LocoScript

LocoScript

The opening Disc Management screen in LocoScript 1.40. The "hidden files" are the LocoScript software.[1]
Developer(s) Locomotive Software
Initial release 1985 (1985)
Operating system MS-DOS
Platform Amstrad PCW, IBM-compatible
Type word processing software package
Website www.locoscript.uk

The word processing software package LocoScript by Locomotive Software was introduced as one of the programs bundled with the Amstrad PCW, a personal computer launched in 1985. Early versions of LocoScript were noted for combining a wide range of facilities with outstanding ease of use. This and the low price of the hardware made it one of the best-selling word processors of the late 1980s. Four versions of LocoScript were published for the PCW, and two for IBM-compatible PCs running under MS-DOS. LocoScript's market share didn't expand with the PC versions, which were not released until after Windows became the dominant PC operating system.

Background and reception

LocoScript's developers, Locomotive Software, had produced Locomotive BASIC for Amstrad's CPC 464 home computer, introduced in 1984.[2][3] For the Amstrad PCW, introduced in 1985, Locomotive produced the LocoScript word processor and Mallard BASIC,[4] and also wrote the PCW's User Guide.[5] These programs and a dot matrix printer were included in the price of the PCW,[6] which was £399 plus VAT for the base model.[7] The PCW, regarded as extremely good value for money,[6][8] gained 60% of the UK home computer market,[9] and 20% of the European personal computer market.[7] According to Personal Computer World, the PCW "got the technophobes using computers".[10]

LocoScript was regarded as easier to use than Wordstar and WordPerfect, which in the mid-1980s were the dominant word processors on IBM-compatible PCs,[4][11] and many users needed no additional information beyond what the manual's "first 20 minutes" introductory chapter provided.[6] The PCW's keyboard offered clearly labelled, one-press special keys for many common LocoScript functions, including cut, copy, and paste,[6][12] while LocoScript's competitors required a wide range of key combinations that the user had to remember.[11] Most of the program's other features were presented via a pull-down menu bar in which the top-level options were activated by function keys.[11][12] The menu system had two structures, one for beginners and the other for experienced users.[13][14] Locomotive Software's slogan for the product was "Everything you need, nothing you don't."[11] However, LocoScript version 1 was regarded as relatively slow.[4]

When the PCW product line was discontinued in 1998, The Daily Telegraph said that the range of independently produced add-on software for LocoScript had contributed to the series' longevity.[15]

LocoScript faded into obscurity because its developers were slow to produce a version for IBM-compatible PCs. By the time they released a version that ran under MS-DOS, Windows was becoming the dominant operating system. The developers of WordPerfect made a similar mistake, releasing their first Windows version in 1991, shortly after the second Windows version of Microsoft Word.[11]

As late as 1993, a journalist found "special characters" much easier to produce on Locoscript than on PC word processing software.[16]

Versions and capabilities

Version 1

LocoScript 1 was bundled with the PCW 8256 and 8512, both launched in 1985.[17] LocoScript did not run under the control of a standard operating system but booted directly from a floppy disk.[11][18] Users had to reboot if they wanted to switch between LocoScript and a CP/M application, unless they used a utility called "Flipper", which could allocate separate areas of RAM to LocoScript and CP/M.[4]

On start-up LocoScript displayed a file management menu,[18] like WordStar but unlike WordPerfect, Microsoft Word and other modern word processors, which start with an empty document.[11] LocoScript enabled users to divide documents into groups, display all the groups on a disk and then the documents in the selected group, and set up a template for each group.[13][18] File names were restricted to the "8.3" format,[19] but the edit facilities enabled users to add summaries up to 90 characters long, which they could display from the file menu.[20] The "limbo file" facility enabled users to recover accidentally deleted documents until the disk ran out of space, when the software would permanently delete files from "limbo" to make room for new ones.[1] Journalist Dave Langford published a collection of his articles about the PCW, and titled it "The Limbo Files".[21] LocoScript was designed to accommodate add-on programs, which could be selected via the file manager.[1]

