Tolkien family

The Tolkien family is an English family whose best known member is J. R. R. Tolkien, Oxford academic and author of the fantasy books The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion.

Notable members

J. R. R. Tolkien

Main article: J. R. R. Tolkien

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien CBE (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English philologist, writer and professor of Oxford University.

He was a devout Roman Catholic.

Much of Tolkien's published fiction is a connected body of tales, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about an imagined world called Arda, and Middle-earth (derived from the Old English word middangeard, the lands inhabitable by humans) in particular, loosely identified as an "alternative" remote past of our own world. Tolkien applied the word legendarium to the totality of these writings. Most of the "legendarium" was edited and posthumously published by his son Christopher.

While Tolkien was preceded by other fantasy authors,[1] his enduringly popular and successful works have had a remarkable influence on the genre.[1][2] Thus he has been popularly identified as the "father of modern fantasy literature",[3] or to be precise, high fantasy.[4] L. Sprague de Camp and others consider him the father of modern fantasy together with sword and sorcery author Robert E. Howard (creator of Conan the Barbarian).[1][5]

Arthur Tolkien

Arthur Reuel Tolkien (c.18 February 1857—15 February 1896), the father of author J.R.R. Tolkien, was born in Handsworth, Staffordshire, England. He was the eldest child of John Benjamin Tolkien and Mary Jane Stow,[6][7] who had married on 16 February 1856 in All Saints Parish Church, Birmingham, Warwickshire, England.

Arthur had 6 siblings:

Arthur's father John had previously been married to Jane Holmwood, with whom he had four children: Emily (b. 1838), Louisa (b. 1840), John Benjamin (b. 1845), and Jane (b. 1846).

John Benjamin Tolkien had been a piano teacher and tuner, as well as a music seller, but he had gone bankrupt in 1877, when he was described as "John Benjamin Tolkien, of High-street, Birmingham, in the county of Warwick, Pianoforte and Music Seller".[8] Arthur did not follow his father into the traditional Tolkien trade in pianos, which many of his London cousins also followed; instead he became a bank clerk and ended up moving to Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State (now part of South Africa), where he became manager of the Bloemfontein branch of the Bank of Africa.[9] A furniture shop[10] now occupies the Bradlow’s Building on the site where the bank once stood, on the corner of West Burger and Maitland Streets.

Arthur was later joined by his fiancée, Mabel Suffield. They were married on 16 April 1891 at the St. George's Cathedral, Cape Town, Cape Colony (now Cape Province, South Africa). Two children: John Ronald Reuel (b. 1892) and Hilary Arthur Reuel (b. 1894) followed, and the family lived next door to the bank.

Mabel Tolkien felt the English climate would be better for the boys' health and returned to England with them in 1895. Arthur remained in South Africa, where he died of severe haemorrhage following rheumatic fever, on 15 February 1896, before he had the opportunity to join his family in England.

He is buried in President Brand Cemetery, on the corner of Church and Rhodes Avenues, Bloemfontein.[10]

Mabel Tolkien

St Peter's Catholic Church, Bromsgrove: grave of Mabel Tolkien (1870–1904)

Mabel Tolkien, born Suffield (1870– 14 November 1904) was the mother of J. R. R. Tolkien.

Her parents, John Suffield and Emily Jane Sparrow, lived in Stirling Road, Birmingham and owned a shop in the city centre. The Suffield family had a business in a building called Lamb House since 1812. From 1812 William Suffield ran a book and stationery shop there; Tolkien's great-grandfather, also John Suffield, was there from 1826 with a drapery and hosiery business.[11]

Her husband Arthur Tolkien's death in South Africa in 1896 left her and their two young sons without a source of income.[12] At first, they lived with her parents in Birmingham, then moved to Sarehole (now in Hall Green), then a Worcestershire village, later annexed to Birmingham.[13]

