Mariupol

Mariupol
Маріу́поль (Ukrainian)
Мариу́поль (Russian)

Old Fire Tower, Mariupol City Theater, Skyline

Flag
Coat of arms
Mariupol

Mariupol shown within Ukraine

Mariupol
Coordinates: 47°5′45″N 37°32′58″E / 47.09583°N 37.54944°E / 47.09583; 37.54944Coordinates: 47°5′45″N 37°32′58″E / 47.09583°N 37.54944°E / 47.09583; 37.54944
Country
Oblast
Raion		  Ukraine
Donetsk Oblast
Mariupol City Municipality
Founded 1778
Government
 • Mayor Yuri Khotlubey
Area
 • Total 244 km2 (94 sq mi)
Population (2013)
 • Total 461,810
 • Density 2,058/km2 (5,330/sq mi)
Postal code 87500—87590
Area code(s) +380 629
Website Marsovet
First Gymnasium founded 1876
Former Continental Hotel
Private house, early 1900s

Mariupol (Ukrainian: Маріу́поль, Маріюпіль,[1] Russian: Мариу́поль [mərʲɪˈupəlʲ]; Greek: Μαριούπολη, Marioupoli) is a city of regional significance in southeastern Ukraine, situated on the north coast of the Sea of Azov at the mouth of the Kalmius river. It is the tenth-largest city in Ukraine[2] and the second largest in the Donetsk Oblast.[3] Population: 461,810 (2013 est.)[4]. The city is largely and traditionally Russophone, while ethnically population is divided between Russians and Ukrainians about 50/50.

Following the capture of Donetsk city by pro-Russian insurgents associated with the Donetsk People's Republic in 2014, Mariupol was made the provisional administrative centre of Donetsk Oblast. The city was retaken on June 13, 2014 by government troops and has been under heavy bombardment and the fighting has intensified as of August 2015.

Mariupol was founded on the site of a former Cossack encampment named Kalmius.[5] It was granted city rights in 1778. Mariupol has been a centre for the grain trade, metallurgy, and heavy engineering. The Ilyich Steel & Iron Works and Azovstal propelled Mariupol onto the European stage in the 20th century as one of the largest and most productive plants. Mariupol played a key role in the industrialization of Ukraine. Due to the Soviet authorities frequently renaming cities after Communist leaders,[6] the city was known as Zhdanov, after the Soviet functionary Andrei Zhdanov, between 1948 and 1989. Today, Mariupol remains a centre for industry, as well as higher education and business, a legal centre, and the economic engine of Pryazovia.

History

Pre-settlement

During the late Middle Ages through the early modern period, here taken from the 12th through the 16th century, Mariupol lay within the a broader region that was largely devastated and depopulated by intense conflict among surrounding peoples, including the Crimean Tatars, the Nogai Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Muscovy. By the middle of the 15th century much of the region north of the Black Sea and Azov Sea was annexed to the Crimean Khanate and became a dependency of the Ottoman Empire. East of the Dnieper river marked a desolate steppe, stretching to the sea of Azov, where the lack of water made early settlement precarious,[7] and, lying near the Kalmius trail, the region was subject to frequent raids and plundering by the Tatar tribes which prevented the area’s permanent settlement, keeping it sparsely populated or an entirely uninhabited no-man’s land under Tatar rule; hence it was known as the Wild Fields or the 'Deserted Plains ' (Lat. Campi Deserti).[8][9]

In this region of the Eurasian steppe lands the Cossacks emerged as a distinct peoples in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Below the Dnieper Rapids were the Zaporozhian Cossacks, composed of freebooters organized into small, loosely-knit, as well as highly mobile groups that practiced both pastoral and nomadic living. The Cossacks would regularly penetrate the steppe for fishing and hunting as well for migratory farming and herding of livestock. Their independence from governmental and landowner authority attracted and enlisted large numbers of fugitive peasants and serfs fleeing the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovy.

The isolation of the region was increased further by the Treaty of Constantinople (1700), which provided that there should be no settlements or fortifications on the coast of the Azov Sea to the mouth of the Mius River. Moreover, in 1709 in response to a Cossack alliance with Sweden against Russia, Tsar Peter the Great ordered the destruction of the Zaporozhian central stockade (Sich) and their complete expulsion from the area, without allowance for their return.[10] In 1733, however, Russia was preparing for a new military campaign against the Ottoman Empire so it allowed the return of the Zaporozhians, although the territory officially belong to Turkey. Under the terms the Agreement of Lubny of 1734, the Zaporozhians regained all their former lands and, in return, they were to serve in the Russian army during wartime. They were also permitted to build a new stockade on the Dnieper River (called New Sich), though the terms prohibited them from erecting fortifications, allowing only for living quarters (kureni).[11]

Upon their return, the Zaporozhian population in these lands was extremely sparse, and in an effort to establish a measure of control, they introduced a structure of districts (palankas).[12] The nearest to modern Mariupol was the Kalmiusskya district, but its border did not extend to the mouth of the Kalmius River,[13] although this area had been part of its migratory territory. After 1736, the Zaporozhian and the Don Cossacks (whose capital was at nearby Novoazovsk) came into conflict over the area, resulting in Tsarina Elizabeth issuing a decree in 1746 marking the Kalmius River as the divide between the two Cossack hosts.[14]

