London Bridge station

London Bridge
The new concourse at London Bridge
London Bridge Location of London Bridge in Central London
Location	Southwark
Local authority	London Borough of Southwark
Managed by	Network Rail
Station code	LBG
DfT category	A
Number of platforms	9 (was 16) (numbered 1–3 & 10–15)
Accessible	Yes [1]
Fare zone	1
National Rail annual entry and exit
2008–09	49.901 million[2]
— interchange	4.971 million[2]
2009–10	48.723 million[2]
2010–11	51.478 million[2]
2011–12	52.634 million[2]
— interchange	8.610 million[2]
2012–13	53.351 million[2]
— interchange	8.568 million[2]
2013–14	56.442 million[2]
— interchange	8.815 million[2]
2014–15	49.517 million[2]
— interchange	8.454 million[2]
Railway companies
Original company	London & Croydon Railway
Pre-grouping	South Eastern Railway London, Brighton & South Coast Railway
Post-grouping	Southern Railway
Key dates
14 December 1836	Opened
Other information
Lists of stations	DLR Underground National Rail Tramlink
External links	Departures Layout Facilities Buses
London Transport portal UK Railways portalCoordinates: 51°30′18″N 0°05′10″W / 51.505°N 0.086°W / 51.505; -0.086

London Bridge is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in Southwark, occupying a large area on two levels immediately south-east of London Bridge and 1.6 miles (2.6 km) east of Charing Cross. The main line station, which is the oldest railway station in London fare zone 1 and one of the oldest in the world having opened in 1836, contains nine terminal platforms and six through-platforms for services from the south and south-east of London. Through services continue to Charing Cross or Cannon Street. In terms of passenger arrivals and departures it is the fourth-busiest station in London as well as the United Kingdom as a whole, handling over 54 million customers a year. (These statistics do not include the many commuters who transfer between lines at the station.)

London Bridge is served by Thameslink trains running between Bedford and Brighton as well as Southeastern services from Cannon Street to destinations in southeast London, Kent and East Sussex. It is also the terminus for Southern commuter and regional services to south London and numerous destinations in South East England.

The main line station is one of 19 UK stations managed by Network Rail.^[3] The Underground station is served by the Jubilee line and the Bank branch of the Northern line. It consists of a ticket hall and entrance area with its main frontage on Tooley Street, along with entrances on Borough High Street, as well as within the main line station concourse and a corridor under the through-platforms (currently 1–3).

London Bridge is one of two main line termini in London to the south of the River Thames, the other being Waterloo. For this reason, neither has a direct connection to the Circle line.

History

London Bridge station was opened as the London station on 14 December 1836 south of the River Thames in Tooley Street, making it the first and oldest of the current London railway termini. It was not the earliest station in the present London metropolitan area, as the London and Greenwich Railway opened stations first at Spa Road (in Bermondsey) and Deptford on 8 February 1836. Delays in the completion of a bridge at Bermondsey Street postponed the opening of the line into London Bridge station until December. This meant that by September 1836 trains were able to operate as far as the east end of Bermondsey Street bridge, but no further, with passengers having to walk the last hundred or so yards.^[4] Since then the station has had a most complex history, involving frequent rebuilding and changes of ownership.

Original London and Greenwich Railway station

The original London and Greenwich Railway station at the time of the opening of the line in December 1836 before the roof was erected, and before the ground in front of the group of spectators was cleared to build the original Croydon station

The original station was built with a wooden trussed pitched roof, 56 ft by 212 ft (17m by 65m), shortly after opening. However, prior to its completion, the London and Greenwich Railway entered into an agreement with the proposed London and Croydon Railway for the latter to use its tracks from Corbett's Lane, Bermondsey, and to share its station. The Greenwich railway had however underestimated the cost of building the long viaduct leading to London Bridge and was not able to build a sufficiently large station for the traffic for both companies, and so in July 1836 it sold some land adjacent to its station (then still under construction) to the Croydon railway to build their own independent station.^[5]

London and Croydon Railway station

A 1908 Railway Clearing House map of lines around the approaches to London Bridge

The London and Brighton Railway and the South Eastern Railway (SER) were also then planning routes from London to Brighton and Dover respectively, and the British Parliament decided that the London and Greenwich line should become the entry corridor into London from South East England. Thus these two railways were required to share the route of the London and Croydon Railway from near Norwood (which in turn shared the route of the London and Greenwich Railway from Bermondsey to London Bridge). As a result, in 1838 the London and Croydon Railway obtained powers to enlarge the station it was then constructing at London Bridge, even before it had opened for traffic.^[6]

