MĂ©tis in Alberta

MĂ©tis in Alberta are MĂ©tis people, descendants of mixed First Nations/native Indian and White/European families, who live in the Canadian province of Alberta. The MĂ©tis are considered an aboriginal group under Canada's constitution but are in some respects separate from the First Nations (though they live in the same regions and have cultural similarities), and have different legal rights. In Alberta, unlike in the rest of Canada, MĂ©tis people have had certain lands reserved for them, known as MĂ©tis Settlements.

History

MĂ©tis history in Alberta begins with the Fur Trade in North America. The MĂ©tis were created as a people by the interactions of White fur trading agents with First Nations communities. MĂ©tis populations grew up around fur trading posts of the North-West and Hudson's Bay companies.[1] For example, Fort Edmonton spawned a large MĂ©tis population that was involved in an annual buffalo hunt for many years.[2] These MĂ©tis helped to establish the nearby settlements of Lac Ste Anne (1844),[3] St. Albert (1861),[4] Lac la Biche (1853), and St. Paul de MĂ©tis.[5] The Hudson's Bay Company's claim in the west (called Rupert's Land) was sold to Canada in 1869 and its legal monopoly on the fur trade (not enforced since the trail of MĂ©tis trapper Guillaume Sayer in 1849) was officially ended in 1870. On the one hand this was an economic boon to the MĂ©tis as it opened the fur and buffalo meat trades to private MĂ©tis traders; however, it also exposed them to a flood of White European and Canadian people into their traditional homelands. MĂ©tis living further east in what later became Manitoba and Saskatchewan took up arms against the Canadian government in the two failed Riel Rebellions (or "Riel Resistance", 1870 and 1885) in attempt to assert their rights in the face of the newcomers. The end of these rebellions combined with the collapse of the fur and buffalo meat industries forced many Albertan MĂ©tis off their lands and reduced them to poverty. On the whole, the MĂ©tis culture and community survived, with farming replacing bison hunting and fur trading as the main economic activity in the Parkland Belt, though trapping and hunting have remained very important in the Rocky Mountain and Boreal Forest regions. In most areas of MĂ©tis settlement, the MĂ©tis lived in close proximity to other cultural groups and many have intermarried and assimilated into mainstream Albertan society to the point that their descendants no longer think of themselves as MĂ©tis. However, in much of Northern Alberta, the MĂ©tis in more remote rural and isolated communities have remained culturally distinct.

As a response to MĂ©tis dispossession and impoverishment, MĂ©tis political organization, dormant since the Riel Rebellions, was revived in the late 1920s, by a number of competing organizations such as the Half-Breed Association, the MĂ©tis Association, and the Half-breed Association of Northern Alberta. In 1932 a lasting organization was founded as L’Association des MĂ©tis d’Alberta et les Territories du Nord-Ouest by Malcolm Norris, Jim Brady, Peter Tomkins, Joseph Dion and Felix Calliou (the MĂ©tis "famous five"). In response to their lobbying, the Alberta legislature asked for an investigation, which became the Ewing Commission (a royal commission) of 1934-1936. Its report called for a MĂ©tis land base provided by the provincial government.

The result of the report was the creation of twelve MĂ©tis settlements in 1938 by way of the MĂ©tis Population Betterment Act. In the late 1950s four of these settlements (Touchwood, Marlboro, Cold Lake, and Wolf Lake) were closed, requiring residents to relocate to one of the remaining eight settlements, all north of Edmonton.

The Alberta Federation of Metis Settlements Associations was formed in 1975 as the umbrella organization for the eight settlement councils.

Alberta signed the first of a series of the framework agreements with the Metis Nation of Alberta in 1989, outlining the basis for further cooperation.

