Lake Winnipesaukee

Lake Winnipesaukee

Lake Winnipesaukee from summit of Mt. Major
Lake Winnipesaukee
Location Belknap County and Carroll County, New Hampshire
Coordinates 43°36′N 71°20′W / 43.600°N 71.333°W / 43.600; -71.333Coordinates: 43°36′N 71°20′W / 43.600°N 71.333°W / 43.600; -71.333
Primary inflows Gunstock River; Merrymeeting River; Melvin River; Red Hill River
Primary outflows Winnipesaukee River
Basin countries United States
Max. length 20.8 miles (33.4 km)
Max. width 9.0 miles (14.5 km)
Surface area 71 sq mi (180 km2)
Max. depth 212 ft (65 m)
Shore length1 288 miles (463 km)
Surface elevation 504 ft (154 m)
Islands 258[1]
Settlements see article
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Lake Winnipesaukee (/ˌwɪnɪpəˈsɔːki/) is the largest lake in the U.S. state of New Hampshire, located in the Lakes Region. It is approximately 21 miles (34 km) long (northwest-southeast) and from 1 to 9 miles (1.6 to 14.5 km) wide (northeast-southwest), covering 69 square miles (179 km2)—71 square miles (184 km2) when Paugus Bay is included[2]—with a maximum depth of 212 feet (65 m). The center area of the lake is called The Broads.[3]

The lake contains at least 258 islands,[1] half of which are less than a quarter-acre in size, and is indented by several peninsulas, yielding a total shoreline of approximately 288 miles (463 km). The driving distance around the lake is 63 miles (101 km). It is 504 feet (154 m) above sea level. Winnipesaukee is the third-largest lake in New England after Lake Champlain and Moosehead Lake.

Outflow is regulated by the Lakeport Dam[4] in Lakeport, New Hampshire, on the Winnipesaukee River.

History

The Weirs, about 1920
Lake Winnipesaukee, by William Trost Richards

Lake Winnipesaukee has been a popular tourist destination for more than a century, particularly among residents seeking a safe haven from the summer heat of Boston and New York City. The Native American name Winnipesaukee (often spelled Winnipiseogee in earlier centuries[5]:27 [6]) means either "smile of the Great Spirit" or "beautiful water in a high place".[5]:19 At the outlet of the lake, the Winnipesaukee Indians, a subtribe of the Pennacook, lived and fished at a village called Acquadocton. Today, the site is called The Weirs, named for the weirs colonists discovered when first exploring the region.

Winnipesaukee is a glacial lake but an unusual one, since the last glaciation actually reversed the flow of its waters. Draining the central portion of New Hampshire, it once flowed southeast, leaving via what is now Alton Bay toward the Atlantic Ocean. When glacial debris blocked this path, flow was redirected westward through Paugus Bay into the Winnipesaukee River. The latter flows west from the lake and joins the Pemigewasset River in Franklin to form the Merrimack River, which flows south to Massachusetts and into the Atlantic.

Center Harbor witnessed the first intercollegiate sporting event in the United States, as Harvard defeated Yale by two lengths in the first Harvard–Yale Regatta on August 3, 1852.[7] The outcome was repeated 100 years later when the schools celebrated the centennial of the race by again competing on Lake Winnipesaukee (Harvard winning by 2.7 seconds).[8]

Lake Winnipesaukee was also where the eponymous Lake Winnipesaukee mystery stone was found.

Cities and towns

Sunset from Long Island

The communities that surround the lake, clockwise from the southernmost town, are:

Islands

Ice-covered Lake Winnipesaukee, February 2010, looking north toward the Sandwich Range

There are at least 258 natural islands on Lake Winnipesaukee that are at least 3 feet (0.9 m) above lake level and contain vegetation, about 130 of which are over .25 acres (0.10 ha) in size.[1] 26 of these are 25 acres (10 ha) or larger:

Six islands are connected to the mainland by bridges (Black Cat, Governors, Long, Oak, Christmas (or Plummers) in Paugus Bay, and Worcester),[9] and another eight (Bear, Birch, Cow, East Bear, Jolly, Loon, Three Mile, and Sandy) are served by the U.S. mailboat M/V Sophie C.

Panoramic view of the Lake Winnipesaukee from the summit of Mount Major

Lakes region

Along with the rest of New Hampshire's Lakes Region, which also encompasses Lake Winnisquam, Lake Wentworth, Squam Lake and Newfound Lake, Winnipesaukee has been a vacation community for at least a century, particularly drawing people from the Boston region. The area is home to numerous summer theater troupes and offers a variety of land and water recreational activities. There are numerous hiking trails in and around the surrounding mountains, which include the Ossipee Mountains to the east, the Belknap Range to the west, and Red Hill to the north.

Steamship Mount Washington and her successor

The Mount Washington Under Full Speed Ahead, 2006, painted by Peter Buck

The paddlesteamer MS Mount Washington, named after the highest of New Hampshire's White Mountains, was launched in spring 1872 to carry mail, goods, and passengers on Lake Winnipesaukee, under the flag of the Boston and Maine Railroad. With a hull length of 178 feet (54 m) and a beam of 49 feet (15 m) she appeared as a typical representative of the North American sidewheelers around the second half of the century and was the largest steamer on the lake at that time. The huge paddle wheels were driven by a single-cylinder steam engine of 450 hp (340 kW) at approximately 26 rpm. The power was transferred from the vertical single cylinder to the wheel shaft by the walking beam, high above the upper deck, oscillating in the frequency of the paddle wheels. Known as "The Mount", her kitchen and restaurant service became famous.