Mabel tutored her two sons, and J. R. R. (or Ronald, as he was known in the family) was a keen pupil.[14] She taught him a great deal of botany, and she awakened in her son the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants. But his favourite lessons were those concerning languages, and his mother taught him the rudiments of Latin very early.[15] She also taught him how to write, and her ornate script influenced her son's handwriting in his later life.[16]

Mabel Tolkien converted to Roman Catholicism in 1900 despite vehement protests by her Baptist family[17] who then stopped all financial assistance to her. She died of acute complications of diabetes in 1904 (at about 34 years of age, about as long as a person with diabetes mellitus type 1 could live with no treatment – insulin would not be discovered until two decades later), when Tolkien was twelve, at Fern Cottage in Rednal, which they were then renting. For the rest of his life Tolkien felt that she had become a martyr for her faith, which had a profound effect on his own Catholic beliefs.[18]

Edith Tolkien

Main article: Edith Tolkien

Edith Mary Tolkien, born Bratt (21 January 1889 – 29 November 1971) was the wife of J. R. R. Tolkien. She served as the inspiration for his fictional character Lúthien Tinúviel, an Elven princess and the most beautiful of all the Children of Ilúvatar (the name of God in Tolkien's fiction).

Bratt first met Tolkien in 1908, when they lived in the same boarding house. Both were orphans. The two fell in love, despite Bratt being Tolkien's senior by three years. Before the end of 1909 the relationship became known to Tolkien's guardian, Father Francis Xavier Morgan, who forbade Tolkien to see Bratt until he was twenty-one.[19] With one exception, Tolkien obeyed this instruction to the letter while Father Morgan's guardianship lasted. They were married in 1916.

The couple are buried side by side in Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford; below the names on their grave are the names Beren and Lúthien: in Tolkien's legendarium, Lúthien and the Man Beren were lovers separated for a time by Lúthien's father King Thingol.

Hilary Tolkien

Hilary Arthur Reuel Tolkien, the younger brother of J.R.R. Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa on 17 February 1894. The climate did not suit the young J.R.R Tolkien and his mother took both her sons to visit her parents in Kings Heath in Birmingham. When her husband died in 1896 she decided to stay back in England with her sons. They moved to Sarehole, a village outside Birmingham in 1896. As a child, J.R.R. Tolkien used to tell stories to his younger brother Hilary making ogres out of the adult people in the village. Ronald nicknamed the flour-coated miller's son in the nearby Sarehole mill The White Ogre. A farmer who used to terrorize children intruding on his land was nicknamed as the Black Ogre. He once chased Ronald for plucking mushrooms from his farm. Hilary wrote the stories, letters and reminiscences of past times in a notebook during his twilight years. The contents of the notebook were published as a book titled Black & White Ogre Country: The Lost Tales of Hilary Tolkien in 2009. In 1902, the family moved to 26 Oliver Road in Edgbaston, Birmingham and later they both joined the St. Philip's School in Birmingham however they soon left the school and their mother started teaching them at home. In 1904, both brothers contracted measles and whooping cough. Due to the poor condition of their house on Oliver Road, Hilary also contracted pneumonia. When their mother became ill due to diabetes, Ronald was sent to live with his aunt Jane's fiance and future husband Edwin Neave. Hilary was sent to stay with his maternal grandparents, the Suffields. After the death of their mother they were raised by Father Francis Morgan. Hilary later passed an entrance examination and joined King Edward's School in 1905 where his elder brother also studied. Hilary left school in 1910 and later helped his aunt Jane Neave run Phoenix farm in the village of Gedling, Nottinghamshire in Nottinghamshire. Hilary, his brother, aunt Jane and members of the Brookes-Smith family made a trip to Switzerland in summer of 1911. In late September 1914, J.R.R. Tolkien stayed with his aunt and brother at the farm for a few days. In 1914 during World War I, Hilary enlisted in the British Army with the Royal Warwickshire Regiment as a bugler and was wounded in 1916. After his military service, Hilary returned to Gedling and, in 1922, bought an orchard and market garden near Evesham, ancestral town of his mother's family. In 1923, J.R.R. Tolkien along with his wife and children went to stay with Hilary for a while. Few months before his death, he visited Hilary in Evesham. Hilary married Magdalen Matthews in 1928. They had three children. The first son, Gabriel, was born in 1931, the second son Julian in 1935, and the third son Paul in 1938. Hilary died in 1976.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]

Christopher Tolkien

Main article: Christopher Tolkien

Christopher John Reuel Tolkien (born 21 November 1924) is the youngest son of J. R. R. and Edith Tolkien. He is best known as his father's literary executor; he is the editor of much of his father's posthumously published work. Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary (2014) is the latest example of his editorial work.