Sometime after 1738,[15][16] the treaties of Belgrade (1739), Niš (1739), and the Russian-Turkish convention of 1741,[17] and likely concurrent or following the land survey of 1743–1746 (resulting in the demarcation decree of 1746), the Zaporzhian Cassocks established a military outpost on “the high promontory right [west] bank of the Kalmius river.”[18] Though the details of its construction and history are obscure, excavations revealed Cossack and other artifacts within the enclosure of approximately 120 meters by 120 meters.[19] The outpost was likely a modest structure in that it lay within the territory of the Ottoman Empire and the constructions of fortifications on the Sea of Azov were prohibited by the Treaty of Niš.

The last Tatar raid, launched in 1769, covered a vast area, overrunning the New Russia province with a huge army in severe winter weather.[20][21] It destroyed the Kalmius fortifications and burned all the Cassock winter lodgings.[18] In 1770, the Russian government, not waiting for the end of the war with Turkey, moved its border with the Crimean Khanate southwest by more than two hundred kilometers, initiating the Dnieper fortified line (running from the today’s locations of Zaporozhye to Novopetrovka),[22] thereby laying claim to the region, including the site of the future Mariupol, from the Ottoman Empire.

Following the victory of the Russian forces in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74), the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca eliminated the endemic threat from the Crimea and thereby terminated the historical justification of the Ukraine as a borderland (okraina).[23][24] In 1775 Zaporizhia was incorporated into the New Russia Governorate, and part of the land claimed by the establishment of the Dnieper fortified line (including modern Mariupol) was incorporated in the newly reestablished Azov Governorate.

Settlement

After the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), the governor of the Azov Governorate, Vasily A. Chertkov, reported to Grigory Potemkin on 23 February 1776 that at this location existed the ruins of ancient domakha (homes) and in 1778 he planned the new town of Pavlovsk.[25] However, on 29 September 1779 the city of Marianοpol (Greek: Μαριανόπολη) of Kalmius County was founded on the site. For the Russian authorities the city was named after the Russian Empress Maria Feodorovna; however the city was named de facto after the Greek settlement of Mariampol that was a suburb of Bakhchisaray, the name of which derived from the Hodegetria icon of the Holy Theotokos and Virgin Mary.[26][27] Subsequently in 1780 arrived the great influx of Orthodox Greeks from Crimea to the area of Mariupol.

In 1782 it was an administrative seat of the county in the Azov Governorate of the Russian Empire with a population of 2,948 inhabitants. In the early 19th century the customs, a church-parish school, the port authorities building, an county religious school, and two privately founded girls' schools appear in the city. In the 1850s the population grew to 4,600 and the city had 120 shops and 15 wine cellars.

After construction of the railway line from Yuzovka in 1882, much of the wheat grown in the Yekaterinoslav Governorate and coal from the Donets Basin were exported via the port of Mariupol (the second largest after Odessa in the South Russian Empire), which served as a key funding source for opening a hospital, public library, electric power station, and urban water supply system.

Mariupol remained a local trading center until 1898, when the Belgian subsidiary SA Providence Russe opened a steelworks in Sartana near Mariupol (now the Ilyich Steel & Iron Works). The company incurred heavy losses and by 1902 went into bankruptcy, owing 6 million francs to the Providence company and needing to be re-financed by the Banque de l'Union Parisienne.[28] The mills brought cultural diversity to Mariupol as immigrants, mostly peasants from all over empire, moved to the city looking for a job and a better life. The number of workers employed increased to 5,400 persons.

In 1914 the population of Mariupol reached 58,000. However the period from 1917 onwards saw a continuous decline in population and industry due to the February Revolution and the Civil War.

In 1933 a new steelworks (Azovstal) was built along the Kalmius river.

During World War II, the city was occupied by Nazi Germany from 8 October 1941 to 10 September 1943. During this time there was tremendous damage to the city and many people were killed. The Jewish population was wiped out by two operations specifically aimed at murdering them.

In 1948 Mariupol was renamed Zhdanov after Soviet politician Andrei Zhdanov who had been born there in 1896, but as the USSR collapsed at the end of the 1980s the name was changed back to Mariupol during 1989.

Current conflict

Following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, pro-Russian and anti-revolution protests erupted across eastern Ukraine. This unrest later evolved into a war between the Ukrainian government and the separatist forces of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR). In May of that year, a battle between the two sides broke out in Mariupol after it briefly came under DPR control.[29] The city was eventually recaptured by government forces, and on 13 June Mariupol was proclaimed the temporary capital of Donetsk Oblast until the city of Donetsk could be recaptured.[30]

The city remained peaceful until the end of August, when an offensive by pro-Russian forces from the east came within 16 kilometres (10 mi) of it.[31] A ceasefire between the two sides was agreed to on 5 September, halting that offensive. Despite this ceasefire, minor skirmishes continued on the outskirts of Mariupol in the following months. To protect the city, government forces established three defence lines on its outskirts, deployed heavy artillery, and large amounts of army and national guard troops.[31]

An assault on Mariupol was launched on 24 January 2015 by the pro-Russian rebel forces associated with the Donetsk People's Republic. The city was defended by the Ukrainian government forces.