In 1990, the Federation of Metis Settlements and province of Alberta reached an agreement, the Alberta-Metis Settlements Accord,[6] that involved the payment of $310 million to the MĂ©tis by Alberta and the passage of four bills. The legislation consisted of Bill 33, the Metis Settlements Accord Implementation Act; Bill 34, the Metis Settlements Land Protection Act; Bill 35, the Metis Settlements Act and Bill 36, the Constitution of Alberta Amendment Act 1990. By this legislation, title to a total of 1,250,000 acres (510,000 ha) of land was transferred to a new body, the Metis Settlements General Council.[7][8]

As of the 2006 Canadian census, Big Lakes County had the most MĂ©tis people per capita of any Canadian census subdivision with a population of 5,000 or more, due to the census' inclusion of the population of three MĂ©tis settlement municipalities within Big Lakes' totals.

Recently, many MĂ©tis people have moved to larger urban centres, becoming urban aboriginals. In 2006, a total of 27,740 persons living in the Edmonton census metropolitan area identified as MĂ©tis, accounting for just over half (53%) of the region's Aboriginal population.[9] Between 2001 and 2006 the MĂ©tis population of the Edmonton region grew by 32%.[9] Despite their recent legal victories, in 2006 MĂ©tis people in Alberta still faced higher rates of unemployment and disease, lower average incomes than their non-aboriginal neighbours.[9]

The Mountain MĂ©tis

The Mountain MĂ©tis are a distinct MĂ©tis group who are descended from MĂ©tis who lived in the Athabasca River valley near Jasper House in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. In 1909 and 1910 a small group of families were evicted from Jasper National Park by the federal government to enable the creation of the park. They were compensated only for their improvements made to the land and not the land itself. Their descendants have fought since that time for compensation and recognition of their rights as an Aboriginal group. Their lobbying (along with non-MĂ©tis trappers and guides) was partly responsible the creation of the Willmore Wilderness Park in the 1950s, which they hoped would protect this hunting and trapping ground from oil and gas exploration.[10] They have since come into conflict with some environmentalists and government officials who would prefer to exclude hunting and trapping from all parks in Alberta.[11]

The Mountain MĂ©tis are represented by Grande Cache Metis Local 1994.

MĂ©tis Nation of Alberta

MĂ©tis people in Alberta are also represented by the MĂ©tis Nation of Alberta.

The MĂ©tis Nation of Alberta (MNA) has a long history. Since its inception in 1928, it has existed to advocate on behalf of and meet the needs and aspirations of MĂ©tis people in Alberta.

The mandate of the MNA is to:

Overall, the MNA has evolved from an organization:

Over the past 15 years, a new set of expectations has been established for the MNA through the:

This period has also seen a steady rise in the number of MĂ©tis people in the Province who have registered as members of the MNA. Membership in the MNA grew by almost 300% in the last decade. Clearly, more and more MĂ©tis people in Alberta recognize the benefits of MNA memberships and the importance of the MNA as an organization.

As well, the MNA has made a transition from solely a representative body to an organization responsible and accountable for the ongoing delivery of a variety of programs and services. The MNA has continued to make significant strides as an organization and has been successful in developing and implementing a number of projects and initiatives (including Apeetogosan Development Inc., MĂ©tis Urban Housing Corporation of Alberta and the Aboriginal Human Resource Development Agreement – Labour Market Unit.)

The MNA has accepted new responsibilities and expectations and is moving towards becoming a more “results-based” organization. It has addressed issues relating to internal governance and has, in turn, developed the administrative capacity to meet the expectations that are placed upon it.

The MNA has proven itself very capable of playing a role in the policy development process. Its elected officials and staff sit on a wide range of committees responsible for an even wider array of issues.

The MNA, like any organization, has gone through a distinct evolution in its history. While it has had to deal with any number of contentious issues over the years, the MNA’s development has been built upon a strong record of successes, often achieved with minimal financial resources.

The Rupertsland Institute of Alberta is an affiliate to the Metis Nation of Alberta. Their mission is to enhance the individual self-sufficiency and the collective well-being of Metis people through quality education, training and research. www.rupertsland.org

List of settlements

Locations of Alberta's Metis settlements
Distribution of Alberta's eight Metis settlements

The Metis Settlements General Council "is the political and administrative body for the collective interests of the eight Metis Settlements... the General Council has 44 members consisting of 40 elected members from the Settlements, and 4 elected Executive members."[12]

See also

Notes

    References

    External links

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