He followed in his father's footsteps, becoming a lecturer and tutor in English Language at New College, Oxford from 1964 to 1975.

In 2001, he received some attention for his stance on New Line Cinema's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, directed by Peter Jackson. It was reported that he had had a falling out with his son Simon over the appropriateness of a film adaptation.[29] Responding to these reports, he said he felt The Lord of the Rings was "peculiarly unsuitable for transformation into visual dramatic form". However, this was just his opinion, he stressed; he said he did not disapprove of the movies, definitely not "to the point of thinking ill" of those with whom he might disagree.[30][31]

Christopher Tolkien has been married twice. He currently lives in France with his second wife, Baillie Tolkien.

Faith Faulconbridge

Faith Tully Lilly Faulconbridge is the first wife of Christopher Tolkien whom she married[32] on 2 April 1951, and their son Simon was born in 1959.[33] She produced a bust of J.R.R. Tolkien that is displayed in the English Faculty Library at Oxford University.[32] She was born in 1928 to F.T. Faulconbridge whom J.R.R Tolkien knew as a fellow student from King Edward's School, Birmingham. She received her B.A. degree from St Anne's College, Oxford in 1950 and later studied sculpture making from Oxford Art School. She was initially known for portrait heads in bronze, some of which she presented in the Royal Academy in 1958. She made a bust of her father-in-law which the English faculty at Oxford presented to him on his retirement in 1959. He had it cast in bronze and in 1966 it was placed at the English Faculty Library. Her other subjects have included Iris Murdoch and C.S. Lewis. She separated from Christopher in 1964[33] and divorced from him in 1967.[32] In 1958, she produced a seated Madonna and Child for Catholic Chaplaincy at Birmingham University. In the early 1980s she returned to religious themes including working for the Corpus Christi Church, Headington, Oxford and the Church of the Sacred Heart, Sutton Coldfield.

Baillie Tolkien

Baillie Tolkien (née Klass) is the second wife of Christopher Tolkien. She was born in Winnipeg on 10 December 1941 to Dr. Alan Klass and his wife Helen. Alan Klass (1907–2000) was a surgeon and a distinguished member of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Manitoba. Baillie attended the McGill University and the University of Manitoba from which Baillie received her B.A. in 1962. She received her M.A. from St Hilda's College, Oxford in 1964. Her first husband was Brian Knaphies, a Rhodes Scholar from Winnipeg, to whom she was briefly married. While as Baillie Knapheis she worked as a secretary first to J.R.R. Tolkien and then to Isaiah Berlin. She married Christopher Tolkien on 18 September 1967. She has two children with Christopher. Their son Adam Reuel Tolkien was born in 1969 and their daughter Rachel Clare Reuel Tolkien was born in 1971. After the death of J.R.R. Tolkien, his letters written to his children were edited by Baillie for publication. The contents of the book were released in a 1976 book entitled The Father Christmas Letters, in which Baillie is credited as the editor. In the 1976–77 exhibition of paintings held at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and afterwards at the National Book League in London, Baillie contributed a short introduction to the catalog.[34]

