Melanocortin 4 receptor

Melanocortin 4 receptor

Rendering based on PDB 2IQP​.
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
Symbols MC4R ; MGC126851; MGC138197
External IDs OMIM: 155541 MGI: 99457 HomoloGene: 4320 IUPHAR: 285 ChEMBL: 259 GeneCards: MC4R Gene
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 4160 17202
Ensembl ENSG00000166603 ENSMUSG00000047259
UniProt P32245 P56450
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_005912 NM_016977
RefSeq (protein) NP_005903 NP_058673
Location (UCSC) Chr 18:
60.37 – 60.37 Mb		 Chr 18:
66.86 – 66.86 Mb
PubMed search

Melanocortin 4 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MC4R gene.[1][2][3] It encodes the MC4 protein, a G protein-coupled receptor that binds α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In murine models MC4 receptors have been found to be involved in feeding behaviour, the regulation of metabolism, sexual behaviour, and male erectile function.[4][5][6]

In 2008, MC4R mutations were reported to be associated with inherited human obesity. They were found in heterozygotes, suggesting an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. However, based on other research and observations, these mutations seem to have an incomplete penetrance and some degree of codominance. It has a prevalence of 1.0-2.5% in people with body mass indices greater than 30, making it the most commonly known genetic defect predisposing people to obesity.[7]

Clinical significance

In 2009, two very large genome-wide association studies of body mass index (BMI) confirmed the association of variants about 150 kilobases downstream of the MC4R gene with insulin resistance, obesity, and other anthropometric traits.[8][9][10][11] MC4R may also have clinical utility as a biomarker for predicting individual susceptibility to drug-induced adverse effects causing weight gain and related metabolic abnormalities. Another GWAS performed in 2012 identified twenty SNPs located ~190 Kb downstream of MC4R in association with severe antipsychotic-induced weight gain. This locus overlapped with the region previously identified in the 2009 studies. The rs489693 polymorphism, in particular, sustained a statistically robust signal across three replication cohorts and demonstrated consistent recessive effects.[12] This finding was replicated again by another research group in the following year.[13] In accordance with the above, MC4 receptor agonists have garnered interest as potential treatments for obesity and insulin resistance,[14][15] while MC4 receptor antagonists have attracted interest as potential treatments for cachexia.[16]

MC4 receptor agonists like bremelanotide (PT-141), PL-6983, and PF-00446687 are under investigation as powerful potential treatments for both female and male sexual dysfunction, including hypoactive sexual desire disorder and erectile dysfunction.[17] Bremelanotide and melanotan II are already used for sexual enhancement by the general population via their accessibility due to online drug vendors.[18] The non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist afamelanotide (NDP-α-MSH) has been found to induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the rodent brain via activation of the MC4 receptor and mediate "intense" neurogenesis and cognitive recovery in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease.[19][20] MC4 receptor antagonists produce pronounced antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects in animal models of depression and anxiety.[21][22] And agonists of the MC4 receptor such as melanotan II and PF-00446687, via activation of the central oxytocin system, have been found to promote pair bond formation in prairie voles and, due to these prosocial effects, have been suggested as possible treatments for social deficits in autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia.[23]

Interactions

The MC4 receptor has been shown to interact with proopiomelanocortin (POMC).[24][25]