According to OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, on January 24 Grad rockets fired from positions occupied by rebel forces dropped on populated areas of Mariupol killing 30 people. "...the Grad rockets originated from a northeasterly direction... and the Uragan rockets from an easterly direction, both controlled by the 'Donetsk People's Republic'..." [32]

City features

Mariupol is the second most populous city in the Donetsk Oblast (after Donetsk), and is amongst the ten most populous cities in Ukraine. See the list of cities in Ukraine.

Architecture

Map of Mariupol

Old Mariupol is an area defined by the coast of the Sea of Azov to the south, by the Kalmius River to the east, to the north by Shevchenko Boulevard, and to the west by Metalurhiv Avenue. It is built up mainly of a few storey houses and has kept its pre-revolutionary architecture. Only Artem Street and Miru Avenue were built after World War II and are considered modern buildings.

The central area of Mariupol (from Metalurhiv Avenue up to Budivelnykiv Avenue) is made up almost entirely of administrative and commercial buildings, including a city council building, post office, the Lukov cinema, Mariupol Humanitarian University, Priazov State Technical University, the Korolenko central city library, and many large shops.

The architecture of other residential areas ("Zakhidny", "Skhidny", "Kirov", "Cheremushky", 5th, 17th catchment area, etc.) is not particularly distinct or original and consists of typical 5- or 9-storey houses. The term "Cheremushki" carries a special meaning in Russian culture and now also in Ukrainian; it usually refers to the newly settled parts of a city.

The city's residential area covers 9.82 million square meters. The population density is 19.3 square meters per inhabitant. The share of privatized housing in 2003 was 76.3%.

Main streets

The house with a spire – one of the symbols of Mariupol

In December 1991, by a decision of the city council of Mariupol, the following streets in an old part of the city reverted to their pre-revolutionary names:

Between 1990 to 2000 the following streets and areas were renamed:

See also the list of streets and squares of Mariupol.

Parks

City garden in winter

Monuments

Statue of Taras Shevchenko

Mariupol has monuments to Taras Shevchenko, Vladimir Vysotsky, Kuindzhi, and many other famous persons. Monuments in honour of the liberation of Donbass, the metallurgists, and others can also be found in the city.

There are also monuments to Makar Maza, Hryhoriy Yuriyovych Horban, K.P. Apatov, Tolya Balabukha, to seamen – commandos, pilots V.G. Semenyshyn and N.E. Lavytsky, to soldiers of the Soviet 9th Aviation Division, to victims of political repressions of 1930–1950, etc. During the Soviet period the central square of the city featured a monument to Andrei Zhdanov, after whom the city was named for many years (1948–1990). The artists V. Konstantynov and L. Kuzminkov are the sculptors of some of the monuments, including the monument to Metropolitan Ignatiy, the founder of Mariupol.

City holidays

Fireworks on the day of the machine engineer

Holidays exclusive to Mariupol include:

Hotels and night clubs

Hotels in the city include Grand Hotel, Spartak, Guest Villa "Horosho", Nash Kutochok, Moryak, Chaika, Iris Hotel, and Brigantina.

Night-clubs in the city include Barbaris, Zebra, Coral, Imperial, Private club "Yes", Egoist, El Gusto, Holiday Romance, Ledo, Crazy Maam, and Divan.

Coat of arms

The modern coat of arms of Mariupol was confirmed in 1989. It is described in heraldic terms as: Per fess wavy argent and azure, on an anchor or, accompanied by the figure 1778 of the last. The gold anchor has a ring on top. The number 1778 indicates the year of the city’s founding. The argent represents steel; the azure, the sea; the anchor, the port; and the ring, metallurgy.

Administrative division

Mariupol administrative division

Mariupol is divided into four neighborhoods or "raions".

The Kalmius river separates the Livoberezhnyi Raion from the remaining three raions. The population is mostly concentrated in the Tsentralnyi and Prymorsky Raions. The Ilyichivsky Raion houses the large Ilyich steel mill and the Azovmash manufacturing plant. The Livoberezhnyi (Left Bank) is home to the Azovstal metallurgic combine and the Koksohim factory. The settlements of Stary Krym and Sartana are located in close proximity to the city limits of Mariupol (see map).

Demographics

As of December 1, 2014, the city's population was 477,992. Over the last century the population has grown nearly twelvefold. The city is populated by Ukrainians, Russians, Pontic Greeks (including Caucasus Greeks and Tatar- and Turkish-speaking but Greek Orthodox Christian Urums), Belarusians, Armenians, Jews, etc. The main language is Russian.