John Francis R. Tolkien

John Francis Reuel Tolkien (1917–2003) was the eldest son of J. R. R. Tolkien. He was born in Cheltenham on 16 November 1917. He was educated at the Dragon School, Oxford and The Oratory School in Caversham, Berkshire where in his final year he decided to become a priest. On the advice of the Archbishop he decided to go to college to study English and joined Exeter College, Oxford from where he received his B.A. degree in 1939. In November 1939, he went to English College, Rome to train as a priest. Due to the outbreak of World War II, the college was moved to Stonyhurst in Lancashire where John trained as a priest during the war. He was ordained as a priest at St John and Augustine Church in North Oxford. His first position was as a curate from 1946 to 1950 at the St Mary and St Benedict Church in Coventry where he taught weekly classes to 60 children and organized the building of church schools. From 1950 to 1957 he was a curate at the English Martyrs Church in Sparkhill, Birmingham. Thereafter he moved to North Staffordshire, where he was the chaplain of University College of North Staffordshire and at two grammar schools, St Joseph's College, Trent Vale and St Dominic’s High School, Hartshill. He was parish priest at Knutton Roman Catholic Church from 1957 to 1966. In 1966, he became the parish priest at the Church of Our Lady of the Angels and St Peter in Chains, Stoke-on-Trent. He held the position till 1987 and there oversaw the building of a new school. He was chairman of governors at Bishop Right School, chaplain to the North Staffordshire Catholic Teachers Association and area chaplain to the Young Christian Students. He moved back to Oxford in 1987, settling in Eynsham where he was the parish priest at St. Peter's Catholic Church till his retirement in 1994. Father Tolkien also served in parishes in Oxford, Birmingham, and Warwickshire.[35][36][37][38]

In 1987, he and his sister Priscilla began identifying the large collection of family photographs. In 1992, they released a book titled The Tolkien Family Album containing photographs and memories of the Tolkien family and giving an account of their father's life to celebrate the centenary birth anniversary of J.R.R. Tolkien.[35][36]

Michael Hilary R. Tolkien

Michael Hilary Reuel Tolkien (22 October 1920 – 27 February 1984) was a British teacher. He was J. R. R. Tolkien's second son and was named after J. R. R. Tolkien's brother Hilary. When young Michael lost his toy dog and became sad about this, his father began to write the story of Roverandom to comfort him. Michael's fear of spiders was J. R. R. Tolkien's inspiration for the encounter of Bilbo Baggins and the spiders of Mirkwood in The Hobbit.[39] Michael also used to own a Dutch puppet which became an inspiration for Tom Bombadil.[40] In 1939, Michael volunteered for the British Army but he was told to continue his university studies. He studied history at Trinity College, Oxford. In 1941, Michael Hilary Tolkien served in an anti-aircraft role during the Battle of Britain for which he was awarded the George Medal.[41] He met a nurse named Joan Audrey Griffith (1916–1982) whom he wedded the same year.[42] Later in World War II, he served as an anti-aircraft gunner in France and Germany. In 1944, he returned to Trinity College and finished his studies. He graduated in Modern History in 1945.[39]

From 1947 until the 1970s he used to work as a teacher at various Catholic schools in Britain.[39] In 1973, Michael Tolkien published an article about his father in The Sunday Telegraph: "J. R. R. Tolkien – The Wizard Father".[43]

Michael and his wife Joan had three children: Michael George Reuel (b. 1943), Joan Anne (b. 1945) and Judith (b. 1951). Royd Tolkien is the son of Michael's daughter Joan. Michael Hilary Reuel Tolkien died in 1984 from leukemia.[39]

