Long-nosed leopard lizard

Long-nosed leopard lizard
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Crotaphytidae
Genus: Gambelia
Species: G. wislizenii
Binomial name
Gambelia wislizenii
Baird & Girard, 1852
Synonyms
  • Crotaphytus wislizenii
    Baird & Girard, 1852
  • Crotaphytus gambelii
    Baird & Girard, 1852
  • Crotaphytus fasciatus
    Hallowell, 1852
  • Leiosaurus hallowelli
    A.H.A. Duméril, 1856
  • Crotaphytus (Gambelia) wislizenii — Baird, 1859
  • Crotaphytus fasciatus
    Mocquard, 1899 (non Hallowell)
  • Crotaphytus fasciolatus
    Mocquard, 1903
  • Gambelia wislizenii
    — H.M. Smith, 1946 [2][3]

The long-nosed leopard lizard, Gambelia wislizenii, is a relatively large North American lizard ranging from 8.3 to 14.6 cm (3 1⁄4 to 5 3⁄4 in) snout-vent length (SVL). It has a large head, long nose, and a long round tail that can be longer than its body. It is closely related to the blunt-nosed leopard lizard which closely resembles the long-nosed leopard lizard in body proportions, but has a conspicuously blunt snout. They were once considered part of the genus Crotaphytus. They are endangered because of habitat destruction.

Etymology

The specific name or epithet, wislizenii, is in honor of the German-American surgeon and naturalist Frederick Adolph Wislizenus, who caught the first specimen near Santa Fe, New Mexico.[4][5]

Description

The lizard has granular dorsal scales that can be white, cream, or gray with irregular brown or dark gray spots along its body and head. Sometimes they have dark bars across their back. The tail also has dark bars across it. Juveniles have more highly contrasted markings compared to adults, often with rusty coloring on the back or bright red spots, and yellow on the thighs and under the tail.

The male and female are different in appearance. The female is about 15 cm (5.8 in) snout-vent length, and the male is smaller, measuring about 12 cm (4.8 in) SVL. Both sexes are capable of marked color changes. In its dark phase the lizard's spots are nearly hidden and light crossbars become quite obvious on both the body and the tail. In the light phase the opposite is true with the dominant color consisting of gray, pinkish, brown or yellowish brown hues. During the mating season females develop reddish orange spots and bars on their sides and underneath the tail when gravid. Males develop pink or rusty wash on the throat, chest, and sometimes the body, during the breeding season.

Distribution and habitat

The long-nosed leopard lizard prefers to inhabit arid and semiarid plains growth, like bunch grass, alkali bush, sagebrush, creosote bush and other scattered low plants. The ground can be hardpan, sand or even gravel with rocks that may often be used as basking sites. Prefers flat areas with open space for running, avoiding densely vegetated areas. From near sea Level to around 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Its range includes the Western part of the United States from Oregon to Idaho in the north, south to northern Mexico in Baja California, Sonora, Coahuila, and Zacatecas. In San Diego County, it occurs east of the Peninsula Ranges within the Lower Colorado Desert. They are found in desert flats and lower foothills with little vegetation.

Behaviors

The long-nosed leopard lizard is often seen on small rocks along the roadside, preferring direct sunlight when basking. It is diurnal and has the potential to be active all day when the weather is mild to warm. The daily activity cycle starts relatively early (05:30–08:30; variation depends on location), and after a period of basking, long-nosed leopard lizards begin active hunting and feeding. When in danger, it uses a defense mechanism known as "freeze" behavior, which means it runs underneath a bush, flattens its body against the ground and is motionless until the threat is gone. If the case is extreme enough, such as capture, it is capable of caudal autotomy, or tail separation. Its speed and agility are major contributors to its predatory success as well as its ability to evade predators. When running at rapid speeds they run with forelimbs raised.

Feeding habits

The long-nosed leopard lizard preys on small lizards, in addition to insects and sometimes rodents, like all members of the family. This lizard also is cannibalistic, eating smaller leopard lizards when the opportunity arises. On occasion, they will eat the young leopard lizards they hatch but the adults are usually not active during the time period that most young hatch from their eggs. This allows the young time to grow and become more of a contender with the larger adults. Its long nose usually makes its jaw quicker and better for catching vertebrate prey. This species utilizes the stalking and ambush techniques when hunting. As an ambush predator, it lays await in the shadows underneath a bush or small tree, where its spotted pattern blends, waiting for its prey to come within capture range. When prey is sufficiently close, it uses a rapid pouncing movement to capture the prey in its strong jaws. These lizards have been documented to jump up to two feet (60 cm) in any direction, including into the air, in order to catch their prey.

"More than one leopard lizard has been found choked to death by the size of the prey it attempted to swallow."[6]

Some predators of long-nosed leopard lizards include a number of birds, snakes, coyotes, badgers, and the kit fox.

Reproduction

The breeding season extends from May to June with a single clutch of 5–6 eggs being laid usually in June or July, which hatch in the late summer months of July or August. During mating no pair bond is formed between adults. A single clutch is usually laid per year but in the warmer climates towards the south, it is possible for a female to spawn up to two clutches per year. Birthing and egg-laying occur in an underground burrow, although no nest structure is formed. Egg incubation is estimated to be between five and seven weeks. Young emerge in August, when adult activity is coming to an end. The timing of the juvenile emergence coinciding with the cessation of adult activity may aid in the prevention of cannibalism.

Conservation status

The blunt-nosed leopard lizard is endangered. It is no longer present throughout most of its former range as the habitat has been significantly altered by farming, urban development, overgrazing, oil wells, mining, reservoirs, and off-road vehicle use. This habitat alteration continues.[7] However, there are no specific conservation concerns for the long-nosed leopard lizard.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Gambelia wislizenii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  2. ↑ Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume II...Iguanidæ... Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) xiii + 497 pp. + Plates I.- XIV. (Crotaphytus wislezenii [sic], p. 204.)
  3. ↑ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  4. ↑ Beltz, Ellin. 2006. Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained. ebeltz.net/herps/biogappx/html.
  5. ↑ Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins; Michael Grayson. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. 312 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Gambelia wislizenii, p. 288.)
  6. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians", John F Breen. 1974, T.F.H. Publications
  7. ↑ "Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard - Gambelia sila". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  8. ↑ "Long-nosed Leopard Lizard - Gambelia wislizenii". Retrieved 23 October 2014.

Further reading

External links

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