Louis Zamperini

Louis Zamperini
Zamperini at the May 2014 announcement of the 2015 Tournament of Roses Grand Marshal
Birth name	Louis Silvie Zamperini
Born	(1917-01-26)January 26, 1917 Olean, New York
Died	July 2, 2014(2014-07-02) (aged 97) Los Angeles, California
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army Air Forces
Years of service	1941–1945
Rank	Captain[1]
Unit	372nd Bombardment Squadron, 307th Bombardment Group[1]
Battles/wars	World War II Pacific War
Awards	Distinguished Flying Cross Purple Heart (2) Air Medal (4) Prisoner of War Medal
Spouse(s)	Cynthia Applewhite (m. 1946–2001; her death)

Louis Silvie "Louie" Zamperini (January 26, 1917 – July 2, 2014) was a US prisoner of war survivor in World War II, a Christian evangelist and an Olympic distance runner.

Zamperini took up running in high school and qualified for the US in the 5000m race for the 1936 Berlin Olympics. He finished 8th in the event. In 1941 he enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces as a Lieutenant. He served as a bombardier in B-24 Liberators in the Pacific. On a search and rescue mission, mechanical difficulties forced Zamperini's plane to crash in the ocean. After drifting at sea for 47 days, he landed on the Japanese occupied Marshall Islands and was captured. He was taken to a prison camp in Japan where he was tortured. Following the war he initially struggled to overcome his ordeal. Later he became a Christian Evangelist with a strong belief in forgiveness.

Zamperini is the subject of two biographies, the 2014 film Unbroken and the 2015 film Captured by Grace.

Early life

Zamperini was born January 26, 1917, in Olean, New York, to Anthony Zamperini and Louise Dossi, both native to Verona in Northern Italy. He had an older brother named Pete and two younger sisters, Virginia and Sylvia. He was raised in a strict Catholic household. The family moved to Torrance, California, in 1919, where Louis attended Torrance High School. Zamperini and his family spoke no English when they moved to California making him a target for bullies. His father taught him how to box in self-defense. Soon he claimed to be "beating the tar out of every one of them." He added, "but I was so good at it that I started relishing the idea of getting even. I was sort of addicted to it."^[5]

High school

To counteract his knack for getting into trouble, his older brother Pete got Zamperini involved in the school track team where Pete was already a star. Pete took Louis on training runs, flogging him with a switch when he slacked off. At the end of his freshman year, he finished 5th in the All City C-division (small kids) 660-yard (600 m) run.

It was the recognition, nobody in school, except for a few of my buddies, knew my name before I started running. Then, as I started winning races, other kids called me by name. Pete told me I had to quit drinking and smoking if I wanted to do well, and that I had to run, run, run. I decided that summer to go all out. Overnight I became fanatical. I wouldn't even have a milkshake.^[6]

After a summer of running in 1932, starting with his first cross-country race, and throughout the last three years of high school, Zamperini was undefeated.^[6] He started beating his brother's records. In 1934, Zamperini set a world interscholastic record for the mile, clocking in at 4:21.2 minutes (or 4:21.3 minutes)^[7] at the preliminary meet to the California state championships.^{[8][Note 1]} The following week, he won the CIF California State Meet championships with 4:27.8 minutes.^[9] That record helped him win a scholarship to the University of Southern California. During his college life in the University of Southern California, he was part of the Delta Eta Chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity.

In 1936, Zamperini decided to try out for the Olympics. In those days, athletes had to pay their way to the Olympic Trials, but since his father worked for the railroad, Louis could get a train ticket for free. A group of Torrance merchants raised enough money for the local hero to live on once he got there. The 1,500 metres was stacked that year with eventual silver medalist Glenn Cunningham, Archie San Romani and Gene Venzke all challenging to get on the team.

Zamperini chose to run the 5,000 metres. On one of the hottest days of the year in Randalls Island, New York, the race saw co-favorite Norm Bright and several others collapse during the race. It was reported that 40 people died from the heat in Manhattan alone that week.^[10] With a sprint finish at the end, Zamperini finished in a dead-heat tie against American record-holder Don Lash^[6] and qualified for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. At 19 years, 178 days, Zamperini is still the youngest American qualifier ever in the 5,000 meters.^[11]

Olympic career

Neither Zamperini or Lash was believed to have much chance of winning the 1936 Olympics 5000-meter race against world record holder Lauri Lehtinen. Zamperini later related several anecdotes from his Olympic experience, including gorging himself on the boat trip to Europe: "I was a Depression-era kid who had never even been to a drugstore for a sandwich", he said. "And all the food was free. I had not just one sweet roll, but about seven every morning, with bacon and eggs. My eyes were like saucers."^[12] By the end of the trip, Zamperini, in common with most athletes on the ship, had gained a good deal of weight: in Zamperini's case, 12 pounds (5 kg). While the weight gain was not advantageous for his running, it was necessary for his health, as he had lost 15 pounds (7 kg) while training in the summer heat in New York for the Olympic Trials.