Priscilla Tolkien

Priscilla Mary Anne Reuel Tolkien (born 18 June 1929[44]) is the fourth and youngest child of J.R.R. Tolkien and his only daughter. Priscilla had long been hoped for, and was born to Tolkien and his wife in their house of 22 Northmoor Road in Oxford shortly before the couple moved into their new one at 20 Northmoor Road in 1930.[45] During the silver anniversary party of the wedding of Tolkien couple, she was their only child who accompanied them.[46] She took an active part in production of The Lord of the Rings by typing out some early chapters for her father at the age of fourteen. She completed her B.A. degree in English at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford in 1951.[44] The initial name of Frodo Baggins in the fourth draft of The Lord of the Rings was Bingo Bolger-Baggins which was named after a family of toy bears owned by Priscilla.[47] She accompanied her father to a two-week holiday in Italy from late July to mid-August 1955.[44] After that, she started living in the further side of the Oxford city from her parents house but still saw them frequently and started working as a probation officer in the city.[48] She was also a social worker.[44] Tolkien wrote his last letter to Priscilla in August, 1973.[49] She is the honorary vice-president of the Tolkien Society.[50] She wrote an article titled My Father the Artist in December, 1976 for Amon Hen, the bulletin of the Tolkien Society.[51] After her eldest brother John returned to Oxford in 1987, the siblings began identifying and cataloging the large collection of family photographs. In 1992, she and John published the book The Tolkien Family Album containing pictures of the Tolkien family to celebrate the 100th birth anniversary of their father. The same year she unveiled a plaque at the Anglical Cathedral of St. Andrew and St. Michael commemorating the centenary birth anniversary celebrations of her father at his birthplace of Bloemfontein, South Africa.[44] She launched the special Tolkien edition Royal Mail stamps commemorating her father's works in February 2004.[52] In 2012, she along with a coalition of British publishers sued Warner Brothers in her capacity of a trustee of Tolkien Trust for 80 million USD accusing them of exploiting Middle-earth characters to promote online gambling.[53]

Michael George R. Tolkien

Michael George Reuel Tolkien (born 1943) is a British poet. He is the grandson of J. R. R. Tolkien, being the eldest son of Michael H. R. Tolkien. Michael Tolkien was educated at The Oratory School in Oxford and then Ampleforth College. He studied English and Classics at St Andrews University and later a BPhil at Oxford. He taught as Head of English at Uppingham School until 1992. He has several volumes of published poetry including "Taking Cover", "Outstripping Gravity" and "Reaching for a Stranger." He is published by Redbeck Press. Michael Tolkien has two daughters, Catherine, born in 1969 and Ruth,[54] born in 1982. He is married to the artist Rosemary Walters.[55] He sits on the board of the Tolkien Company.

Simon Tolkien

Main article: Simon Tolkien

Simon Mario Reuel Tolkien (born 1959) is a British barrister and novelist. He is the grandson of J. R. R. Tolkien. He is the only son of Christopher Tolkien and his first wife, Faith Faulconbridge. Simon Tolkien was educated at the Dragon School in Oxford and then Downside School. He studied modern history at Trinity College, Oxford. In 1984, he married Tracey Steinberg who was born in 1962. They have two children, a son Nicholas and a daughter Anna. Tracey Tolkien owned and operated a vintage clothing store in Chelsea, London, Steinberg & Tolkien which shut in September 2007. She has also published several books on vintage clothing and jewellery. Simon became a barrister in 1994, specializing in criminal defence and prosecution.[56][57][58][59]

In January 2000, he began writing fiction.[56] His first novel, which he has described as a black comedy, was not accepted for publication. His second novel, a courtroom drama, was published in the United States as The Final Witness in 2002 and in United Kingdom as The Stepmother in 2003.[57][60] His second published work, The Inheritance (the first of a trilogy featuring Inspector Trave of the Oxfordshire Criminal Investigation Department), was published in 2010.[61] The second book of the Inspector Trave trilogy titled The King of Diamonds was released in 2011.[62] The third and final book in the trilogy titled Orders from Berlin was released in 2012.[63]

Simon Tolkien notably disagreed with the policy of his grandfather's estate in regard to The Lord of the Rings films. When Christopher Tolkien issued a statement that the "Tolkien estate would be best advised to avoid any specific association with the films",[64] Simon Tolkien broke ranks, offering to cooperate with the filmmakers, stating "It was my view that we take a much more positive line on the film and that was overruled by my father."[65] Following up a 2001 interview with the Independent, Simon in 2003 gave interviews to the Daily Telegraph and other media in which he discussed his strained relationship with his father, describing it as a permanent breach.[66] However, they have since reconciled.[56]