On December 23, 1939, a nearby railroad station caught fire from an overheated stove. The fire soon spread to the ship, tied at the dock, and destroyed it. Efforts to cut Mount Washington loose were to no avail as it was a time of extremely low water and the hull was stuck fast in the mud of the lake bottom. Soon after, a local company was formed to build a new ship. Since Europe was already at war, obtaining steel was impossible. Instead, they purchased an old sidewheel vessel on Lake Champlain: the Chateaugay, a 203-foot (62 m), iron-hulled sidewheeler that was being used as a club house for the Burlington yacht club. It was cut into sections and transported to Lake Winnipesaukee on rail cars. A new twin-screw vessel was designed for the hull being welded back together at Lakeport. Powered by two steam engines taken from another ocean-going yacht, the new MS Mount Washington made her maiden voyage on August 15, 1940.

Two years after her launch, the new Mount Washington's engines were removed for use in a navy vessel during World War II. After the war, Mount Washington returned to the water. The ship was a success in the post-war tourist boom.[10]

In 1982, Mount Washington was cut open and extended with an additional 20-foot (6.1 m) hull section to add larger lounge and food service facilities. Still popular, she makes one or two round trips on the lake per day during the summer season, as well as numerous dinner dance cruises in the evenings.

US mailboat M/V Sophie C

The M/V Sophie C is the oldest, and one of only two currently operating, floating United States Postal Service post offices. Floating post office service was started on Lake Winnipesaukee in 1892, and currently delivers mail daily to eight of the lake's islands between June and September. As a floating post office, Sophie C delivers mail Monday-Saturday, sells postage, and collects and postmarks outgoing mail. Sophie C also operates as a sightseeing boat, carrying up to 125 people on her two cruises a day as she delivers mail, and sells ice cream and snacks to residents of the islands she serves.[11]

Seaplane base

The Alton Bay Seaplane Base is a state-owned, public-use seaplane base in Alton Bay, the southeast arm of the lake. In the winter it is the only FAA-approved ice runway in the contiguous United States, conditions permitting.[12]

Weather and climate

Average summertime on or next to the water brings days around 80 °F (26 °C), with overnight lows around 65 °F (18 °C). Less than one-half mile (800 m) away from the water, days can be warmer and nights cooler by several degrees. Summer's most extreme temperatures away from the water may be as high as 100 °F (38 °C) and as low as 50 °F (10 °C). A typical winter day brings a maximum of 28 °F (−2 °C) with overnight minimum around 15 °F (−9 °C). Typical wintertime extremes are 50 °F (10 °C) and −20 °F (−30 °C) but even greater extremes have been recorded nearby.

The water temperature typically reaches the upper 70s F (around 25 °C) in late July and cools into the 60s (around 18 °C) in September. Several days of hot, humid weather at the height of summer can bring the water temperature well above 80 °F (26 °C). It normally freezes during the last week of December. Ice thickness during a typical winter can be in excess of 18 inches (460 mm) in many parts of the lake.

Ice-Out

Lake Winnipesaukee is known for its annual Ice-Out Contest, in which people try to guess the earliest date that the Mount Washington can safely leave her port in Center Harbor and motor to four other ports (Weirs Beach, Alton Bay, Wolfeboro, and Meredith). Since records began in 1851, ice-out has happened as early as March 23[13] and as late as May 12, although 90 percent of the time it is declared during April. This official ruling is made by David Emerson of Emerson Aviation.[14]

In popular culture and the arts

View on Lake Winnipiseogee (1828) by American painter Thomas Cole

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Bizer's list of islands of Lake Winnipesaukee
  2. ↑ New Hampshire GRANIT database
  3. ↑ Heald, Bruce D. (1 May 1998). Boats and Ports of Lake Winnipesaukee. Arcadia Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-4396-2199-8.
  4. ↑ Lakeport Dam
  5. 1 2 Heald, Bruce (2001). Lake Winnipesaukee. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738523552.
  6. ↑ Wilkin, Elizabeth Crawford (1949). Winnipesaukee Whoppers: Fabulous Legends of the Lake Once Called Winnipiseogee. Melvin Village, New Hampshire: Pine Point Press.
  7. ↑ McKenna, Robert (2003), The Dictionary of Nautical Literacy, McGraw-Hill Professional Reference, p. 157, ISBN 0-07-141950-0
  8. ↑ "The Harvard-Yale Regatta".
  9. ↑ "Lake Winnipesaukee Fun Facts in New Hampshire". Lake-Winnipesaukee-Travel-Guide. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  10. ↑ Paul H. Blaisdell: Three Centuries on Winnipesaukee, published 1975 by the New Hampshire Publishing Company, Somersworth, N.H.
  11. ↑ "U/S Mail Boat, Sophie C. on Lake Winnipesaukee, NH". Cruise Mount Washington. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Pilots Take Advantage Of Runway On Frozen Lake Winnipesaukee". CBS Boston. February 28, 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
  13. ↑ Dan Seufert (March 23, 2012). "Earliest ever Ice-Out on Lake Winnipesaukee". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  14. ↑ Dan Seufert (April 23, 2014). "Ice-Out declared on Lake Winnipesaukee". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Pop culture in and around the Lakes Region". Bizer.com. Retrieved June 23, 2014.

External links

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