Historical Populations
Year City proper Change Metropolitan Change
1778 168 – 168 –
1782 2,948 +1,655% 2,948 +1,655%
1850 4,579 +55.33% 4,579 +55.33%
1897 31,800 +594.47% 31,800 +594.47%
1913 58,000 +82.39% 58,000 +82.39%
1939 221,500 +281.90% 221,500 +281.90%
1941 241,000 +8.80% 241,000 +8.80%
1943 85,000 −64.73% 85,000 −64.73%
1959 283,600 +233.65% 299,100 +251.88%
1979 502,600 +77.22% 525,000 +75.53%
1987 529,000 +5.25% 552,300 +5.20%
1989 518,900 −1.91% 541,000 −2.05%
1994 520,700 0.35% 543,600 0.48%
1998 499,800 −4.01% 521,300 −4.10%
2001 492,200 −1.52% 514,500 −1.30%
2002 489,700 −0.51% 510,800 −0.72%
2005 481,600 −1.65% 502,800 −1.57%
2006 477,900 -0.77%
2007 477,600 -0.06% 499,600 -
2008 496,600 -0.60%
2009 471,975 493,962 -0.53%
2010 469,336 -0.56% 491,295 -0.54%
2011 466,665 -0.57% 488,541 -0.56%
2012 464,457 -0.47% 486,320 -0.45%
2013 461,810 -0.57% 483,679 -0.54%
2014 458,533 -0.71% 480,406 -0.68%
Mariupol population density

The average annual population decline of city from 2010 to 2014 is 0.6%. The death rate is 15.5%.

Ethnic structure

Ethnic Ukrainians make up the largest percentage but less than half of the population; the second greatest ethnicity is Russian. The city is home to the largest population of Pontic Greeks in Ukraine ("Greeks of Priazovye") at 21,900, with 31,400 more in the six nearby rural areas, totaling about 70% of the Pontic Greek population of the area and 60% for the country.

Ethnic structure in 2002

Ethnicity Number of people Percent of population
Ukrainian 248,683 48.7
Russian 226,848 44.4
Pontic Greeks (including Caucasus Greeks and Urums) 21,923 4.3
Belarusian 3,858 0.8
Armenian 1,205 0.2
Jews 1,176 0.2
Bulgarian 1,082 0.2
other 6,060 1.2
All population 510,835 100

Language structure

There is a large number of Greek-speaking people in the city, but the city is predominantly Russian speaking. From 60% to 80% of Ukrainian-language dwellers communicate through so-called Surzhyk, due to the large influence of Russian culture.

Most Greek-speaking villages in the region speak a dialect called Rumeíka, that is, a branch of Pontic Greek. About 17 villages speak this language today. Modern scholars distinguish five subdialects of Rumeíka according to their similarity to standard Modern Greek. This was derived from the dialect of the original Pontic settlers from the Crimea. Although Rumeíka is often described as a Pontic dialect, the situation is more nuanced.

Arguments can be brought both for Rumeíka's similarity to Pontic Greek and to the Northern Greek dialects.

In the view of Maxim Kisilier, while the Rumeíka dialect shares some features with both the Pontic Greek and the Northern Greek dialects, it is better considered on its own terms as a separate Greek dialect, or even a group of dialects.[33]

The village of Anadol speaks Pontic proper, being settled from the Pontos in the 19th century.

Native language of the population as of the All-Russian Empire Census in 1897:[34]

Language The city of Mariupol
Russian 19,670
Ukrainian 3,125
Pontic Greek 1,590
Turkish 922
Total Population 31,116

Along with those speaking Rumeíka, there were and are a number of Tatar speaking Orthodox villages, the so-called Urums, which is the Tatar term for Romaios or Rumei. This subdivision had already occurred in Crimea before the settlement of the Azov Sea steppe region by Pontic Greeks which began following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in northeastern Anatolia in 1461 but on a larger scale after the end of the Russo-Turkish War in 1779, as part of the Russian policy to populate and develop the region while depriving the Crimea of an economically active part of its population.

Though Greek and Tatar-speaking settlers lived separately, the language of the Urums was the lingua franca of the region for a long time, being called the language of the bazaar. There are also a number of settlements of other ethnic communities, including Germans, Bulgarians, and Albanians (though the meanings of all such terms in this context is open to dispute).

After the October Revolution of 1917, a Rumaiic revival occurred in the region. The Soviet administration established a Greek-Rumaiic theater, several magazines and a newspaper, and a number of Rumaiic language schools. The best Rumaiic poet Georgi Kostoprav created a Rumaiic poetic language for his work. This process was reversed in 1937 as Kostoprav and many other Rumaiics and Urums were killed as part of Joseph Stalin's national policies. A large percentage of the population was transported to Gulags.

