Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3

Cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 3

Rat M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor/lysozyme fusion protein with bound tiotropium. PDB 4daj^[1]

Available structures

Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB

List of PDB id codes
2CSA

Identifiers

Symbols

CHRM3 ; EGBRS; HM3; PBS

External IDs

OMIM: 118494 MGI: 88398 HomoloGene: 20191 IUPHAR: 15 ChEMBL: 245 GeneCards: CHRM3 Gene

Gene ontology
Molecular function	• phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity • receptor activity • protein binding • drug binding • G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity • acetylcholine binding
Cellular component	• plasma membrane • integral component of plasma membrane • basolateral plasma membrane • cell junction • dendrite • asymmetric synapse • axon terminus • synapse • postsynaptic membrane
Biological process	• regulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction • energy reserve metabolic process • cellular protein modification process • smooth muscle contraction • signal transduction • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway • phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway • G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway • synaptic transmission, cholinergic • nervous system development • sensory perception of chemical stimulus • cell proliferation • positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • small molecule metabolic process • positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction • saliva secretion • regulation of insulin secretion
Sources: Amigo / QuickGO

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

RefSeq (mRNA)

RefSeq (protein)

Location (UCSC)

Chr 1:
239.39 – 239.92 Mb

Chr 13:
9.88 – 10.36 Mb

PubMed search

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, also known as cholinergic/acetylcholine receptor M₃, or the muscarinic 3, is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor encoded by the human gene CHRM3.^[2]

The M₃ muscarinic receptors are located at many places in the body, e.g., smooth muscles, the endocrine glands, the exocrine glands, lungs, pancreas and the brain. In the CNS, they induce emesis. Muscarinic M₃ receptors are expressed in regions of the brain that regulate insulin homeostasis, such as the hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex of the brainstem.^[3] These receptors are highly expressed on pancreatic beta cells and are critical regulators of glucose homoestasis by modulating insulin secretion.^[4] In general, they cause smooth muscle contraction and increased glandular secretions.^[2]

They are unresponsive to PTX and CTX.

Mechanism

Like the M₁ muscarinic receptor, M₃ receptors are coupled to G proteins of class G_q, which upregulate phospholipase C and, therefore, inositol trisphosphate and intracellular calcium as a signalling pathway.^[5] The calcium function in vertebrates also involves activation of protein kinase C and its effects.

Effects

Smooth muscle

Because the M₃ receptor is G_q-coupled and mediates an increase in intracellular calcium, it typically causes constriction of smooth muscle, such as that observed during bronchoconstriction. However, with respect to vasculature, activation of M₃ on vascular endothelial cells causes increased synthesis of nitric oxide, which diffuses to adjacent vascular smooth muscle cells and causes their relaxation and vasodilation, thereby explaining the paradoxical effect of parasympathomimetics on vascular tone and bronchiolar tone. Indeed, direct stimulation of vascular smooth muscle M₃ mediates vasoconstriction in pathologies wherein the vascular endothelium is disrupted.^[6]

Diabetes

The muscarinic M₃ receptor regulates insulin secretion from the pancreas^[4] and are an important target for understanding the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Some antipsychotic drugs that are prescribed to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (such as olanzapine and clozapine) have a high risk of diabetes side-effects. These drugs potently bind to and block the muscarinic M₃ receptor, which causes insulin dysregulation that may precede diabetes.^[3]

Other

The M₃ receptors are also located in many glands, both endocrine and exocrine glands, and help to stimulate secretion in salivary glands and other glands of the body.

Other effects are:

increased secretions from stomach
Eye accommodation

Agonists

No highly selective M3 agonists are yet available as of 2009, but a number of non-selective muscarinic agonists are active at M3.

acetylcholine
bethanechol
carbachol^[7]
L-689,660 (mixed M1/M3 agonist)
oxotremorine^[7]
pilocarpine (in eye)

