Ground squirrel

Ground squirrels
Temporal range: Early Oligocene to Recent
California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi) in the man-made rocky shoreline of the Berkeley Marina: The numerous crevices offer safety and shelter.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Sciuridae
Subfamily: Xerinae
Tribe: Marmotini
Pocock, 1923
Genera

Ammospermophilus
Spermophilus
Cynomys
Marmota
Tamias
Sciurotamias
and see text

The ground squirrels are members of the squirrel family of rodents (Sciuridae) which generally live on or in the ground, rather than trees. The term is most often used for the medium-sized ground squirrels, as the larger ones are more commonly known as marmots (genus Marmota) or prairie dogs, while the smaller and less bushy-tailed ground squirrels tend to be known as chipmunks. Together, they make up the "marmot tribe" of squirrels, Marmotini, and the large and mainly ground squirrel subfamily Xerinae, and containing six living genera. Well-known members of this largely Holarctic group are the marmots (Marmota), including the American groundhog, the chipmunks, the susliks (Spermophilus), and the prairie dogs (Cynomys). They are highly variable in size and habitus, but most are remarkably able to rise up on their hind legs and stand fully erect comfortably for prolonged periods. They also tend to be far more gregarious than other squirrels, and many live in colonies with complex social structures. Most Marmotini are rather short-tailed and large squirrels, and the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) is the largest living member of the Sciuridae, at 53–73 cm in length and weighing 5–8 kg.

The chipmunks of the genus Tamias frequently spend time in trees. Also closer to typical squirrels in other aspects, they are occasionally considered a tribe of their own (Tamiini).[1]

The ground squirrel is especially renowned for its tendency to rise up on its hind legs. It does this whenever it senses nearby danger, or when it must see over tall grasses. The squirrel then curls its paws flat against its chest and sends a screeching call to warn other family members about the presence of predators.

Ground squirrels may carry fleas that transmit diseases to humans (see Black Plague), and have been destructive in tunneling underneath human habitation[2][3]

Evolution and systematics

20,000-year-old Arctic ground squirrel mummy

Palaeosciurus from Europe is the oldest known ground squirrel species, and it does not seem to be particularly close to any of the two to three living lineages (subtribes) of Marmotini. The oldest fossils are from the Early Oligocene, more than 30 million years ago (mya), but the genus probably persisted at least until the mid-Miocene, some 15 mya.

It is not clear where the Marmotini originated. The subtribes probably diverged in the early to mid-Oligocene, as primitive marmots and chipmunks are known from the Late Oligocene of North America. Unfortunately, the fossil record of the "true" ground squirrels is less well known, beginning only in the mid-Miocene, when modern susliks and prairie dogs are known to have inhabited their present-day range already.

Whether the Marmotini dispersed between North America and Eurasia via "island-hopping" across the Bering Straits or the Greenland region—which both at that time were temperate habitat—and from which continent they dispersed to which, or if both continents brought forth distinct subtribes which then spread to the other, is not known and would probably require more fossil material to be resolved. In any case, that the fairly comprehensive fossil record of Europe—at the relevant time separated from Asia by the Turgai Sea—lacks ancient Marmotini except the indeterminate Palaeosciurus might be taken to indicate an East Asian or western North American origin with trans-Beringia dispersal is the slightly more satisfying hypothesis of it. This is also supported by the enigmatic Chinese genus Sciurotamias, which may be the most ancient living lineage of this group, or—if the chipmunks are not included here—close to the common ancestor of the Tamiini and the Marmotini sensu stricto.

In any case, expansion of the Marmotini to Africa was probably prevented by competitive exclusion by their close relatives the Protoxerini and Xerini—the native terrestrial and palm squirrels of that continent—which must have evolved at the same time as the Marmotini did.

Habitat

A Ground Squirrel lives in grassy areas like pastures, golf courses, cemeteries, and parks.

California ground squirrel in a tree.

Subtribes and genera

Watchful "rock chuck" or yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) atop Mount Dana, Yosemite National Park in California

Basal and incertae sedis genera

Subtribe Tamiina: chipmunks (might be full tribe)

Subtribe Marmotina: marmots

Subtribe Spermophilina: true ground squirrels

Cladogram

Below is a cladogram of ground squirrels (tribe Marmotini) derived from maximum parsimony analysis.[4]

Notocitellus

N. adocetus

N. annulatus



Ammospermophilus

A. harrisii

A. leucurus

A. harrisii

A. interpres

Otospermophilus


O. atricapillus

O. beecheyi

O. variegatus



Callospermophilus

C. saturatus

C. lateralis

C. madrensis
Marmota

M. monax

M. marmota

M. flaviventris

M. caligata

M. olympus

M. vancouveriensis


M. broweri

M. menzbieri

M. caudata


M. baibacina

M. bobak

M. camtschatica

M. himalayana

M. sibirica
Spermophilus


S. musicus

S. pygmaeus

S. major

S. pygmaeus



S. dauricus

S. xanthopyrmnus

S. suslicus

S. citellus

S. relictus

S. erythrogenys

S. citellus

S. pallidicauda

S. fulvus

S. erythrogenys

S. major

Ictidomys

I. mexicanus

I. parvidens

I. tridecemlineatus
Poliocitellus

P. franklinii
Cynomys


C. ludovicianus

C. mexicanus

C. parvidens

C. gunnisoni

C. leucurus





Xerospermophilus


X. mohavensis

X. tereticaudus

X. spilosoma

X. perotensis

X. spilosoma








Urocitellus

U. townsendii

U. washingtonii


U. brunnenus

U. townsendii

U. mollis

U. townsendii


U. armatus

U. beldingi

U. columbianus

U. undulatus

U. parryii

U. elegans

U. richardsonii

U. parryii











See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Steppan et al. (2004)
  2. ↑ Though capable of climbing, ground squirrels spend little time in trees. County of Ventura Approved Integrated Pest Management Program
  3. ↑ Los Angelese County Department of Agricultural Commissioner Pest Information Series
  4. ↑ Helgen et al. 2009, p. 274.

References

External links

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