A new attempt to preserve a sense of ethnic Rumaiic identity started in the mid-1980s. The Ukrainian scholar Andriy Biletsky created a new Slavonic alphabet for Greek speakers. Though a number of writers and poets make use of this alphabet, the population of the region rarely uses it. The Rumaiic language is declining rapidly, most endangered by the standard Modern Greek which is taught in schools and the local university. The latest investigations by Alexandra Gromova demonstrate that there is still hope that elements of the Rumaiic population will continue to use the dialect.[35]

Language structure in 2002

Language Number (person) Densities (%)
Russian 457,931 89.64
Ukrainian 50,656 9.92
Pontic Greek 1,046 0.20
Armenian 372 0.07
Belarusian 266 0.05
Bulgarian 55 0.01
other 509 0.10
All population 510,835 100

Employment

About 59% of the people whose occupation is in the national economy work in industry and 11% of them in transportation. As of July 1, 2009, the official rate of unemployment in the city stood at 2%.[36] The figure, however, only includes people registered as "unemployed" in the local job center. The real unemployment rate is therefore higher.

Historic Unemployment Rate in Mariupol (year end)[36][37][38][39]

Year Unemployment (% of labor force)
2006 0.4
2007 0.4
2008 1.2
2009* 2.0

* – as of July 1

Geography and ecology

Geography

Mariupol is to the south of the Donetsk area, on the coast of the Azov Sea, at the mouth of the river Kalmius. The city occupies an area of 166.0² (64 mi²) [with suburbs, i.e., the territories subordinated to the Mariupol city council, 244.0 km² (94.2 mi²)]. The downtown area is 106.0 km² (40.9 mi²), while the area of parks and gardens is 80.6 km² (31.1 mi²). The city is mainly built on land that is made of Solonetzic chernozems, with a significant amount of underground subsoil water that frequently leads to landslides.

Climate

Mariupol has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with warm summers and cold winters. The average annual precipitation is 511 millimetres (20 in). Agroclimatic conditions allow the cultivation in the suburbs of Mariupol thermophilic agricultural crops having long vegetative periods (sunflower, melons, grapes, etc.). However water resources in the region are insufficient, and consequently ponds and water basins are used for the needs of the population and industry.

In the winter, the wind direction is mainly east, while in the summer, the wind is from the north.

Climate data for Mariupol (1955–2011)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.0
(50)		 15.0
(59)		 18.6
(65.5)		 29.2
(84.6)		 32.7
(90.9)		 35.0
(95)		 37.2
(99)		 37.2
(99)		 32.2
(90)		 27.1
(80.8)		 18.0
(64.4)		 14.1
(57.4)		 37.2
(99)
Average high °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6)		 0.2
(32.4)		 5.1
(41.2)		 13.1
(55.6)		 19.8
(67.6)		 24.5
(76.1)		 27.4
(81.3)		 26.9
(80.4)		 20.9
(69.6)		 13.6
(56.5)		 5.8
(42.4)		 1.0
(33.8)		 13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.8
(27)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 1.8
(35.2)		 9.5
(49.1)		 15.9
(60.6)		 20.3
(68.5)		 23.0
(73.4)		 22.3
(72.1)		 16.6
(61.9)		 10.1
(50.2)		 3.2
(37.8)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 9.7
(49.5)
Average low °C (°F) −4.9
(23.2)		 −5.1
(22.8)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 6.2
(43.2)		 11.8
(53.2)		 15.9
(60.6)		 18.3
(64.9)		 17.7
(63.9)		 12.5
(54.5)		 6.8
(44.2)		 0.9
(33.6)		 −3.5
(25.7)		 6.3
(43.3)
Record low °C (°F) −27.2
(−17)		 −25
(−13)		 −20
(−4)		 −7.3
(18.9)		 0.5
(32.9)		 5.6
(42.1)		 8.9
(48)		 5.0
(41)		 −1.1
(30)		 −8
(18)		 −17
(1)		 −24.5
(−12.1)		 −27.2
(−17)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.1
(1.382)		 33.0
(1.299)		 37.5
(1.476)		 44.5
(1.752)		 44.0
(1.732)		 52.9
(2.083)		 44.2
(1.74)		 43.0
(1.693)		 39.4
(1.551)		 28.6
(1.126)		 47.8
(1.882)		 60.5
(2.382)		 510.5
(20.098)
Average precipitation days 17.7 14.9 15.4 10.4 8.1 8.0 5.2 4.1 6.9 9.5 12.7 15.9 128.8
Average relative humidity (%) 89.0 86.2 83.0 73.9 70.0 67.5 65.6 61.2 67.4 79.0 86.7 88.9 76.5
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net (temperatures and record high and low)[40]
Source #2: Climatebase.ru (precipitation and humidity)[41]

Ecology

Air pollution levels in Mariupol

Mariupol leads Ukraine in the volume of emissions of harmful substances by industrial enterprises. Recently, the city's leading enterprises have begun to address the ecological problems. Thus, over the last 15 years industrial emissions have fallen nearly in half.

