Medical Cadet Corps

Missionary Cadets coat of arms

The Medical Cadet Corps (MCC) was a program of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (Adventist church) started in the 1930s in the United States with the intention of preparing young men of draft age for military service in noncombatant roles. Training included drill, first aid, and character development. The program was temporarily suspended at the end of World War II. It was reactivated in 1950 and in the next few years was adapted internationally. The program was deactivated by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (General Conference) in the early 1970s but has continued independently in a few locations with an emphasis on rescue and disaster response.

Background

When the Seventh-day Adventist movement was formally organized in 1863 during the height of the American Civil War, military conscription was one of the first major challenges to be addressed by the fledgling denomination. Even before 1863, Adventist beliefs about combatancy generally fell into one of three opinion groups: pacifists who felt any military service was a violation of God's command to not commit murder; militant abolitionists who felt that military service would honor God's will in ending slavery; and non-combatants who believed it to be their Christian duty to support the government in roles which did not violate the fourth and sixth commandments (see Ten Commandments). This latter position ultimately emerged as the denomination's policy and set precedent for future periods of conscription in the United States. When conscription became law in March 1863, most drafted Adventists took advantage of the option to purchase an exemption which cost $300 per person. This sum was not easy for many to come by and church leaders encouraged all members to contribute toward purchasing these exemptions for drafted members. In February 1864 the conscription law was amended to allow conscientious objectors to serve the military in noncombatant roles. A short time later this provision was revised so that it would apply only to recognized conscientious objectors. Church leaders quickly moved to acquire this recognition from state governors in Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and finally the Federal government.[1]

Following the Civil War, the United States military returned to an all-volunteer force. The Indian Wars and Spanish American War did not require large numbers of soldiers. Adventist denominational history is mostly silent in regard to these conflicts. When World War I erupted in Europe there was much more cause for concern. Since 1863 the Adventist church had grown both inside and outside of the United States. Members in Europe were divided by political and battle lines, sometimes isolating them from the rest of the church. The war in Europe began so quickly it was difficult for the church to form a cohesive policy or to support drafted church members. In the United States, efforts to support drafted church members were more orderly and the government continued to make provisions for conscientious objectors. However, misunderstandings did arise between some Adventists draftees who took extreme positions and their company officers who often did not understand or respect the position of conscientious objectors. It is unknown how many Adventists were actually drafted during World War I. Charles Longacre, who was in charge of church military relations in the United States for most of World War I, claimed that 186 American Seventh-day Adventists were court-martialed during the war and 35 were imprisoned in disciplinary barracks at Fort Leavenworth at the end of the war. The denomination's initiative to support draftees and the war effort in general was multifaceted encouraging church members to support government conservation programs, calling for pre-induction medical training, providing camp pastors, and planning to set up Servicemen's Rest Homes in Europe. The short time between the United States' entry into the war and its end meant that some of these actions were not implemented and the effectiveness of others is undetermined.[2]

The experience of American Adventists during World War I generated several lessons which shaped the church's response to the draft during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. First, Adventists working in the Medical Corps (United States Army) experienced the fewest conflicts regarding the keeping of Sabbath and bearing of arms. Second, pre-induction military medical training enhanced the effectiveness of Adventists who did serve and reduced the problems they faced. Third, educating church members regarding their obligations to both God and society reduced the extremism which often led to courts-martial.[3]

Origin

Following World War I a number of faculty members in Adventist colleges believed that pre-military training and guidance should continue to be given students of draft age. At Emmanuel Missionary College (now Andrews University) in 1927, Lewis S. Williams started a program, but when it was criticized as being "too militaristic" it was stopped. At Walla Walla College (now Walla Walla University) students directed a set of questions to the General Conference regarding whether it was better to enlist or be drafted, clarification regarding appropriate duties for Sabbath, whether it was ever okay to bear arms, and whether the moral nature of a conflict changed one's responsibility for military service. The students' questions were discussed by a General Conference committee of seven individuals charged with studying noncombatancy. However, this group could not reach a consensus, so the questions remained unanswered.[4]

In the fall of 1933 Union College history professor Everett N. Dick presented a proposal to college president Milian Lauritz Andreasen which led to a sustained program. Dick initially asked Andreasen to present his idea to the Youth Department at the General Conference's autumn council. When leaders of the Youth Department tabled the proposal, Andreasen returned to Union College and encouraged Dick to begin work anyway. With assistance from Major Emil H. Burger of the Nebraska Army National Guard, Dick along with other faculty members held the first Union College Medical Corps class on January 8, 1934. The training consisted of drills, first aid, and military etiquette. Participating students received credit for physical education, but both the name "Medical Corps" and the training emphasized medical skills. Several Adventist colleges soon asked Dick about starting similar programs on their campuses.[5]

