Medetomidine

Medetomidine

Systematic (IUPAC) name
(RS)-4-[1-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-3H-imidazole
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
Legal status	Veterinary use only
Identifiers
CAS Number	86347-14-0 N
ATCvet code	QN05CM91
PubChem	CID 68602
DrugBank	DB00633 Y
ChemSpider	61868 Y
UNII	MR15E85MQM Y
KEGG	D08165 Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:48552 Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL77921 Y
Chemical data
Formula	C13H16N2
Molar mass	200.279 g/mol
Chirality	1 : 1 mixture (racemate)
SMILES n1cc(nc1)C(c2c(c(ccc2)C)C)C
InChI InChI=1S/C13H16N2/c1-9-5-4-6-12(10(9)2)11(3)13-7-14-8-15-13/h4-8,11H,1-3H3,(H,14,15) Y Key:CUHVIMMYOGQXCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Medetomidine is a synthetic drug used as both a surgical anesthetic and analgesic. It is often used as the hydrochloride salt, medetomidine hydrochloride, a crystalline white solid. It is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist^[1] that can be administered as an intravenous drug solution with sterile water. The drug has been developed by Orion Pharma.^[2] It is currently approved for dogs in the United States, and distributed in the United States by Pfizer Animal Health and by Novartis Animal Health in Canada under the product name Domitor. Other alpha-two agonists used in veterinary medicine include xylazine and detomidine, but their use is less common in small animal surgery. The marketed product is a racemic mixture of two stereoisomers; dexmedetomidine is the isomer with more useful effects, and is now marketed as Dexdomitor.

The free base form of medetomidine is distributed by the Swedish company I-Tech AB under the product name Selektope for use as an antifouling substance in marine paints.

Uses

In veterinary medicine

It is often used in combinations with opioids (butorphanol, buprenorphine etc.) as premedication (before a general anesthetic) in healthy cats and dogs. It can be given by intramuscular injection (IM), subcutaneous injection (SC) or intravenous injection (IV). When delivered intravenously, a significantly decreased dose is used. Some authors suggest a sublingual route is also effective. It is not recommended for diabetics, it is contraindicated in patients with cardiac disease. Due to its potent sedative effects it is commonly used in more aggressive animals, where a drug combination with a lesser effect (such as acetylpromazine plus an opioid, or an opioid plus a benzodiazepine) would not allow the administration of the inductive agent without risk to the veterinarian. As such the use of alpha-two agonists is only recommended in healthy animals.

Following administration, marked peripheral vasoconstriction and bradycardia are noted. Often the dosage of induction agents (e.g. propofol) may be drastically reduced, as may the volumes of anasthetic gases (i.e. halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane) used to maintain general anesthesia.

It is sometimes used in combination with butorphanol and ketamine (given IM) to produce general anasthesia for short periods in healthy but fractious felines that will not allow an intravenous induction agent to be given. It provides a good degree of muscle relaxation, an important factor in ketamine based anethesia protocols.

Medetomidine has also been used in combination with morphine (or methadone), lidocaine and ketamine in constant rate infusion analgesia in canines. It is often used in so called microdoses for this analgesic effect.

It is thought that this family of drugs has a degree of analgesic action, though this is, in comparison to the sedative effect, minor.

In marine paint

Medetomidine can be used as an antifouling substance in marine paint. It is mainly effective against barnacles, but has also shown effect on other hard fouling like tube worms. When the barnacle cyprid larva encounters a surface containing medetomidine the molecule interacts with the octopamine receptor in the larva. This makes the larva legs start kicking and it cannot settle to the painted surface. When the larva swims away from the surface, the effect disappears (reversible effect). The larva regain its function and can settle somewhere else.

Reversal of effects

Its effects can be reversed using atipamezole (distributed as Antisedan by Pfizer). IV use of atipamezole is not licensed, IM is the preferred route. Yohimbine may also be used in an emergency situation, but is not licensed.

See also

• Veterinary anesthesia

References

1. ↑ Sinclair MD (November 2003). "A review of the physiological effects of alpha2-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice". Can. Vet. J. 44 (11): 885–97. PMC 385445. PMID 14664351. 
2. ↑ http://orion.fi/en/Research-and-developement/Achievements/ Archived March 15, 2013 at the Wayback Machine

• Novartis Animal Health Canada . 2003.
• Harari, Joseph (1996). Small Animal Surgery. Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-683-03910-8. 
• Lind, U.; Alm Rosenblad, M.; Hasselberg Frank, L.; Falkbring, S.; Brive, L.; Laurila, J. M.; Pohjanoksa, K.; Vuorenpää, A.; Kukkonen, J. P.; Gunnarsson, L.; Scheinin, M.; Mårtensson Lindblad, L. G. E.; Blomberg, A. (2010). "Octopamine Receptors from the Barnacle Balanus improvisus Are Activated by the 2-Adrenoceptor Agonist Medetomidine". Molecular Pharmacology 78 (2): 237–248. doi:10.1124/mol.110.063594. PMID 20488921. 

• Dahlström, M.; Mårtensson, L. G.; Jonsson, P. R.; Arnebrant, T.; Elwing, H. (2000). "Surface active adrenoceptor compounds prevent the settlement of cyprid larvae ofBalanus improvisus". Biofouling 16 (2–4): 191. doi:10.1080/08927010009378444.