The London and Croydon Railway opened its line and began using its station on 5 June 1839, the London and Brighton Railway joined it in July 1841, followed by the South Eastern Railway in December 1842. Fairly quickly it was found that the viaduct approaching London Bridge would be inadequate to deal with the traffic generated by four railways and so between 1840 and 1842 the Greenwich railway widened it, doubling the number of tracks to four. The new lines, intended for the Croydon, Brighton and South Eastern trains, were situated on the south side of the existing Greenwich line, whereas their station was to the north of the London Bridge site, giving rise to an awkward and potentially dangerous crossing of one another's lines. The directors of the companies involved therefore decided to exchange the station sites. The London and Greenwich Railway would take over the newly completed London and Croydon Railway station, whilst a new joint committee of the Croydon, Brighton and South Eastern companies would demolish the first station and build a new joint station on its site.^[7]

Joint station

The proposed London Bridge joint station c. 1844

Plans for a large new station were drawn up, designed jointly by Lewis Cubitt, John Urpeth Rastrick and Henry Roberts.^[8] Drawings were published in the Illustrated London News and George Bradshaw's Guide to the London and Brighton Railway 1844. They show 'a quasi-Italianate building with a picturesque campanile'.^[9] It opened for business in July 1844 while only partially complete, but events were taking place which would mean that the bell tower would never be built, and the new building would only last five years.^[10]

In 1843 the South Eastern, and the Croydon railway companies became increasingly concerned by the high tolls charged by the London and Greenwich Railway for the use of the station approaches, and gained Parliamentary approval to build their own independent line into south London to a new station at Bricklayer's Arms. This line opened in 1844 and most of the services from these two companies were withdrawn from London Bridge, leaving only the Greenwich and Brighton companies using London Bridge station. The Greenwich company, which was in financial difficulties beforehand, was on the brink of bankruptcy and so was forced to lease its lines to the South Eastern Railway, which took effect from January 1845. The following year the Croydon and Brighton companies merged with others to form the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR). As a result of these amalgamations, there were now only two companies wishing to use the two adjoining stations at London Bridge. As a result, the LB&SCR used the unfinished joint station until 1849, when it was demolished to make way for an enlarged station.

The South Eastern Station (left) and the temporary Brighton station c. 1850 after the demolition of the Joint station

South Eastern Railway station

The SER took over the second London and Greenwich station (which had been built for the London and Croydon Railway) and sought to develop that site rather than continue to invest in the former joint station, which became the property of the LB&SCR. The SER station was therefore rebuilt and enlarged between 1847 and 1850, to a design by Samuel Beazley.^[11] At the same time yet further improvements were made to the station approaches, increasing the number of tracks to six, which entirely separated the lines of the two railways.^[12] Once these extensions were complete the SER closed its passenger terminus at Bricklayer's Arms and converted the site into a goods depot.

London Bridge station remained the London terminus of the SER until 1864 when its station was again rebuilt and five of the existing platforms were converted into a through station to enable the extension of the main line into central London and the opening of Charing Cross railway station, and in 1866 to Cannon Street station.^[13] In 1899 the SER entered into a working amalgamation with the London Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR) to form the South Eastern and Chatham Railway Companies Joint Management Committee. Junctions were laid to enable trains through London Bridge to reach the LC&DR stations at Holborn Viaduct and St Pauls.

London Brighton and South Coast Railway station

The London Brighton and South Coast Railway station c. 1853

The two stations, as seen from the line c. 1853

The LB&SCR took over the unfinished joint station, which they demolished in 1849 and opened a temporary station in 1850.^[14] This was rebuilt and enlarged in 1853-4 to deal with the additional traffic from the lines to Sydenham and Crystal Palace. A three-storey box-like structure was erected, with the name of the railway emblazoned on the top parapet.

Plan of the stations by 1888, with the SER's separate high- and low-level tracks, and the LB&SCR's new platforms 4, 5 and 6 and Terminus Hotel

In 1859 the London Chatham and Dover Railway applied to the LB&SCR for running powers from Sydenham to London Bridge, but was refused.^[15] However, some ticketing arrangement was made between the two companies as the LC&DR advertised connections to and from London Bridge in its timetables in The Times and Bradshaw's Railway Guide for July 1861.^[16][17] This arrangement was short-lived pending the construction of the LC&DR line to Holborn Viaduct. The LB&SCR also built the Terminus Hotel at the station in 1861, but this was not successful due to its site on the south bank of the river and so was turned into offices for the railway in 1892.