Due to stable production by the majority of the large enterprises, the city constantly experiences environmental problems. At the end of the 1970s, Zhdanov (Mariupol) ranked third in the USSR (after Novokuznetsk and Magnitogorsk) in the quantity of industrial emissions. In 1989, including all enterprises, the city had 5,215 sources of atmospheric pollution producing 752,900 tons of harmful substances a year (about 98% from metallurgical enterprises and "Markokhim"). Even given some easing of the maximum-permissible concentrations (maximum concentration limit) in the state's industrial activity (in the middle of the 1990s), many pollution limits were still exceeded:

In the residential areas adjoining the industrial giants, concentrations of benzapiren reach 6–9 times the maximum concentration limits; fluoric hydrogen, ammonia, and formaldehyde reach 2–3 to 5 times the maximum concentration limits; dust and oxides of carbon, and hydrogen sulphide are 6-8 times the maximum concentration limits; and dioxides of nitrogen are 2-3 times the maximum concentration limits. The maximum concentration limit has been exceed on phenol by 17x, and on benzapiren by 13-14x.

Ill-considered arrangements of the construction platforms of Azovstal and Markokhim (an economy in transport charges was assumed, both during construction in the 30s and during the subsequent operation) have led to extensive wind-borne emissions into the central areas of Mariupol. Wind intensity and geographical "flatness" offer relief from the accumulation of long-standing pollutants, somewhat easing the problem.

The nearby Sea of Azov is in distress. The catch of fish in the area has been reduced by orders of magnitude over the last 30–40 years.

The environmental protection activity of the leading enterprises in Mariupol costs millions of hrivnas, but it appears to have little effect on the city's long-standing environmental problems.

Government and politics

The Mariupol electorate traditionally supports the left and pro-Russian political parties. At the turn of the 21st century the Party of Regions numerically prevailed in the City Council followed by the Socialist Party of Ukraine. In the presidential elections of 2004 91.1% of the city voted for Viktor Yanukovych and 5.93% for Viktor Yuschenko. In the 2006 parliamentary elections, the city voted for the Party of Regions–with 39.72% of the votes, the Socialist Party of Ukraine–20.38%, the Natalia Vitrenko Block–9.53%, and the Communist Party of Ukraine–3.29%.

In the 2014 parliamentary elections Opposition Bloc won more than 50% of the votes.[42] The seats of the city's two electoral districts were won by Serhiy Matviyenkov and Serhiy Taruta.[43]

The Mayor of city (chairman, "head", cities and chairman of executive committee of the city council) is Yuri Khotlubey.

Economy

Industry

Azovstal iron and steel works

There are 56 industrial enterprises in Mariupol under various plans of ownership. The city's industry is diverse, with heavy industry dominant. Mariupol is home to major steel mills (including some of global importance) and chemical plants; there is also an important seaport and a railroad junction. The largest enterprises are Ilyich Iron and Steel Works, Azovstal, Azovmash Holding, and the Mariupol Sea Trading Port. There are also shipyards, fish canneries, and various educational institutions with studies in metallurgy and science.

The total industrial production of the city for eight months in 2005 (January – August) was 21378.2 million hryvnas (US$4.233 billion), compared to 1999 – 6169.806 million hryvnas (US$1.222 billion). This is 37.5% of the total production for Donetsk Oblast. The leading business of the city is ferrous metallurgy, which makes up 93.5% of the city's income from industrial production. The annual output estimates are in millions of tonnes of iron, steel, rolled iron, and agglomerate.

Transportation in Mariupol

The above-mentioned enterprises, along with a plethora of others not mentioned, are located in the free economic zone of Azov.

Transportation

Routes of urban electric transports in Mariupol
Daily passenger traffic intensity in Mariupol

Mariupol has transportation including bus transportation, trolley-buses, trams, and fixed-route taxis. The city is connected by railways, a seaport and the airport to other countries and cities.

Construction

Typical apartment building in Mariupol

Industrial construction prevails. The mass building of inhabitable quarters within the city terminated in the 1980s. Mainly under construction now are comfortable habitations . The city's construction industry for nine months of 2005 executed a volume of civil contract and building works of 304.4 million hrivnas (US$60 million). The city density on this parameter is 22.1%.

Communications

In the city all leading Ukrainian mobile communications carriers are operational. During Soviet times in the city, ten automatic telephone exchanges were operational; six digital automatic telephone exchanges were recently added.

Finances

The GDP of the city in 2004 was ₴22,769,400 ($4,510,400); it is listed in the state budget as ₴83,332,000 ($16,507,400). The city is one of the largest contributors to the Ukrainian national budget (after Kiev and Zaporizhia).

The GPA of the city is ₴1,262.04 (~US$250.00) a month, one of the highest in the country. The average pension in the city is ₴423.15 ($83.82). Commercial debts in the city were reduced in 2005 to 1.1% or ₴5.1 million ($1.01 million).

Income from services rendered for 9 months of 2005 was ₴860.4 million ($107.4 million) and the volume of retail trade for the same period was ₴838.7 million ($166.1 million). The city's enterprises for 9 months of 2005 recorded a positive financial result (profit) of ₴3.2 billion ($634 million), which is 23.6% more than in the prior year (2004).