Royd Tolkien

Royd Allan Reuel Tolkien is a great-grandson of J.R.R. Tolkien. He was born on 16 July 1969 to Joan Tolkien and Hugh Baker.[67] At the request of Peter Jackson, he played a Gondorian ranger passing arms out to other rangers as they prepare to defend Osgiliath in The Return of the King, the final film in Jackson's film adaptation of his great-grandfather's works.[68] Royd Tolkien also produced a film titled Pimp, wherein he also plays himself.[69] He co-produced a film titled Tontine Massacre.[70] Royd has an older sister Mandy Doyle who was born in 1967. He also had a brother Michael "Mike" Baker, who was born in 1975 and suffered from motor neuron disease. Mike died in 2015.[71] In 2012, he along with his brother Mike and Peter Jackson made an appearance in an Air New Zealand safety video that was part of a major global promotion linked to the movie The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey.[72] Royd also made a cameo appearance in the extended edition of the film The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug. He appears during a scene in which Beorn and Gandalf are discussing the catacombs where the Nazgûl were buried.[73]

Ruth Tolkien

Ruth Mary Reuel Tolkien is a great-granddaughter of J.R.R. Tolkien. She is the daughter of Michael George Reuel Tolkien.[74][75]

Ruth Tolkien is registered blind[76][77] and is believed to be the only blind fencer competing against sighted opponents in British Fencing events.[78] As of September 2015, she is ranked 186 in the UK by British Fencing.[79] In October 2015 she was interviewed by Matthew Bannister on the BBC World Service about her fencing success.[80][81]

Tim Tolkien

Main article: Tim Tolkien

Timothy Tolkien (born October 1962) is the great-nephew of J. R. R. Tolkien and the grandson of Hilary Tolkien. His father is Julian Tolkien.[26] He is a sculptor who has designed several monumental sculptures, including the award-winning Sentinel.

His paternal grandfather, Hilary Arthur Reuel Tolkien, was the fantasy author's younger brother.

Tim Tolkien has a public art and metal sculpture business at Cradley Heath, West Midlands. He is also a bass player and member of the band Klangstorm, founded in 1996.