Meanwhile, in southern California, Dr. Cyril B. Courville, a Reserve Army Major on staff at the White Memorial Hospital (now White Memorial Medical Center) in Los Angeles, California, started a program he called the Medical Cadet Corps which provided pre-military training for men who would potentially become medical officers. Courville also obtained the endorsement of the U.S. Surgeon General and had charge of training procedures for the 47th General Hospital, an Army Reserve unit sponsored by the College of Medical Evangelists (now Loma Linda University).[6]

When the General Conference met for its Autumn Council in 1939 shortly after fighting broke out in Europe, church leaders finally sanctioned the Union College Medical Corps program but formally adopted Courville's Medical Cadet Corps name, although the program would always focus on preparing enlisted soldiers. About this time, Everett Dick and two other leaders met with officials of the U.S. Surgeon General's office to establish a unified curriculum for the MCC. Thus started a twenty-year relationship between Dick and officers of the Surgeon General's office. This relationship resulted in a curriculum continuously revised to meet evolving military standards and recognition for Adventist soldiers which routinely placed them in the Army's Medical Corps.[7]

World War II

Nearly every Adventist college and secondary school in the United States participated in the MCC program. Each one chose its own uniform, but patches were used in common. Training manuals also differed from location to location. Everett Dick, on temporary leave from Union College, was placed in charge of the central region of the country. Chris P. Sorenson was in charge of the eastern third and Floyd G. Ashbaugh was in charge of the program west of the Rocky Mountains. Each man was expected to promote the program in his region and to conduct officer training camps which trained leaders for the corps established on Adventist academic campuses and, in some places, churches. When this system developed flaws, Dick was asked to direct the program nationwide which he did until he returned to full-time work at Union College in 1942. Women first received training at Atlantic Union College and many academies required training for both men and women. Summer camps were held in order to facilitate training for men who were not attending Adventist academies or colleges. With the cessation of World War II, many campuses stopped teaching the courses. Only Union College and Southwestern Junior College (now Southwestern Adventist University) continued their MCC programs without interruption.[8]

Cold War Era

The MCC was officially reactivated in 1950 with an officer's training camp in a former Civilian Conservation Corps camp (now Mountain Park) near Beulah, Colorado. The MCC program took on a different feel during this decade. Uniforms were standardized and all officers were required to train at national camps so that every MCC unit across the nation operated under the same guidelines and instruction. Leadership was centralized under Everett Dick, who as MCC commander held the rank of colonel and beginning in 1954 was also associate secretary of the War Service Commission.[9]

2nd Lieutenant James F. Osborne
MCC Instructor Jan '51 - Jan '53
SDA Academy, Lodi CA


Uniform Patches - 1950s

Camp Desmond T. Doss

In 1951 a 10-day summer camp training program was held at Grand Ledge, Michigan on the Michigan Conference camp meeting grounds. Named for Desmond T. Doss, the first conscientious objector to receive the Medal of Honor, this camp became an annual event until about 1970. Doss himself frequently attended, an attraction that helped bring more young men to the camp each year. From 1951 until 1958, Everett Dick commanded Camp Doss aided by a core group of MCC leaders who gathered at Grand Ledge each summer from across the nation. The camp also attracted international visitors interested in creating MCC programs in their home countries. Visitors and inquiries about the camp came from Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Mexico, and South Africa.[10]

International Expansion

With the reactivation of the MCC, its proven success for American Adventists, and promotion by American missionaries serving internationally, interest grew in establishing the MCC in many countries around the world. During World War II, MCC training was initiated independently in a few locations, but in 1951 the General Conference purposefully began promoting the MCC program throughout the world through the newly established International Commission for Medical Cadet Service. Everett Dick was invited to Canada in 1951 to assist with creating a training program for officers. In 1953, 1955, and 1957 he traveled to the Far East to establish and supervise corps. He also visited the Caribbean and Lebanon. In each country where the MCC was adopted, relationships were established with the local military and the curriculum adapted to the standards of that country. The MCC was most popular in countries ruled by military governments or under immediate threat of conflict. It was not popular in Europe and was established with reluctance in Japan.