Culture

Cultural institutions

Donetsk regional Russian drama theatre at night

Theatres:

Cinemas:

Palaces of Culture (Recreation centres) (together with so-called clubs – 16 units):

Extreme Park in Mariupol
Chernobyl disaster memorial

Showrooms and museums:

Libraries (only 35 units):

In the surrounding environs of city, on the shore of Sea of Azov, archaeology monuments were excavated from neolithic burial grounds dating from the end of the third millennium BC. During excavations over 120 skeletons were discovered. Found near them were stone and bone instruments, beads, shell-works from shellfishes, and animal teeth.

Art and literature

Creative Organisations of Artists, Union of Journalists of Mariupol, the Literary Union «Azovye» (from 1924, about 100 members), and others. Works of Mariupol poets and writers: N. Berilov, A. Belous, G. Moroz, A. Shapurmi, A. Savchenko, V. Kior, N. Harakoz, L. Kiryakov, L. Belozerova, P. Bessonov, and A. Zaruba are written in the Russian, Ukrainian, and Greek languages. Presently, 10 members of the National Union of Writers of Ukraine live in the city.

Religious communities

St. Nicholas church
Sultan Suleiman Mosque in Mariupol

The city is adorned by the St. Nicholas Cathedral (in the Tsentralnyi borough) and other churches of the city, namely:

In addition to churches, there are 3 Mosques around the city.

Media and entertainment

More than 20 local newspapers work mostly Russian language-based, including:

12 wireless stations, 7 regional television companies and channels:

Retransmitting about 15 state channels («Inter», «1+1», «STB», «NTN», «5 Channel», «ICTV», «First National TV», «New Channel», TV Company «Ukraina», etc.)

Tourism and recreation

Beach in Mariupol

Tourist interest are mainly on the coast of the Sea of Azov. Around the city the strip of resort settlements was pulled: Melekino, Urzuf, Yalta, Sedovo, Bezymennoye, Sopino, Belosaray Kosa, etc. Travel companies operating are («Azov-voyag-tour», «Azovintur»,«Limpopo» and others).

The first resorts were opened in the city in 1926. Along a sea here during 16 the narrow bar of sandy beaches stretches for one km. Water temperature in the summer ranges from 22 to 24 °C (72–75 °F). The duration of the bathing season is 120 days.

Sports

A football match in progress in Illichivets Stadium.

Mariupol is the hometown of the nationally famous swimmer Oleksandr Sydorenko who lives in the city.

The city's steel industry (Illich Steel and Iron Works) sponsors the Illichivets football club, with a great sport traditions and a history of participation at the European level competitions.

The water polo team, the «Ilyichevets», is the undisputed champion of Ukraine. It has won the Ukrainian championship 11 times. Every year it plays in the European Champion Cup and Russian championship.

Azovstal' Canoeing Club on the river Kalmius. Vitaly Yepishkin – 3rd place in the World Cup in the 200m K-2.

Azovmash Basketball Club, similarly to the "Ilichevets" Water-polo Club, has numerous national championship titles. Significant successes were obtained as well by the Mariupol schools of boxing, Greco-Roman wrestling, artistic gymnastics, and other types of sport.

Sport building of city (count 585):

Education

81 general educational establishment are operational, including: 67 comprehensive schools (48,500 students), 2 grammar schools, 3 lyceums, 4 evening replaceable schools, 3 boarding schools, 2 private schools, 11 professional educational institutions (6,274 students), and 94 children's preschool establishments (12,700 children).

Three higher education establishments:

Public organizations

There are about 300 public associations, including 22 trade-union organizations, about 40 political parties, 16 youth groups, 4 women's organizations, 37 associations of veterans and disabled, and 134 national and cultural societies.

There is a General Consulate of the Republic of Greece as well as the Republic of Cyprus in Mariupol.

Health service

There are 70 medical and medical-health establishments in a city — hospitals, polyclinics, the station of blood transfusion, station of urgent medicare, sanatoriums, sanatoriums-preventive clinics, regional centre of social maintenance of pensionaries and invalids, city centers: gastroenterology, thoracic surgery, bleedings, pancreatic, microsurgery of the eye. Central pool-hospital on a water-carriage.