An Act of Parliament of 1862 gave the LB&SCR power to enlarge the station further.^[18] Over the next few years under the direction of new Chief Engineer Frederick Banister,^[19] the company built four more platform-faces in an adjoining area to the south of its existing station to cope with additional traffic generated by the completion of the South London Line and other suburban lines to Victoria station.^[20] This had a single-span trussed-arch roof measuring 88 ft by 655 ft (27m by 200m), and was designed by J. Hawkshaw and Banister.^[19] During the first decade of the twentieth century LB&SCR station at London Bridge was again enlarged, but overall London Bridge station remained a sprawling confusion.^[21]

The station in 1922 shortly before Southern Railway ownership.

The chaotic nature of the station at the turn of the century was described in John Davidson's poem, "London Bridge":

Inside the station, everything's so old,
So inconvenient, of such manifold
Perplexity, and, as a mole might see,
So strictly what a station shouldn't be,
That no idea minifies its crude
And yet elaborate ineptitude.

— John Davidson, Fleet Street and Other Poems^[22]

The LB&SCR electrified the South London Line from London Bridge to Victoria in 1909 using an overhead system. Once this experiment proved to be successful other suburban services from the station were electrified, including the lines to Crystal Palace in 1912.^[23] Electrification of the main line to Croydon was not however completed until 1920 due to delays resulting from the First World War.^[24]

Southern Railway station

The grouping of the railways of southern England to form the Southern Railway in 1923 at last brought the two adjoining stations under single ownership. Between 1926 and 1928 the Southern Railway electrified the SE&CR suburban lines at London Bridge using a Third rail electric system, and converted the existing LB&SCR routes to the same system. At the same time it installed colour light signalling. The Southern Railway electrified the Brighton Main Line services to Brighton and the South Coast in 1932/3, so that by 1936 90% of trains at the station were electric.

Both the London Bridge stations were badly damaged by bombing in the London Blitz in December 1940 and early 1941. The shell of the two stations was patched up but the former Terminal Hotel, then used as railway offices, was rendered unsafe and demolished.^[25]

British Railways station

Central Section concourse before the 1978 rebuilding

The station approach before the 1978 rebuilding

British Railways, which took over responsibility for the station in 1948, continued the electrification of the lines from London Bridge during the 1950s and 1960s. However, by the early 1970s the station could no longer cope with the volume of traffic. Thus between 1972 and 1978, British Rail (as it was then known) undertook a major redevelopment of the station and its approaches.^[26] This included a £21 million re-signalling scheme, and a new station concourse designed by N. D. T. Wikeley, regional architect for the Southern Region. This was opened 14 December 1978. New awnings were added over the former S.E.R. platforms, but the arched Brighton roof was retained. It has been described as "one of the best modern station reconstructions in Britain."^[27]

National Rail station

A plan of lines in and out of London Bridge Station

Platform 1-3 are on the north side of the station and are served by Cannon Street trains.

Prior to 2012, Platform 4, 5 and 6 served Charing Cross and Thameslink trains and 8-16 were terminating platforms. Platform 7 did not exist having been taken out of use when the original terminating platforms were extended to accommodate 12 car trains in the early 1990s. Substantial changes are underway as part of the station building works for the Thameslink programme:^[28]

• Platform 1-3 to/from Cannon Street will close for 2 years from August 2016 as part of the rebuilding works. Trains will run through non-stop.
• Platform 4-9 are currently closed for rebuilding. In 2016, trains to and from Charing Cross will resume calling at Platform 7, 8, and 9 and in 2018, Platform 6 will also serve Charing Cross trains and Platform 4 and 5 will serve Thameslink trains.
• Platform 10-15 are the remaining terminating platforms on the south side of the station and are mostly served by Southern services toward south London and the south coast.
• Platform 16 is closed permanently.

Services

Mainline railways around the South Bank
Legend
Charing Cross Hungerford Bridge over River Thames South Western Main Line to Weymouth Waterloo Waterloo East Blackfriars Road (1864-1868) Thameslink to Sutton, Sevenoaks and Brighton Elephant & Castle Blackfriars / City Thameslink Blackfriars Bridge (1864-1885) Cannon Street London Bridge River Thames Brighton and South Eastern Main Lines toward SE London, Kent, Sussex and Surrey

As of December 2015 the typical off-peak service from the station is:

Southeastern

Between January 2015 and September 2016 no services to Charing Cross will call at this station. A limited service will run after midnight to end of service from Charing Cross via Cannon Street.