Ligands

Agonists

Non-selective

Selective

Antagonists

Non-selective

Selective

Unknown

See also

References

  1. ↑ Magenis RE, Smith L, Nadeau JH, Johnson KR, Mountjoy KG, Cone RD (Aug 1994). "Mapping of the ACTH, MSH, and neural (MC3 and MC4) melanocortin receptors in the mouse and human". Mammalian Genome 5 (8): 503–8. doi:10.1007/BF00369320. PMID 7949735.
  2. ↑ Sundaramurthy D, Campbell DA, Leek JP, Markham AF, Pieri LF (November 1998). "Assignment of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene to human chromosome band 18q22 by in situ hybridisation and radiation hybrid mapping". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 82 (1-2): 97–8. doi:10.1159/000015074. PMID 9763669.
  3. ↑ "Entrez Gene: MC4R melanocortin 4 receptor".
  4. ↑ Fan W, Boston BA, Kesterson RA, Hruby VJ, Cone RD (Jan 1997). "Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome". Nature 385 (6612): 165–8. doi:10.1038/385165a0. PMID 8990120.
  5. ↑ Huszar D, Lynch CA, Fairchild-Huntress V, Dunmore JH, Fang Q, Berkemeier LR, Gu W, Kesterson RA, Boston BA, Cone RD, Smith FJ, Campfield LA, Burn P, Lee F (Jan 1997). "Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice". Cell 88 (1): 131–41. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81865-6. PMID 9019399.
  6. ↑ Van der Ploeg LH, Martin WJ, Howard AD, Nargund RP, Austin CP, Guan X, Drisko J, Cashen D, Sebhat I, Patchett AA, Figueroa DJ, DiLella AG, Connolly BM, Weinberg DH, Tan CP, Palyha OC, Pong SS, MacNeil T, Rosenblum C, Vongs A, Tang R, Yu H, Sailer AW, Fong TM, Huang C, Tota MR, Chang RS, Stearns R, Tamvakopoulos C, Christ G, Drazen DL, Spar BD, Nelson RJ, MacIntyre DE (Aug 2002). "A role for the melanocortin 4 receptor in sexual function". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (17): 11381–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.172378699. PMC 123265. PMID 12172010.
  7. ↑ Farooqi S, O'Rahilly S (Dec 2006). "Genetics of obesity in humans". Endocrine Reviews 27 (7): 710–18. doi:10.1210/er.2006-0040. PMID 17122358.
  8. ↑ Chambers JC, Elliott P, Zabaneh D, Zhang W, Li Y, Froguel P, Balding D, Scott J, Kooner JS (Jun 2008). "Common genetic variation near MC4R is associated with waist circumference and insulin resistance". Nature Genetics 40 (6): 716–8. doi:10.1038/ng.156. PMID 18454146.
  9. ↑ Loos RJ, Lindgren CM, Li S, Wheeler E, Zhao JH, Prokopenko I, Inouye M, Freathy RM, Attwood AP, Beckmann JS, Berndt SI, Jacobs KB, Chanock SJ, Hayes RB, Bergmann S, Bennett AJ, Bingham SA, Bochud M, Brown M, Cauchi S, Connell JM, Cooper C, Smith GD, Day I, Dina C, De S, Dermitzakis ET, Doney AS, Elliott KS, Elliott P, Evans DM, Sadaf Farooqi I, Froguel P, Ghori J, Groves CJ, Gwilliam R, Hadley D, Hall AS, Hattersley AT, Hebebrand J, Heid IM, Lamina C, Gieger C, Illig T, Meitinger T, Wichmann HE, Herrera B, Hinney A, Hunt SE, Jarvelin MR, Johnson T, Jolley JD, Karpe F, Keniry A, Khaw KT, Luben RN, Mangino M, Marchini J, McArdle WL, McGinnis R, Meyre D, Munroe PB, Morris AD, Ness AR, Neville MJ, Nica AC, Ong KK, O'Rahilly S, Owen KR, Palmer CN, Papadakis K, Potter S, Pouta A, Qi L, Randall JC, Rayner NW, Ring SM, Sandhu MS, Scherag A, Sims MA, Song K, Soranzo N, Speliotes EK, Syddall HE, Teichmann SA, Timpson NJ, Tobias JH, Uda M, Vogel CI, Wallace C, Waterworth DM, Weedon MN, Willer CJ, Yuan X, Zeggini E, Hirschhorn JN, Strachan DP, Ouwehand WH, Caulfield MJ, Samani NJ, Frayling TM, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Mooser V, Deloukas P, McCarthy MI, Wareham NJ, Barroso I, Jacobs KB, Chanock SJ, Hayes RB, Lamina C, Gieger C, Illig T, Meitinger T, Wichmann HE, Kraft P, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, Hu FB, Lyon HN, Voight BF, Ridderstrale M, Groop L, Scheet P, Sanna S, Abecasis GR, Albai G, Nagaraja R, Schlessinger D, Jackson AU, Tuomilehto J, Collins FS, Boehnke M, Mohlke KL (Jun 2008). "Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity". Nature Genetics 40 (6): 768–75. doi:10.1038/ng.140. PMC 2669167. PMID 18454148.
