Marta Hillers

Marta Hillers (1911–2001) was a German journalist, and the author of the memoir, Eine Frau in Berlin (A Woman in Berlin), published anonymously in 1959 and 2003 in German. It is the diary of a German woman from 20 April to 22 June 1945, during and after the Battle of Berlin. The book details the author's being raped and choosing to take a Soviet officer as a protector during the Red Army occupation.

The book was first published in English in 1954 in the United States. When it was published in Germany in 1959, the author was accused of "besmirching the honor of German women."[1] Hillers refused to have another edition published in her lifetime.[1] Having married and moved to Switzerland, Hillers left journalism and did not publish another major work. She died in 2001.

A new edition of her book was published posthumously in Germany in 2003, again anonymously. It met wide critical acclaim and was weeks on the bestseller list. A controversy broke out when a literary editor revealed the author as Hillers. No one else has been suggested. New English editions were published in the United Kingdom and the United States in 2005, as well as in seven other languages. The book was adapted as a film and released first in 2008 in Germany and Poland. In the United States it is known as A Woman in Berlin.

Early life and education

Marta Hillers was born in Krefeld, Germany, on May 26, 1911. After attending local schools, she studied in Paris at the Sorbonne. She later travelled extensively throughout Europe, including the Soviet Union. She spoke French and some Russian in addition to her native German.[1]

Career

Hillers worked as a journalist in Berlin, writing for magazines and newspapers. She also did some minor work for the Nazi regime but is not believed to have been a Party member.[1]

In 1945 she was in Berlin when the Soviets captured it. During this period, she kept a diary, describing how the women, children, and elderly men survived in the city in those days. She describes that she and other women of any age were repeatedly raped by Red Army soldiers. To protect themselves, she and other women took Soviet soldiers as protectors; she chose the highest-ranking man she could find, and described this as "sleeping for food."[1] An estimated 100,000 women in Berlin were raped during the occupation.[2]

Following the war, Hillers lost her partner when she shared the truth of that period.[1] Encouraged by a friend, she had her memoir published in English in the United States in 1954. She kept her identity anonymous. Hillers married in the 1950s and moved to Geneva, Switzerland, abandoning journalism. In 1959, she had her memoir published in German in Switzerland, again anonymously. Based on the negative reviews it received in Germany and accusations about her having offended the honor of German women, she refused to have any new editions published in her lifetime. She died in June 16, 2001, in Basle.[3] A Woman in Berlin was her only major work.[1]

A Woman in Berlin

Main article: A Woman in Berlin

With the aid of German author Kurt Marek, Hillers published her book in the United States in 1954. Marek agreed to her wish to be anonymous and arranged for a translation into English.[4] In 1955 the book was published in the United Kingdom by Secker and Warburg.[5]

In 1959 Hillers published her memoir in German, by a Swiss publisher, Kossodo, and again insisted on anonymity. The book received hostile reviews in Germany and did not sell well. Hillers (whose name was not revealed at this time) was accused of "besmirching the honour of German women",[6] of "shameless immorality" and of anti-communist propaganda. One review accused her of falsifying her account and of doing a "disservice to Berlin women."[7]

Hans Magnus Enzensberger, who published the 2003 German edition, wrote about the book's reception in the postwar years:

"German readers were obviously not ready to face some uncomfortable truths... German women were not supposed to talk about the reality of rapes; and German men preferred not to be seen as impotent onlookers when the victorious Russians claimed their spoils of war. The author's attitude was an aggravating factor: devoid of self-pity, with a clear-eyed view of her compatriots' behaviour before and after the Nazi regime's collapse, everything she wrote flew in the face of the reigning post-war complacency and amnesia."[8]

After this controversy, Hillers refused to allow the book to be republished in her lifetime.[9] It circulated in Germany in photocopied form and was popular among German feminists in the 1970s.[10] Hans Magnus Enzensberger, a poet and essayist, had learned that Hannelore Marek held the copyright and had agreed to Hillers' prohibition against publication in her lifetime. She contacted him when the former journalist died.

Enzensberger, a poet and essayist, arranged publication of a new edition of Eine Frau in Berlin as part of his Die Andere Bibliothek series.[11] In 2005, the memoir was republished in a new English translation, by Virago Press, a feminist publishing house in London[12] and in the United States by Macmillan. It became a best seller in both German and English editions.