• 16tph to London Cannon Street
• 2tph to Dartford via Greenwich
• 4tph to Slade Green via Greenwich, then 2tph continue to Barnehurst and 2tph continue to Crayford, all services return to Cannon Street
• 2tph to Barnehurst via Bexleyheath, then Slade Green and returns to Cannon Street via Greenwich
• 2tph to Crayford via Sidcup, then Slade Green and returns to Cannon Street via Greenwich
• 2tph to Hayes via Lewisham
• 2tph to Orpington via Lewisham
• 2tph to Tunbridge Wells semi-fast service via New Cross, Orpington & Sevenoaks

Southern

Monday to Saturday

• 2tph to London Victoria via Crystal Palace
• 2tph to West Croydon via Streatham
• 2tph to Caterham via New Cross Gate
• 2tph to Tattenham Corner
• 2tph to Beckenham Junction via Crystal Palace
• 2tph to Horsham via Redhill
• 1tph to Uckfield via Oxted

Weekdays

• 2tph to Brighton via Haywards Heath
• 2tph to Sutton via West Croydon
• 3tpd to Littlehampton via Hove
• 2tpd to Eastbourne via Lewes

Thameslink

Between late December 2014 and early 2018, Thameslink services will not run through to/from London Blackfriars.

• 2tph to Brighton

London Underground station

London Bridge
Tooley Street entrance
Location	The Borough
Local authority	London Borough of Southwark
Managed by	London Underground
Number of platforms	4
Accessible	Yes [29]
Fare zone	1
London Underground annual entry and exit
2011	65.44 million[30]
2012	67.16 million[30]
2013	69.88 million[30]
2014	74.98 million[30]
Railway companies
Original company	City & South London Railway
Key dates
1900	Opened
7 October 1999	Jubilee line started
Other information
Lists of stations	DLR Underground National Rail Tramlink
London Transport portal

Northern line platforms

Jubilee line platforms

The Underground station is between Southwark and Bermondsey on the Jubilee line, and between Borough and Bank on the Northern line. The station is the fifth busiest on the Underground network and is the only station on the London Underground network with 'London' in its name (while the NR termini are named, for instance, 'London Waterloo' the Underground station is simply named 'Waterloo').

Originally Northern line trains ran to a terminus at King William Street bypassing London Bridge, but the construction of a new station at Bank to provide greater capacity and allow northward extension required a new tunnel alignment, and provided the opportunity for a station at London Bridge. The station entrance was originally at Three Castles House on the corner of London Bridge Street and Railway Approach, but has since been moved to Borough High Street and Tooley Street. The original entrance remained standing until March 2013 when it was demolished.

The Northern line platforms were rebuilt during the late 1990s to increase the platform and circulation areas in preparation for the opening of the Jubilee line. The station is arranged for right-hand running. This is because it is in a stretch of the Northern line (from just south of Borough to just south of Moorgate) where the northbound line is to the east of the southbound, instead of to the west.^[31]

The Northern line station opened on 25 February 1900 as part of the City & South London Railway's (C&SLR's) revised route from Borough to Bank and Moorgate. The Jubilee line station opened on 7 October 1999^[32] as part of the Jubilee Line Extension, although trains had been running through non-stop from the previous month. To enable the Jubilee line to be constructed, months of major engineering works to relocate buried services in the surrounding streets had to be undertaken. A new ticket hall was created in the arches under the main-line station, providing improved interchange. During excavations a variety of Roman remains were found, including pottery and fragments of mosaics; some of these are now on display in the station. The Jubilee line platforms have been fitted with platform screen doors in common with all other stations on the extension.

There are two platforms on each line and two main sets of escalators to and from the Tooley Street ticket hall. All four platforms are directly accessible from the Borough High Street entrance/exit.

Station rebuild

A plan of lines in and out of London Bridge Station after station rebuild

London Bridge station is undergoing a major transformation as part of a wider project known as Masterplan to accommodate longer 12-car Thameslink programme trains and provide many other benefits. Three terminus platforms are being closed and three new through-platforms created to allow additional services to continue either to Cannon Street or Charing Cross, or to Blackfriars and onwards via the Thameslink route.