  10. ↑ Thorleifsson G, Walters GB, Gudbjartsson DF, Steinthorsdottir V, Sulem P, Helgadottir A, Styrkarsdottir U, Gretarsdottir S, Thorlacius S, Jonsdottir I, Jonsdottir T, Olafsdottir EJ, Olafsdottir GH, Jonsson T, Jonsson F, Borch-Johnsen K, Hansen T, Andersen G, Jorgensen T, Lauritzen T, Aben KK, Verbeek AL, Roeleveld N, Kampman E, Yanek LR, Becker LC, Tryggvadottir L, Rafnar T, Becker DM, Gulcher J, Kiemeney LA, Pedersen O, Kong A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K (Jan 2009). "Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity". Nature Genetics 41 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1038/ng.274. PMID 19079260.
  11. ↑ Willer CJ, Speliotes EK, Loos RJ, Li S, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, Berndt SI, Elliott AL, Jackson AU, Lamina C, Lettre G, Lim N, Lyon HN, McCarroll SA, Papadakis K, Qi L, Randall JC, Roccasecca RM, Sanna S, Scheet P, Weedon MN, Wheeler E, Zhao JH, Jacobs LC, Prokopenko I, Soranzo N, Tanaka T, Timpson NJ, Almgren P, Bennett A, Bergman RN, Bingham SA, Bonnycastle LL, Brown M, Burtt NP, Chines P, Coin L, Collins FS, Connell JM, Cooper C, Smith GD, Dennison EM, Deodhar P, Elliott P, Erdos MR, Estrada K, Evans DM, Gianniny L, Gieger C, Gillson CJ, Guiducci C, Hackett R, Hadley D, Hall AS, Havulinna AS, Hebebrand J, Hofman A, Isomaa B, Jacobs KB, Johnson T, Jousilahti P, Jovanovic Z, Khaw KT, Kraft P, Kuokkanen M, Kuusisto J, Laitinen J, Lakatta EG, Luan J, Luben RN, Mangino M, McArdle WL, Meitinger T, Mulas A, Munroe PB, Narisu N, Ness AR, Northstone K, O'Rahilly S, Purmann C, Rees MG, Ridderstråle M, Ring SM, Rivadeneira F, Ruokonen A, Sandhu MS, Saramies J, Scott LJ, Scuteri A, Silander K, Sims MA, Song K, Stephens J, Stevens S, Stringham HM, Tung YC, Valle TT, Van Duijn CM, Vimaleswaran KS, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Wallace C, Watanabe RM, Waterworth DM, Watkins N, Witteman JC, Zeggini E, Zhai G, Zillikens MC, Altshuler D, Caulfield MJ, Chanock SJ, Farooqi IS, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Hattersley AT, Hu FB, Jarvelin MR, Laakso M, Mooser V, Ong KK, Ouwehand WH, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Spector TD, Tuomi T, Tuomilehto J, Uda M, Uitterlinden AG, Wareham NJ, Deloukas P, Frayling TM, Groop LC, Hayes RB, Hunter DJ, Mohlke KL, Peltonen L, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Wichmann HE, McCarthy MI, Boehnke M, Barroso I, Abecasis GR, Hirschhorn JN (Jan 2009). "Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation". Nature Genetics 41 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1038/ng.287. PMC 2695662. PMID 19079261.
  12. ↑ Malhotra AK, Correll CU, Chowdhury NI, Müller DJ, Gregersen PK, Lee AT, Tiwari AK, Kane JM, Fleischhacker WW, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA, Meltzer HY, Lencz T, Kennedy JL (Sep 2012). "Association between common variants near the melanocortin 4 receptor gene and severe antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain". Archives of General Psychiatry 69 (9): 904–12. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.191. PMID 22566560.