Tolkien family tree

References

  1. 1 2 3 de Camp, L. Sprague (1976). Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy. Arkham House. ISBN 0-87054-076-9.
  2. ↑ Yolen, Jane (1992). "Introduction". In Greenberg, Martin H. After the King: Stories in Honor of J.R.R. Tolkien. Tor Fantasy. ISBN 0-312-85175-8.
  3. ↑ Mitchell, Christopher. "J. R. R. Tolkien: Father of Modern Fantasy Literature". "Let There Be Light" series. University of California Television. Archived from the original (Google Video) on 28 July 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2006. External link in |publisher= (help)
  4. ↑ Clute, John and Grant, John, ed. (1999). The Encyclopedia of Fantasy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-19869-8.
  5. ↑ Westfahl, Gary, ed. (2005). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32950-8.
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  8. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 24508. p. 5498. 2 October 1877. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  9. ↑ Welcome to South Africa
  10. 1 2 hobbits
  11. ↑ Image of John Suffield's shop before demolition with caption – Birmingham.gov.uk
  12. ↑ Carpenter 1977, p. 24
  13. ↑ Carpenter 1977, p. 27
  14. ↑ Carpenter 1977, p. 29
  15. ↑ Doughan, David (2002). "JRR Tolkien Biography". Life of Tolkien. Retrieved 12 March 2006.
  16. ↑ Carpenter 1977
  17. ↑ Carpenter 1977, p. 31
  18. ↑ Carpenter 1977, p. 39
  19. ↑ Garth, John (2013). Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-54426-372-7.
  20. ↑ Carpenter 2014, p. 57
  21. ↑ Duriez 2003, p. 4
  22. ↑ Atherton 2014, p. 9
  23. ↑ Lee 2014, p. 8
  24. ↑ Norman, Neil (9 March 2009). "Simple tales that reveal Tolkien's inspiration". Daily Mail. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  25. ↑ Drout 2006, p. 455
  26. 1 2 Carter, Sandra (14 December 2001). "Related to Tolkien". Watford Observer. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  27. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=zWzAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT270&dq=magdalen+matthews+tolkien&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D2gCVa-XIIvbuQTAx4DQAg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA
  28. ↑ John Tolkien, Priscilla Tolkien (1992). The Tolkien Family Album. HarperCollins. p. 9. ISBN 9780261102392.
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  30. ↑ "More from Christopher Tolkien on Lord of the Rings Movies". Xenite.org. 9 December 2001. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  31. ↑ "Tolkien's son denies rift". BBC News. 7 December 2001. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  32. 1 2 3 Walter Hooper. C.S. Lewis: A Complete Guide to his Life and Works.
  33. 1 2 "J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: sample entries".
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  35. 1 2 Carpenter 2014, p. 104
  36. 1 2 Drout 2006, p. 667
  37. ↑ Father John Tolkien Biography at wordpress.com. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
  38. ↑ John Francis Tolkien People of Stoke-on-Trent at thepotteries.org. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
  39. 1 2 3 4 Drout 2006, pp. 668–9
  40. ↑ Poveda, Jaume Alberdo (2003–2004). "Narrative Models in Tolkien's Stories of Middle Earth" (pdf). Journal of English Studies 4: 7–22. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  41. ↑ Duriez 2003, p. 120
  42. ↑ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Letter No. 42, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
  43. ↑ Tolkien, Michael (9 September 1973). "J. R. R. Tolkien – The Wizard Father". The Sunday Telegraph.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 Drout 2006, p. 669
  45. ↑ Carpenter 2014, p. 119
  46. ↑ Duriez, Colin (2012). J. R. R. Tolkien: The Making of a Legend. Lion Books. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-74595-709-8.
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  51. ↑ The invented worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien: drawings and original manuscripts from the Marquette University collection, October 21, 2004 – January 30, 2005, Patrick and Beatrice Haggerty Museum of Art, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Patrick and Beatrice Haggerty Museum of Art. 2004. p. 39.
  52. ↑ "Royal Mail launches Rings stamps". BBC News. 25 February 2004. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  53. ↑ Sanchez, Raf (20 November 2012). "JRR Tolkien's daughter sues producers of The Hobbit". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  54. ↑ "Record year for GCSE pupils". BBC News. 26 August 1999. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
  55. ↑ Rosemary Tolkien website
  56. 1 2 3 Hough, Andrew (2012-11-18). "Simon Tolkien: J R R Tolkien's grandson admits Lord of the Rings trauma". Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
  57. 1 2 Drout 2006, p. 670
  58. ↑ Thomas, David (24 February 2003). "A leaf torn from the family tree". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  59. ↑ Kay, Karen (17 September 2007). "A rare vintage: Bon voyage to fashion icon Steinberg & Tolkien". Daily Mail. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  60. ↑ Flynn, Gillian (17 January 2003). "Final Witness (2002). Simon Tolkien". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  61. ↑ Keller, Julia (18 April 2010). "From Mordor to murder: Another Tolkien hits the books". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  62. ↑ "Book review: 'The King of Diamonds,' by Simon Tolkien". The Dallas Morning News. Kirkus Reviews. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  63. ↑ "Orders from Berlin". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
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  65. ↑ Susman, Gary (2001-12-10). "Tolkien Opposition". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  66. ↑ Thomas, David (2003-02-24). "J R R Tolkien's grandson 'cut off from literary inheritance'". Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
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  68. ↑ "He Rings a bell; ..IT'S TOLKIEN'S GREAT-GRANDSON, TAKING A BIT-PART IN THE MOVIE". The Daily Mirror. 8 December 2003.
  69. ↑ "JRR Tolkien’s Flintshire grandson to release new film Pimp with Danny Dyer". North Wales Daily Post. Trinity Mirror. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  70. ↑ "Tontine Massacre". R & R Film. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
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