
  31. ↑ Egerton Castle (2003). Schools and Masters of Fencing: From the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century. Courier Dover Publications. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-486-42826-0.
  32. ↑ Steve Shackleford (2010). Blade's Guide to Knives & Their Values. Krause Publications. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-4402-0387-9.
  33. ↑ Jason Vail (2006). Medieval and Renaissance Dagger Combat. Paladin Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-58160-517-4.
  34. ↑ Chambers, John W., OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II, Washington, D.C., U.S. National Park Service (2008), p. 191: Fairbairn reportedly engaged in hundreds of street fights in his twenty-year career in Shanghai, where he organized and headed a special anti-riot squad. Much of his body – arms, legs, torso, and even the palms of his hands was covered with scars from knife wounds from those fights.
  35. ↑ Walker, Greg, Battle Blades: A Professional's Guide to Combat/Fighting Knives, Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press, ISBN 0-87364-732-7 (1993), p. 77
  36. ↑ Alexander, Joseph H., Edson's Raiders: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II, Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-020-7 (2001), p. 67
  37. ↑ Sledge, E.B., With The Old Breed: At Peleleiu and Okinawa, Presidio Press, ISBN 978-0-89141-919-8 (2007), pp. 21–22
  38. ↑ McCarthy, John (2008). "WWII Marine Raider Stiletto Reborn". Raider Patch (U.S. Marine Raider Association).
  39. ↑ Steele, David (1988). "Boot Knife Fighting". Black Belt (Active Interest Media, Inc.) 26 (4): 48–51.
  40. ↑ David Gray (2006). The History That Was Never Spoken. Lulu. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4116-1703-2.
  41. ↑ Dickens, Charles (1841). Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 203. ISBN 0-14-043728-2.
  42. ↑ Guido Rosignoli (1987). The illustrated encyclopedia of military insignia of the 20th century: a comprehensive A-Z guide to the badges, patches, and embellishments of the world's armed forces. Stanley Paul. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-09-172670-6.
  43. ↑ Edwards, Ethen (1990). "Images of Steel". Blade Magazine 27 (4): 40–43.
  44. ↑ Winter, Butch (1989). "The Art of the Knife". Popular Mechanics (Hearst Magazines) 166 (3): 86–88. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  45. ↑ "ABS Testing Rules and Guidelines for the Master Smith Rating" (pdf). Retrieved 2011-03-12.

References

External links

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