  13. ↑ Czerwensky F, Leucht S, Steimer W (Oct 2013). "MC4R rs489693: a clinical risk factor for second generation antipsychotic-related weight gain?". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum 16 (9): 2103–9. doi:10.1017/S1461145713000849. PMID 23920449.
  14. ↑ Wikberg JE, Mutulis F (2008). "Targeting melanocortin receptors: an approach to treat weight disorders and sexual dysfunction". Nat Rev Drug Discov 7 (4): 307–23. doi:10.1038/nrd2331. PMID 18323849.
  15. ↑ Fosgerau K, Raun K, Nilsson C, Dahl K, Wulff BS (2014). "Novel α-MSH analog causes weight loss in obese rats and minipigs and improves insulin sensitivity". J. Endocrinol. 220 (2): 97–107. doi:10.1530/JOE-13-0284. PMC 3888513. PMID 24204009.
  16. ↑ Foster AC, Chen C (2007). "Melanocortin-4 receptor antagonists as potential therapeutics in the treatment of cachexia". Curr Top Med Chem 7 (11): 1131–6. doi:10.2174/156802607780906663. PMID 17584133.
  17. ↑ Shadiack AM, Sharma SD, Earle DC, Spana C, Hallam TJ (2007). "Melanocortins in the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunction". Curr Top Med Chem 7 (11): 1137–44. PMID 17584134.
  18. ↑ Evans-Brown M, Dawson RT, Chandler M, McVeigh J (2009). "Use of melanotan I and II in the general population". BMJ 338: b566. doi:10.1136/bmj.b566. PMID 19224885.
  19. ↑ Giuliani D, Neri L, Canalini F, Calevro A, Ottani A, Vandini E, Sena P, Zaffe D, Guarini S (2015). "NDP-α-MSH induces intense neurogenesis and cognitive recovery in Alzheimer transgenic mice through activation of melanocortin MC4 receptors". Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 67: 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2015.05.004. PMID 26003413.
  20. ↑ Ramírez D, Saba J, Carniglia L, Durand D, Lasaga M, Caruso C (2015). "Melanocortin 4 receptor activates ERK-cFos pathway to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rat astrocytes and hypothalamus". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 411: 28–37. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.008. PMID 25892444.
  21. ↑ Serova LI, Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Sabban EL (2013). "Intranasal infusion of melanocortin receptor four (MC4R) antagonist to rats ameliorates development of depression and anxiety related symptoms induced by single prolonged stress". Behav. Brain Res. 250: 139–47. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.006. PMID 23680165.
  22. ↑ Chaki S, Okubo T (2007). "Melanocortin-4 receptor antagonists for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders". Curr Top Med Chem 7 (11): 1145–51. PMID 17584135.
  23. ↑ Modi ME, Inoue K, Barrett CE, Kittelberger KA, Smith DG, Landgraf R, Young LJ (2015). "Melanocortin Receptor Agonists Facilitate Oxytocin-Dependent Partner Preference Formation in the Prairie Vole". Neuropsychopharmacology 40 (8): 1856–65. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.35. PMID 25652247.
  24. ↑ Yang YK, Fong TM, Dickinson CJ, Mao C, Li JY, Tota MR, Mosley R, Van Der Ploeg LH, Gantz I (Dec 2000). "Molecular determinants of ligand binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor". Biochemistry 39 (48): 14900–11. doi:10.1021/bi001684q. PMID 11101306.
  25. ↑ Yang YK, Ollmann MM, Wilson BD, Dickinson C, Yamada T, Barsh GS, Gantz I (Mar 1997). "Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Molecular Endocrinology 11 (3): 274–80. doi:10.1210/me.11.3.274. PMID 9058374.