Antagonists

atropine^[5]^[7]
Hyoscyamine^[8]
4-DAMP (1,1-Dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide, CAS# 1952-15-4)
DAU-5884 (8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo-3-endo[1.2.3]oct-3-yl-1,4-dihydro-2-oxo-3(2H)-quinazolinecarboxylic acid ester, CAS# 131780-47-7)
dicycloverine^[7]
J-104,129 ((aR)-a-Cyclopentyl-a-hydroxy-N-[1-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-4-piperidinyl]benzeneacetamide, CAS# 244277-89-2)
HL-031,120 ((3R,2'R)-enantiomer of EA-3167)
tolterodine^[7]
oxybutynin^[7]
ipratropium^[7]
darifenacin
tiotropium
Zamifenacin ((3R)-1-[2-(1-,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)ethyl]-3-(diphenylmethoxy)piperidine, CAS# 127308-98-9)

Interactions

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 has been shown to pre-couple with Gq proteins. The polybasic c-tail of the receptor is necessary for the pre-coupling.^[5] It has also been shown interact with Arf6^[9] and ARF1.^[9]

References

↑ Kruse, A. C.; Hu, J.; Pan, A. C.; Arlow, D. H.; Rosenbaum, D. M.; Rosemond, E.; Green, H. F.; Liu, T.; Chae, P. S.; Dror, R. O.; Shaw, D. E.; Weis, W. I.; Wess, J. R.; Kobilka, B. K. (2012). "Structure and dynamics of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor". Nature 482 (7386): 552–556. doi:10.1038/nature10867. PMC 3529910. PMID 22358844.
1 2 "Entrez Gene: CHRM3 cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 3".
1 2 Weston-Green K, Huang XF, Lian J, Deng C (May 2012). "Effects of olanzapine on muscarinic M3 receptor binding density in the brain relates to weight gain, plasma insulin and metabolic hormone levels". European Neuropsychopharmacology 22 (5): 364–73. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.09.003. PMID 21982116.
1 2 Gautam D, Han SJ, Hamdan FF, Jeon J, Li B, Li JH, Cui Y, Mears D, Lu H, Deng C, Heard T, Wess J (June 2006). "A critical role for [beta] cell M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in regulating insulin release and blood glucose homeostasis in vivo". Cell Metabolism 3 (6): 449–461. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.04.009. PMID 16753580.
1 2 3 Qin K, Dong C, Wu G, Lambert NA (August 2011). "Inactive-state preassembly of Gq-coupled receptors and Gq heterotrimers". Nature Chemical Biology 7 (11): 740–747. doi:10.1038/nchembio.642. PMC 3177959. PMID 21873996.
↑ Keith Parker; Laurence Brunton; Goodman, Louis Sanford; Lazo, John S.; Gilman, Alfred (2006). Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 185. ISBN 0-07-142280-3.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK (2003). "Ch. 10". Pharmacology (5th ed.). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. p. 139. ISBN 0-443-07145-4.
↑ Edwards Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Belcher Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (May 2010), DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, retrieved January 13, 2013
1 2 Mitchell R, Robertson DN, Holland PJ, Collins D, Lutz EM, Johnson MS (September 2003). "ADP-ribosylation factor-dependent phospholipase D activation by the M3 muscarinic receptor". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 278 (36): 33818–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305825200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 12799371.

External links

"Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic): M₃". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin like

Neurotransmitter

Adrenergic	α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3

Purinergic	Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14)

Serotonin	(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7)

Other	Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine (D1 D2 D3 D4 D5) Histamine (H1 H2 H3 H4) Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 3 5 6 8 9)

Metabolites and
signaling molecules

Eicosanoid	CysLT (1 2) LTB4 (1 2) FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin (DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP) Prostacyclin Thromboxane

Other	Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Lactate Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Niacin (1 2) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate

Peptide

Neuropeptide	B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2)

Other	Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin (BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin (A B) Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) GHB receptor Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2)

Miscellaneous

Orphan	GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 77 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183)

Other	Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3)

Class B: Secretin like

Adhesion	ADGRG (1 2 3 4 5 6 7)

Orphan	GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157)

Other	Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (1 2 3) Cadherin (1 2 3) Calcitonin CALCRL CD97 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) EMR (1 2 3) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth hormone releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Latrophilin (1 2 3 ELTD1) Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone

Taste	TAS1R (1 2 3) TAS2R (1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60)

Other	Calcium-sensing receptor GABA B (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4)

Class F: Frizzled / Smoothened

Frizzled	Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)

Smoothened	Smoothened

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