Journalists quickly investigated in 2003 to determine the identity of the author. Jens Bisky, the literary editor of the Süddeutsche Zeitung, wrote in September 2003 that Hillers may have been the anonymous author. He wrote a profile of her life, noting that she was a journalist who worked on magazines and newspapers during the Nazi era and had done some minor work for the Nazi government. He thought she was likely not a member of the Nazi Party.[13][14] Hannelore Marek, who holds the copyright, did not confirm that Hillers was the author of A Woman in Berlin. Enzensberger denounced Bisky's comments as "Skandal-journalismus".[15] No other candidate for the authorship of the book has been suggested.

Marek had noted in his afterword to the 1954 English edition that the book was based on a typescript drawn from handwritten notes. His widow Hannelore Marek kept these after his death in 1971. At the time of the Bisky revelations in 2003, Christian Esch, writing in the Berliner Zeitung, noted differences between the editions and the Marek-held notes. He said that if the diary was to be accepted as a fully authentic work, the originals would have to be examined by experts.[13]

Subsequently an examination of the notes was done by Walter Kempowski on behalf of the publishing house. He concluded that it was a genuine diary of the war period. He noted the typescript and the published book contain material not in the diary, but this is not unusual as books are prepared for publication.[16] Antony Beevor a British historian who wrote a "magisterial book" on the Battle of Berlin, confirmed his belief in the book's authenticity. He said it conformed to his own detailed knowledge of the period and the other primary sources he has accumulated.[17][18] The book has been published in seven languages in addition to English and German.[2]

The book was adapted as a German feature film. Max Färberböck directed Anonyma - Eine Frau in Berlin (2008), starring Nina Hoss as the Woman; it was first released in Germany and Poland.[19] The film was released in the United States as A Woman in Berlin (2009).

See also

Editions of the memoir

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Harding, Luke (5 October 2003). "Row over naming of rape victim". The Observer (London).
  2. 1 2 Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Foreword, A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City: A Diary, edited by Philip Boehm, New York: Macmillan, 2005, p. xi
  3. ↑ Beevor, introduction to A Woman in Berlin, 2005, p. 5
  4. ↑ A Woman in Berlin, New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1954. Hans Magnus Enzensberger in his afterword to the 2005 English edition says the year of publication was 1953.
  5. ↑ Antony Beevor, introduction to A Woman in Berlin, 2005 edition, 3
  6. ↑ Luke Harding (2003-10-05). "Row over naming of rape author". The Observer. Retrieved 2014-09-08.
  7. ↑ Frederick Lempe, Berlin 1961, Putnam's Sons, 2011, pp 14-18. Lempe cites a review by Maria Sack in the Berlin newspaper Tagesspiegel, 12 June 1959: Schlechter Dienst an der Berlinerin / Bestseller im Ausland — Ein Verfälschender Sonderfall.
  8. ↑ Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Afterword to A Woman in Berlin, 2005 Virago edition, 310
  9. ↑ Beevor, introduction to A Woman in Berlin, 5
  10. ↑ Enzensberger, Afterword, 311
  11. ↑ Eine Frau in Berlin, Eichborn Verlag AG, Frankfurt am Main, 2003
  12. ↑ A Woman in Berlin, Virago Press, London 2005
  13. 1 2 Esch, Christian (25 September 2003). "Eine belanglose Person? (A Trivial person?)". Berliner Zeitung.
  14. ↑ Gottesmann, Christoph (11 September 2005). "letter to the editor: 'A Woman in Berlin'". New York Times. review section, p. 6. for the "navy recruiting brochure"
  15. ↑ Beevor, introduction to A Woman in Berlin, 4
  16. ↑ Güntner, Joachim (19 January 2004). "Eine Frau in Berlin". Neue Zürcher Zeitung.
  17. ↑ Halley, Janet (2008). "Rape in Berlin: Reconsidering the Criminalisation of Rape in the International Law of Armed Conflict". Melbourne Journal of International Law 9 (1): 78.
    In Footnote 70 cites:
    • Beevor, Antony (2002). The Fall of Berlin 1945.
    In Footnote 71 cites:
    • Kempowski, Walter (20 January 2004). "Unchanging Tone: No Doubt about "A Woman in Berlin"". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.
    • Beevor, Antony (2005), "Introduction", in Anonymous, A Woman in Berlin, p. xvi
  18. ↑ Beevor, Antony (25 September 2005). "Letter to the editor: A Woman in Berlin". New York Times.
  19. ↑ Anonyma - Eine Frau in Berlin (English title: Woman in Berlin), entry in the British Film Institute database, retrieved 15 June 2010

References

External links

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