External links

Further reading

  • Mountjoy KG, Mortrud MT, Low MJ, Simerly RB, Cone RD (Oct 1994). "Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain". Molecular Endocrinology 8 (10): 1298–308. doi:10.1210/me.8.10.1298. PMID 7854347. 
  • Gantz I, Miwa H, Konda Y, Shimoto Y, Tashiro T, Watson SJ, DelValle J, Yamada T (Jul 1993). "Molecular cloning, expression, and gene localization of a fourth melanocortin receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 (20): 15174–9. PMID 8392067. 
  • Alvaro JD, Tatro JB, Quillan JM, Fogliano M, Eisenhard M, Lerner MR, Nestler EJ, Duman RS (Sep 1996). "Morphine down-regulates melanocortin-4 receptor expression in brain regions that mediate opiate addiction". Molecular Pharmacology 50 (3): 583–91. PMID 8794897. 
  • Yang YK, Ollmann MM, Wilson BD, Dickinson C, Yamada T, Barsh GS, Gantz I (Mar 1997). "Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Molecular Endocrinology 11 (3): 274–80. doi:10.1210/me.11.3.274. PMID 9058374. 
  • Chagnon YC, Chen WJ, Pérusse L, Chagnon M, Nadeau A, Wilkison WO, Bouchard C (Oct 1997). "Linkage and association studies between the melanocortin receptors 4 and 5 genes and obesity-related phenotypes in the Québec Family Study". Molecular Medicine 3 (10): 663–73. PMC 2230227. PMID 9392003. 
  • Yeo GS, Farooqi IS, Aminian S, Halsall DJ, Stanhope RG, O'Rahilly S (Oct 1998). "A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity". Nature Genetics 20 (2): 111–2. doi:10.1038/2404. PMID 9771698. 
  • Vaisse C, Clement K, Guy-Grand B, Froguel P (Oct 1998). "A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity". Nature Genetics 20 (2): 113–4. doi:10.1038/2407. PMID 9771699. 
  • Hinney A, Schmidt A, Nottebom K, Heibült O, Becker I, Ziegler A, Gerber G, Sina M, Görg T, Mayer H, Siegfried W, Fichter M, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J (Apr 1999). "Several mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene including a nonsense and a frameshift mutation associated with dominantly inherited obesity in humans". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 (4): 1483–6. doi:10.1210/jc.84.4.1483. PMID 10199800. 
  • Yang YK, Dickinson CJ, Zeng Q, Li JY, Thompson DA, Gantz I (May 1999). "Contribution of melanocortin receptor exoloops to Agouti-related protein binding". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (20): 14100–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.20.14100. PMID 10318826. 
  • Ho G, MacKenzie RG (Dec 1999). "Functional characterization of mutations in melanocortin-4 receptor associated with human obesity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (50): 35816–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.50.35816. PMID 10585465. 
  • Yang YK, Fong TM, Dickinson CJ, Mao C, Li JY, Tota MR, Mosley R, Van Der Ploeg LH, Gantz I (Dec 2000). "Molecular determinants of ligand binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor". Biochemistry 39 (48): 14900–11. doi:10.1021/bi001684q. PMID 11101306. 
  • Mergen M, Mergen H, Ozata M, Oner R, Oner C (Jul 2001). "A novel melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene mutation associated with morbid obesity". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 (7): 3448. doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.3448. PMID 11443223. 
  • McNulty JC, Thompson DA, Bolin KA, Wilken J, Barsh GS, Millhauser GL (Dec 2001). "High-resolution NMR structure of the chemically-synthesized melanocortin receptor binding domain AGRP(87-132) of the agouti-related protein". Biochemistry 40 (51): 15520–7. doi:10.1021/bi0117192. PMID 11747427. 
  • Brocke KS, Neu-Yilik G, Gehring NH, Hentze MW, Kulozik AE (Feb 2002). "The human intronless melanocortin 4-receptor gene is NMD insensitive". Human Molecular Genetics 11 (3): 331–5. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.3.331. PMID 11823452. 
  • Yang Y, Chen M, Lai Y, Gantz I, Georgeson KE, Harmon CM (Jun 2002). "Molecular determinants of human melanocortin-4 receptor responsible for antagonist SHU9119 selective activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (23): 20328–35. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201343200. PMID 11912210. 
  • Hansen MJ, Morris MJ (May 2002). "Evidence for an interaction between neuropeptide Y and the melanocortin-4 receptor on feeding in the rat". Neuropharmacology 42 (6): 792–7. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00025-4. PMID 12015205. 
  • Miraglia Del Giudice E, Cirillo G, Nigro V, Santoro N, D'Urso L, Raimondo P, Cozzolino D, Scafato D, Perrone L (May 2002). "Low frequency of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) mutations in a Mediterranean population with early-onset obesity". International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26 (5): 647–51. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801983. PMID 12032748. 
  • Kim CS, Lee SH, Kim RY, Kim BJ, Li SZ, Lee IH, Lee EJ, Lim SK, Bae YS, Lee W, Baik JH (Aug 2002). "Identification of domains directing specificity of coupling to G-proteins for the melanocortin MC3 and MC4 receptors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (35): 31310–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112085200. PMID 12045190. 

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