Zamperini finished eighth in the 5000-meter distance event at that Olympics, but his final lap of 56 seconds was fast enough to catch the attention of Adolf Hitler, who insisted on a personal meeting.^[13] As Zamperini told the story, Hitler shook his hand, and said simply "Ah, you're the boy with the fast finish."^[14]

Collegiate career

After the Olympics, Zamperini enrolled as a student at the University of Southern California. At USC, he was a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity (Delta-Eta Chapter). In 1938, Zamperini set a national collegiate mile (~1609 metres) record of 4:08 minutes despite severe cuts to his shins from competitors attempting to spike him during the race; this record held for fifteen years, earning him the nickname "Torrance Tornado".^[15]

Military career and prisoner of war

Japanese-occupied Nauru Island under attack by Liberator bombers of the Seventh Air Corps, April 1943.

Zamperini examines a hole in his B-24D Liberator Super Man made by a 20mm shell over Nauru.

Zamperini enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps in September 1941^[16] and earned a commission as a second lieutenant. He was deployed to the Pacific island of Funafuti as a bombardier on the Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber Super Man. In April 1943, during a bombing mission against the Japanese-held island of Nauru, the bomber was badly damaged in combat. With Super Man no longer flight-worthy, and a number of the crew injured, the healthy crew members were transferred to Hawaii to await reassignment. Zamperini, along with some other former Super Man crewmates, was assigned to conduct a search for a lost aircraft and crew. They were given another B-24, The Green Hornet, notorious among the pilots as a defective "lemon." On May 27, 1943, while on the search, mechanical difficulties caused the bomber to crash into the ocean 850 miles (1,370 km) south^[17] of Oahu, killing eight of the 11 men aboard.^[18]

The three survivors (Zamperini and his crewmates, pilot Russell Allen "Phil" Phillips and Francis "Mac" McNamara), with little food and no water, subsisted on captured rainwater and small fish eaten raw. They caught two albatrosses, which they ate, and used pieces as bait to catch fish, all while fending off constant shark attacks and nearly being capsized by a storm.^[19][20] They were strafed multiple times by a Japanese bomber, which punctured their life raft, but no one was hit. McNamara died after 33 days at sea.^[18]

On their 47th day adrift, Zamperini and Phillips reached land in the Marshall Islands and were immediately captured by the Japanese Navy.^[21] They were held in captivity, severely beaten, and mistreated until the end of the war in August 1945. Initially held at Kwajalein Atoll, after 42 days they were transferred to the Japanese prisoner-of-war camp at Ōfuna, for captives who were not registered as prisoners of war (POW). Zamperini was later transferred to Tokyo's Ōmori POW camp, and was eventually transferred to the Naoetsu POW camp in northern Japan, where he stayed until the war ended. He was tormented by prison guard Mutsuhiro "Bird" Watanabe, who was later included in General Douglas MacArthur's list of the forty most wanted war criminals in Japan. Held at the same camp was then-Major Greg "Pappy" Boyington, and in his book, Baa Baa Black Sheep, he discusses Zamperini and the Italian recipes Zamperini would write to keep the prisoners' minds off the food and conditions. Zamperini had at first been declared missing at sea, and then, a year and a day after his disappearance, KIA. When he eventually returned home, he received a hero's welcome.^[18]

Post-war life

Zamperini married Cynthia Applewhite in 1946, to whom he remained married until her death in 2001. They had one daughter, Cissy, and one son, Luke.

In a televised interview on the Christian Broadcasting Network in 2003, Zamperini related that after the war, he had nightmares about strangling his former captors and began drinking heavily, trying to forget his experiences as a POW.^[22] His wife Cynthia attended one of the evangelical crusades led by Billy Graham in Los Angeles, and became a born-again Christian.^[23] In 1949, at the encouragement of his wife and her Christian friends, Zamperini reluctantly agreed to attend a crusade. Graham's preaching reminded him of his prayers during his time on the life raft and imprisonment, and Zamperini recommitted his life to Christ. Following this, he forgave his captors, and his nightmares ceased.^[22]

Later Graham helped Zamperini launch a new career as a Christian evangelist. One of his recurring themes was forgiveness, and he visited many of the guards from his POW days to let them know that he had forgiven them. This included an October 1950 visit to Sugamo Prison in Tokyo, where many war criminals were imprisoned, in which Zamperini embraced those who stepped forward to acknowledge that they recognized him, and expressed forgiveness to them. Zamperini told CBN that some became Christians in response.^[22]