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ↑ Collection of laws and orders of the Workers-Peasants Government of Ukraine. "Radianske Budivnytstvo i Pravo". State archives. February 29, 1932
  2. ↑ List of cities in Ukraine – List of cities in Ukraine
  3. ↑ Ukrcensus.org.ua - All-Ukrainian population census '2001
  4. ↑ "Чисельність наявного населення України (Actual population of Ukraine)" (in Ukrainian). State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  5. ↑ "Mariupol". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  6. ↑ "Mariupol". The Free Dictionary.
  7. ↑ LeDonne John P. The territorial reform of the Russian Empire, 1775-1796 [II. The borderlands, 1777-1796]. In: Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique. Vol. 24 No. 4. October–December, 1983. p. 422.
  8. ↑ Magocsi, Paul R. "A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples," p. 197
  9. ↑ Wilson, Andrew. "The Donbas between Ukraine and Russia: The Use of History in Political Disputes," Journal of Contemporary History 1995 30: 265 "
  10. ↑ Magocsi, Paul R. "A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples," p. 197.
  11. ↑ N. D. Polons’ka –Vasylenko, "The Settlement of Southern Ukraine (1750-1775)," The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., Inc., 1955, p. 16.
  12. ↑ Magocsi, Paul R. 2010. “A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its People,” University of Toronto Press. Second edition. P. 283.
  13. ↑ LeDonne John P. The territorial reform of the Russian Empire, 1775-1796 [II. The borderlands, 1777-1796]. In: Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique. Vol. 24 No. 4. October–December, 1983. pp. 420-422.
  14. ↑ Wilson, Andrew. "The Donbas between Ukraine and Russia: The Use of History in Political Disputes," Journal of Contemporary History 1995 30: 273
  15. ↑ Gorbov V.N., Bozhko, R.P., Kushnir V.V. 2013. “Археологические комплексы на территории крепости Кальмиус и ее окрестностий,” (“Archaeological complexes on the territory of the Kalmius fortress and its surroundings”) Donetsk Archaeological Collection, No. 17, pp. 138-139, 141.
  16. ↑ Clark, George B. “Irish Soldiers in Europe: 17th - 19th Century,” Mercier Press, October 12, 2010. Pp. 272, 274, 276.
  17. ↑ LeDonne John P. The territorial reform of the Russian Empire, 1775-1796 [II. The borderlands, 1777-1796]. In: Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique. Vol. 24 No. 4. October–December, 1983. p. 420-421
  18. 1 2 Section “Kalmius and the Kalmiusskaya Palanka”, referencing A. A. Skalkowski, no citation.
  19. ↑ Gorbov V.N., Bozhko, R.P., Kushnir V.V. 2013. “Археологические комплексы на территории крепости Кальмиус и ее окрестностий,” (“Archaeological complexes on the territory of the Kalmius fortress and its surroundings”) Donetsk Archaeological Collection, No. 17, p. 133
  20. ↑ N. D. Polons’ka –Vasylenko, "The Settlement of Southern Ukraine (1750-1775)," The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., Inc., 1955, p. 278
  21. ↑ Mikhail Kizilov. "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources". Oxford University., p. 7 with n. 11
  22. ↑ Reenactor.ru p. 521
  23. ↑ Le Donne, John P. 1983. “The Territorial Reform of the Russian Empire », Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique. Vol. 24, No. 4. Octobre-Décembre 1983. p. 419.
  24. ↑ Posun’ko, Andriy, “After the Zaporizhia. Dissolution, reorganization, and transformation of borderland military in 1775-1835, Central European University, Budapest, Hungry, 2012, p. 35.
  25. ↑ Verenikin, V. Yet how old is our city? Vecherniy Mariupol Newspaper website.
  26. ↑ Plotnikov, S. Mariupol icon of Theotakos "Hodegetria". Saint-Trinity Temple of Mariupol website. 9 August 2012
  27. ↑ Dzhuvaha, V. One of the first deportation of the Empire. How Crimean Greeks populated Wild Fields. Ukrayinska Pravda. 17 February 2011
  28. ↑ John P. McKay (1970). Pioneers for profit; foreign entrepreneurship and Russian industrialization, 1885-1913. University of Chicago Press. pp. 170, 230, 393.
  29. ↑ Blair, David (10 May 2014) Ukraine: Security forces abandon Mariupol ahead of referendum Telegraph.co.uk.
  30. ↑ "The President instructed the Head of the Donetsk Regional State Administration to relocate temporarily the administration office to Mariupol". president.gov.ua. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  31. 1 2 "U.S. Weapons Aren't Smart for Ukraine". Bloomberg. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  32. ↑ "Rockets fired on Ukraine's Mariupol from rebel territory: OSCE". Yahoo News. 24 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  33. ↑ Kisilier, Maxim, Is Rumeíka a Pontic or a Northern Greek Dialect?
  34. ↑ "Demoscope Weekly - Annex. Statistical indicators reference.". demoscope.ru. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  35. ↑ Kissilier, Maxim, ed. (2009), Language and Ethno-Cultural Situation in Greek Villages of Azov Region (PDF), St. Petersburg. The work is based on field research in the Greek villages in the Mariupol region. The expeditions were organised by St. Petersburg State University and carried out from 2001–2004.
  36. 1 2 "City's Economy in H1 2009" (in Russian). Mariupol City Council home page. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  37. ↑ "City's Economy in 2006" (in Russian). Mariupol City Council home page. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  38. ↑ "City's Economy in 2007" (in Russian). Mariupol City Council home page. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  39. ↑ "City's Economy in 2008" (in Russian). Mariupol City Council home page. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
  40. ↑ "КЛИМАТ МАРИУПОЛЯ" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  41. ↑ "Mariupol Ukraine Climate Data". Climatebase. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  42. ↑ Telegraph.co.uk
  43. ↑ Data on vote counting at percincts within single-mandate districts Extraordinary parliamentary election on 26.10.2014, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
    (Ukrainian) Candidates and winners for the seat of the constituencies in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election Vibori2014.rbc.ua, RBK Ukraine

External links

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