A new station concourse is being built to improve circulation; this requires the demolition of brick vaults between Stainer and Weston Streets, which will themselves become part of the new concourse (and therefore cease to be thoroughfares).^[33] The space relinquished by the existing concourse will allow Network Rail to expand the adjacent bus station,^[34] and new retail facilities will be built into the existing western arcade, which will be re-opened and extended to link the Underground station and Joiner Street.^[35]

Work started in 2013 and is expected to be completed in 2018.

The increase in through-platforms will also allow London Bridge to function as an emergency terminus for services approaching the station from the west.^[36] To accommodate these alterations, the listed northern wall of the terminus train-shed is being demolished and replaced with a new retaining wall, and the listed bays of the roof over the terminating platform are being dismantled and stored.^[37]

Accidents and incidents

There have been 36 recorded accidents at London Bridge station, the earliest on 6 December 1850 and the latest on 22 October 1956, but relatively few of these have caused fatalities.^[38] The most serious accidents were:

• On 1 February 1884, the 12:05 pm London Bridge to Victoria, hauled by LB&SCR Terrier No.71 Wapping, collided with a D1 tank which was fouling the exit from the platform. Two carriages derailed.^[39]
• On 27 November 1895, a local train hauled by LB&SCR Terrier No. 70 Poplar collided with the buffer stops.^[39]
• On August 1926, an F1 class locomotive overran the buffers and crashed into a brewery.^[40]
• On 9 July 1928, B2X class locomotive No. B210 was in a sidelong collision with an electric multiple unit after the driver of B210 misread signals. Two people were killed and nine were injured, six seriously.^[41]
• On 23 January 1948, a train formed of a 6PAN and a 6PUL unit, which formed that day's 7:30 am service from Ore coupled with the 8:50 am from Seaford, was allowed to draw up to the inner home signal, where it should have stopped. Instead, it overran the signal and collided at a speed of between 15 and 20 mph (24 to 32 km/h) with an empty stock which had formed the 8:20 am from Brighton and was waiting to depart London Bridge's platform 14 for New Cross Gate. This train was formed of two 6PAN units. The train that was struck was forced through the buffers and demolished a bookstall. Two train crew and one passenger were killed and 34 people were injured.^[42]
• On 28 February 1992, a bomb planted by the Provisional IRA exploded at the station, injuring 29 people.^[43]

Connections

London Buses routes 17, 21, 35, 40, 43, 47, 48, 133, 141, 149, 343, 381, 521 and RV1 and night routes N21, N35, N133, N199 and N381 serve the station; some via the bus station. River buses serve London Bridge City Pier.

References

• Ransom, P.J.G. (1990). The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved. London: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-98083-3. 
• Simmons, Jack (1991). The Victorian Railway. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-25110-2. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Bridge station.

• London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
  • Underground Station in 1915
  • Underground Station in 1929
• Station information on London Bridge station from Network Rail
• More photographs of Underground station

Thameslink Programme publicity:

• "London Bridge redevelopment" (PDF). Publicity leaflet. Network Rail. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2013. 
• "London Bridge – a vision for the future" (PDF). Public information display panel. Network Rail. 6 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2013. 
• "London Bridge – a bigger, better station" (PDF). Public information display panel. Network Rail. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2013. 

Preceding station	National Rail			Following station
Terminus (Limited off-peak service until 2018)		Thameslink Thameslink		East Croydon
London Cannon Street (Trains to London Charing Cross or Waterloo East non-stopping until August 2016)		Southeastern South Eastern Main Line		Sevenoaks / Orpington / Rochester or Chatham (Peak hours only)
London Cannon Street (Trains to London Charing Cross or Waterloo East non-stopping until August 2016)		Southeastern Greenwich Line and Dartford & Bexleyheath Loops		Deptford
		Southeastern South Eastern Main Line		New Cross or Lewisham or Ladywell or Hither Green
Terminus		Southern Brighton Main Line, Tattenham Corner Line and Redhill routes		New Cross Gate or Norwood Junction or East Croydon
Terminus		Southern Caterham Line/South London Metro (Outer)		New Cross Gate
Terminus		Southern London Bridge to West Croydon and Beckenham Junction		South Bermondsey
	Historical railways
London Cannon Street or Waterloo East		South Eastern and Chatham Railway Greenwich line		Spa Road
Preceding station		London Underground		Following station
Southwark towards Stanmore		Jubilee line		Bermondsey towards Stratford
Borough towards Morden		Northern line Bank branch		Bank towards Edgware, Mill Hill East, or High Barnet (via Bank)