Argentina

Training was held at River Plate Junior College (now Universidad Adventista del Plata) in Argentina during January and February 1944. Instructors included Ellis R. Maas, Dr. Carlos E. Westphal, Dr. Marcelo Hammerly, Oreste Biaggi, and Justo J. Vallejos.[11]

Brazil

MCC training was first attempted at South Brazil College in São Paulo, Brazil in 1943. The program was not successful until June 1953 when Domingo Peixoto, Department of Civil Rights and Duties for the Brazil Union, obtained government approval for the program. Peixoto went on to become the commanding colonel for the MCC in Brazil.[12]

Canada

The first Canadian Medical Cadet Corps training was held in Oshawa, Ontario under the leadership of Lawrence Smart in February 1951. Later that year Everett Dick was invited to participate in Camp Almansask which met from July 24 to August 7 at the Manitoba-Saskatchewan Conference campmeeting grounds in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It was sponsored by the Manitoba-Saskatchewan and Alberta Conferences.[13]

Chile

The MCC program at Chile College was authorized by the federal government and cadets were inspected by the Chilean army's chief surgeon.[14]

Cuba

Red Cross classes and some MCC training may have been promoted in Cuba during World War II. The first MCC camp to be part of the denomination-wide program was held during Christmas break in 1951 at Antillian Junior College (now Antillean Adventist University) then located in Santa Clara.

Dominican Republic

First MCC camp in the Dominican Republic was held August 1951 at Santo Domingo under the direction Valentin Schoen, Lawrence A. Wheeler, Paul W. Kemper, and Chaplain E. A. Girado.[15]

Guatemala

The first MCC camp in Guatemala was held in 1959. The camp's curriculum focused on disaster response.

Indonesia

Although there was interest in the MCC in Indonesia, activity was limited when American missionaries expressed concern related to communism.[16]

Japan

Everett Dick visited MCC units in Japan in 1953, 1955, and 1957.[17]

Korea

MCC training was started in Korea in 1951 by R. S. Lee. Everett Dick first visited Korea to inspect the MCC program February 21-March 9, 1953.

Lebanon

Camps were held in 1956 and 1957 under the leadership of Wayne Olson.

Mexico

Charles R. Taylor of Mexico City attended Camp Carlyle B. Haynes in 1950 and was commissioned second lieutenant.[18]

Philippines

During World War II, American missionaries inquired about MCC training. In the 1950s enthusiasm was unprecedented. The Philippines boasted more participation than any other nation. C. M. Sorenson directed the Philippine MCC program in the 1950s. Dick visited in 1953.[19] When Dick sought memoirs and information about MCC history in 1983 in preparation for the MCC's 50th anniversary, he was surprised to learn the program was still active in the Philippines.

Puerto Rico

Everett Dick personally visited the first camp in Puerto Rico which met from December 26, 1951 to January 8, 1952. Camp officers included Valentin Schoen, C. G. Bushnell, Benito Rivera, and Chaplain Eloy Acosta. Puerto Rico may be the last remaining location to keep the MCC active. Currently it supports Adventist Community Services activities in Puerto Rico.

Philosophy

The Adventist Medical Cadet Corps in Puerto Rico is administered by the Youth Department. Cadets may be male or female and at least 16 years of age. They are trained and equipped to serve God and the community in order to provide aid during natural disasters or accidents. It effectively organizes personnel and materials to provide spiritual and logistical aid. The program's motto is “To Serve, To Serve and To Serve”. The organization promotes spiritual growth for its members. In collaboration with the American Red Cross, medical training includes Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), advanced rescue, and preventive health and care among others. A regimen of physical training promotes mental and physical discipline in the cadets.

Hymn

(The Hymn is in Spanish)

Somos la juventud (We are the youth)
que combatimos para el Señor, (that fight for the Lord)
guardamos su ley de amor (we keep his law of love)
sirviendo al mundo y Dios (serving the world and God)
y somos soldados de Dios ( and we are soldiers of God)
y somos la juventud de Dios. (and we are the youth of God).
(The Second time, the hymn is sung marching)

Motto

To serve, To serve and To serve

Creed

I am a medical Cadet, defender of the righteous rights of humanity, I serve all right and noble cause.
I am proud of it. I will always act correctly, continuously asking the Almighty to guide my steps everywere I go.
I am proud of my organization. I will do everything in my power to maintain in high esteem the moral and the principle that it follows.
I will be loyal to whom I serve. I will obey the orders and instructions of my superiors.
In God I trust.
AMEN.