Louis Zamperini Plaza on the campus of University of Southern California

Four days before his 81st birthday in January 1998, Zamperini ran a leg in the Olympic Torch relay for the Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, not far from the POW camp where he had been held. While there, he attempted to meet with his chief and most brutal tormentor during the war, Mutsuhiro Watanabe, who had evaded prosecution as a war criminal, but Watanabe refused to see him.^[24] In March 2005, Zamperini returned to Germany to visit the Berlin Olympic Stadium for the first time since he had competed there.^[25]

In his 90s, Zamperini continued to attend USC football games, and he befriended star quarterback Matt Barkley in 2009.^[26]

Zamperini appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on June 7, 2012, speaking about his life in general, the 1936 Olympics, and his World War II exploits.^[27]

Death

His death had mistakenly been announced previously, when the US government classified him as KIA during World War II, after his B-24 Liberator aircraft went down in 1943, and no survivors were located by the military.^[28] President Franklin D. Roosevelt even sent Zamperini's parents a formal condolence note in 1944.^[23]

Zamperini's death came 70 years later, from pneumonia, on July 2, 2014, in Los Angeles, at home, aged 97.^[23][29][30]

Honors and awards

• USAAF Decorations

Zamperini Stadium at Torrance High School

• A race at Madison Square Garden was named the Louis Zamperini Invitational Mile.^[23]
• On December 7, 1946, Torrance Airport was named Zamperini Field after him.^[23][31][32]
• Zamperini was a torchbearer for the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles and the 1998 Winter Games in Nagano.^[23]
• Torrance High School's home football, soccer, and track stadium was named Zamperini Stadium, and the entrance plaza at USC's track & field stadium was named Louis Zamperini Plaza in 2004.
• On May 10, 2008, Zamperini was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor by the National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations.
• In October 2008, Zamperini was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in Chicago, Illinois.
• On April 24, 2011, Zamperini received an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters from Azusa Pacific University.
• On May 20, 2011, Zamperini delivered Bryant University's 2011 baccalaureate address and received Bryant's inaugural Distinguished Character Award.
• On May 21, 2011, Bryant University presented Zamperini with an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters.
• On May 22, 2011, Zamperini threw out the ceremonial first pitch before the Red Sox-Cubs game at Fenway Park in Boston.
• In late July 2011, Zamperini received the Kappa Sigma Golden Heart Award during the Kappa Sigma 68th Biennial Grand Conclave held at the Flamingo Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada.^[33]
• In May 2011, Zamperini was guest of honor at Magellan Christian Academy's graduation ceremony with over 700 attendees at the University of North Florida in Jacksonville, Florida. Thomas and Lorrie Blitch, owners of Magellan Christian Academy, were so moved after reading about his life, they asked him to speak at their private Christian school graduation ceremony. Zamperini's presentation was so inspirational that he received a 10-minute standing ovation.
• He was chosen to serve as Grand Marshal of the 2015 Rose Parade, held before the college football playoff game in his home state of California.^[32][34] After Zamperini's death on July 2, 2014, the Tournament announced that it is "committed to honoring him as the Grand Marshal of the 2015 Rose Parade".^[35] At the parade, Zamperini's family followed USC mascot Traveler as a riderless horse.^[36]

Books

Zamperini wrote two memoirs about his experiences, both bearing the same title: Devil at My Heels. The first, written with Helen Itria, was subtitled "The Story of Louis Zamperini", and was published by Dutton in 1956.^[37] The second, subtitled "A World War II Hero's Epic Saga of Torment, Survival, and Forgiveness," written with David Rensin, bore a familiar title but was top to bottom wholly new, and with much additional information. It was published in 2003 by William Morrow.^[38]

Laura Hillenbrand, author of Seabiscuit: An American Legend (2001), wrote a biography of Zamperini.^[39] The book, entitled Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption (2010) and published by Random House, was a #1 New York Times bestseller.^[40] It was named the top nonfiction book of 2010 by Time Magazine.^[41]

In popular culture

Zamperini features as a character in the 2012 novel Flight from Berlin by David John, published by HarperCollins.^[42]

In 2010, Zamperini detailed his experiences in Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption, written by Laura Hillenbrand. The book went on to become a best seller and won several awards. It was later adapted into the film Unbroken. The film is directed by Angelina Jolie, was adapted by the Coen brothers, and stars Jack O'Connell as Zamperini.^[43]

In 2015 the Billy Graham organization released a 30-minute documentary, Captured by Grace. The film details Zamperini's faith, to which he credited his "unbroken" status.

See also

• Four-minute mile

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis Zamperini.

• Official website
• A stop-by-stop timeline of his journey
• Interview
• Louis Zamperini with John Ortberg, 22 January 2012