Head (watercraft)

The head on the beakhead of the 17th-century warship Vasa. The toilets are the two square box-like structures on either side of the bowsprit. On the starboard side, there are still minor remnants of the original seat.

The head (or heads) is a ship's toilet. The name derives from sailing ships in which the toilet area for the regular sailors was placed at the head or bow of the ship.

Design

In sailing ships, the toilet was placed in the bow for two reasons. Firstly, since most vessels of the era could not sail directly into the wind, the winds came mostly across the rear of the ship, placing the head essentially downwind. Secondly, if placed somewhat above the water line, vents or slots cut near the floor level would allow normal wave action to wash out the facility. Only the captain had a private toilet near his quarters, at the stern of the ship in the quarter gallery.

In many modern boats, the heads look similar to seated flush toilets but use a system of valves and pumps that brings sea water into the toilet and pumps the waste out through the hull in place of the more normal cistern and plumbing trap to a drain. In small boats the pump is often hand operated. The cleaning mechanism is easily blocked if too much toilet paper or other fibrous material is put down the pan.

Submarine heads face the problem that at greater depths higher water pressure makes it harder to pump the waste out through the hull. As a result early systems could be complicated, with the head fitted to the US Navy S class submarine being described as almost taking an engineer to operate.^[1] Making a mistake resulted in waste or seawater being forcibly expelled back into the hull of the submarine.^[1] This caused the loss of German submarine U-1206.

The toilet on the World War 1 British E class submarine was considered so poor by the captain of HMS E35 that he preferred the crew to wait to relieve themselves until the submarine surfaced at night.^[2] As a result many submarines only used the heads as an extra storage space for provisions.^[2]

Head in British submarine HMS Alliance (c.1945–1973)
Head in Russian submarine of the Foxtrot class (c.1957–1983)
Head in submarine USS Growler (mid-1950s)

References

1 2 Jones, David; Peter Nunan (2004). U.S. subs down under Brisbane, 1942-1945. Naval Institute Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 1-59114-644-5.
1 2 Mackay, Richard (2003). Precarious Existence British Submariners in World War One. Periscope Publishing Ltd. p. 88. ISBN 1-904381-17-0.

Parts of a sailing ship

Toilets

Equipment	Ballcock Brush Cistern Flushometer Hand dryer Paper-towel dispenser Roll holder Seat Seat cover Soap dispenser Toilet paper Trap (U-bend)

Types	Aircraft Accessible Arborloo Bidet Bidet shower Board Bucket Chemical Composting Dry Dual flush Electronic bidet Flush Freezing Head Hudo Incinerating Latrine Low-flush Outhouse Passenger train Pay Pit Portable Public Sanisette Space Squat Unisex public Urine-diverting dry (UDDT) Washlet

Cultural aspects	Anal cleansing Bathroom privileges Defecation postures Feminine hygiene "Flying toilet" Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Manual scavenging Open defecation Privatization of public toilets Rest area Toilet god Toilet paper orientation Toilet training Toilet-related injuries and deaths Toilets in Japan Washroom attendant

Urine related aspects	Female urination device Pollee Urination Urinal Urine diversion

Historical terms	Aphedron Chamber pot Garderobe Midden closet Pail closet

See also	Defecation Sanitation World Toilet Day

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