Emblems

Taiwan

Everett Dick visited MCC units in Japan in 1953, 1955, and 1957. In 1953 American military officers also visited the Taiwanese MCC camp.[20]

Trinidad

MCC was organized in Trinidad in 1965.

Singapore

Dr. James H. Nelson and James Wong led the MCC in Singapore after the government implemented national registration.[21]

Venezuela

The MCC in Venezuela was still active in 1977.

Vietnam

In 1953, after Indochina began compulsory conscription, William H. Bergherm and Willis J. Hackett visited Saigon in order to implement a MCC training program.[22]

Decline

After Everett Dick resigned in 1958, Clark Smith who had worked with Dick since the MCC's beginning at Union College in 1934, became the commander. Camp Doss continued to be held in the summers through at least 1970. However support for the MCC in the United States declined after Dick's retirement, perhaps more due to the U.S. Army's implementation of its own noncombatant training program at Fort Sam Houston. Most Adventist colleges and academies stopped offering MCC courses by 1960. Interest further declined as the war in Vietnam grew increasingly unpopular. When the draft in the United States ended in 1973, the General Conference closed the denomination-wide program. Similarly MCC programs in other countries which were strong while the countries were under military dictatorships declined when more democratic governments gained power. The MCC continued to operate locally in some areas but with an emphasis on disaster response and collaboration with Adventist Community Services rather than pre-induction military medical training.[23]

  1. ↑ Roger G. Davis, “Conscientious Cooperators: The Seventh-day Adventists and Military Service, 1860-1945,” (Ph.D., George Washington University, 1970), 54; Robert L. Mole, God Also Loves Military People (General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1977), 10-24; R. W. Schwarz, Light Bearers to the Remnant (Boise, ID: Pacific Press, 1979), 98-101; Francis McLellan Wilcox, Seventh-day Adventists in Time of War (Takoma Park, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1936), 55-65.
  2. ↑ Mole, 25-33; Schwarz, 424-433; Wilcox. 81-159.
  3. ↑ Mole, 32.
  4. ↑ Berg, Thomas Harold, “The Seventh-Day Adventist Medical Cadet Corps, 1934-1945: Reconciling War, Conscience, and Noncombatancy,” University of Nebraska, 1990, 20-22; Schwarz, 439-438.
  5. ↑ Dick, Everett N., "The Adventist Medical Cadet Corps: As Seen by its Founder," Adventist Heritage 1, no. 2 (July 1974): 19-20; Schwarz, 440.
  6. ↑ Schwarz, 440, Dick, 20.
  7. ↑ Schwarz, 441; Dick, 20.
  8. ↑ Dick, 22,24.
  9. ↑ Dick, 25; Mole, 300.
  10. ↑ Mole, 300; Dick, 25.
  11. ↑ Ellis R. Maas “Medical Cadets in the Austral Union,” South American Bulletin 20, no. 2 (April 1, 1944): 6–7.
  12. ↑ A. M. TIllman, “Medical Cadets in the South American Division,” South American Bulletin 23 no. 2 (March 1, 1948): 4; H. E. Walker, “For God and Country,” South American Bulletin 30 no. 5 (September 1, 1955): 6–7.
  13. ↑ Berg, 102
  14. ↑ Merardo Leon, “Tidings from Chile College,” South American Bulletin 29 no. 2 (March 1, 1954): 2–3.
  15. ↑ Vernon E. Berry, “First Medical Cadet Camp in Santo Domingo,” Inter-American Division Messenger 28, no. 11 (December 1951): 4.
  16. ↑ Berg, 105
  17. ↑ Union College. “Union College Heritage Collections: Medical Cadet Corps.” Accessed August 5, 2015.
  18. ↑ “Inter-America Issues First Cadet Officers Commissions,” Inter-American Division Messenger 28 no. 5 (May 1, 1951): 2.
  19. ↑ Dick, 27.
  20. ↑ Union College Heritage Collections
  21. ↑ W. J. Hackett, “War Service Commission in the Far East,” Far Eastern Division Outlook 40, no. 8 (August 1954): 2.
  22. ↑ E. H. Wallace “Medical Cadet Corps in Saigon,” Far Eastern Division Outlook 39, no. 12 (December 1953): 5–6.
  23. ↑ Berg, 113

Bibliography

See also

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