LocoScript 1 supported 150 characters.[4] For each language supported by the PCW, the keyboard and LocoScript were configured so that users could easily type all of the normal character set. Various other languages' characters could be typed by holding down the ALT or EXTRA key, along with the SHIFT key if capitals were required.[19][22] LocoScript could also display mathematical and technical symbols. All these characters and symbols could be printed, unless the printer was a daisy wheel unit.[4] LocoScript's menu system enabled users to add, singly or in combination, a range of typographical effects: monospaced or proportional character spacing; normal or double width characters and spacing; various font sizes;[23] bold, underline, italics, subscript or superscript, and reverse video.[13][24] All of these except those that affected font size and spacing were displayed on the screen.[23][24] Reverse video was an on-screen reminder to the user and was never printed,[24] while the other effects were printed, except on daisy wheel printers.[4]

Users could optionally set up to two page headers and footers, and could tell LocoScript whether to use one header or footer on odd pages and the other on even pages, or one header or footer for the first or last page and another for all the rest,or to omit a header or footer on the first or last page. The program provided codes for the current page number and total number of pages, and aligning them to the left, centre or right, and for decorations such as leading and trailing hyphens (e.g. "-9-").[25] LocoScript automatically avoided widows and orphans, ensuring that, if a paragraph of four or more lines split across pages at least two lines appeared on each page. Users could also tell LocoScript to keep a group of lines or paragraphs together on the same page, or to avoid splitting paragraphs throughout a document, and could force page breaks.[26]

Users could control placement of text by means of: margins; indentation; normal tab stops; decimal tab stops, which set the position of the decimal point rather than the start of a number; and left, right or full justification. Different combinations of these settings, called "layouts", were automatically numbered, which made it possible to re-use layouts and to make changes that applied to all parts of a document where a specified layout was used.[23][27] These facilities could be used for presenting tables.[27]

LocoScript's cut, copy and paste facility provided 10 paste buffers ("blocks"), each of which was designated by a number and could be saved for re-use in a different document. Users could also save up to 26 short phrases, identified by letters, although the size of individual phrases and of the whole collection of phrases was limited. Both phrases and paste blocks could be inspected via a menu option. In addition, users could insert whole files, which could be either LocoScript documents or ASCII text files.[28] The "find" and "find and replace" facilities could operate on a whole document, or small sections of one, and "find and replace" ("exchange" in the manual's terminology) had an option to confirm each change or just go ahead.[29]

The program did not immediately reflow text after major insertions or deletions, but did this when the user pressed the RELAY key,[18] or automatically if the user moved the cursor through the changed passage.[29]

LocoScript allowed the user to edit one document while printing another, so that the relative slowness of the bundled dot matrix printer seldom caused difficulties.[13][30] Users could ask for all of a document to be printed or a range of pages, set the print quality to "high quality" or "draft", and set the paper used to single-sheet or continuous stationery. LocoScript automatically adjusted the size of margins so that the same number of lines per page appeared on both single-sheet and continuous stationery.[30] Since the printer only accepted one sheet of single-sheet paper at a time, LocoScript displayed a prompt at the end of each page when in single-sheet mode.[30] The program also had the ability to resume at a specified page after a paper jam. In addition to printing LocoScript documents, the program had a "direct printing" mode which operated like a typewriter, printing each piece of text after the user pressed RETURN. This could be used for completing forms.[30]

LocoScript version 1 had no spell checker or mail merge facilities.[4][17]

Version 2

LocoScript 2 was bundled with the Amstrad PCW 9512, introduced in 1987.[31] This version was significantly faster, included a spell checker and supported non-Amstrad printers.[4] It could also format, copy and verify disks for itself, instead of requiring the user to switch to CP/M and use the Disckit utility. However, copying via LocoScript was much slower because the word processor occupied more RAM than the CP/M system, leaving less space for the RAM disk and therefore forcing the copy to be done in smaller, more numerous stages.[32] LocoScript 2 increased its character set to 400, and allowed users to define up to 16 of their own characters.[4]

Version 3

LocoScript 3 includes the ability to print text at any size using scalable "LX" fonts, and to use multiple fonts in a document.[33] According to the vendors, LocoScript 3 also includes the ability to include pictures and draw boxes within documents, a facility to print odd-numbered and even-numbered pages separately, and a word counter.[34] The vendors recommend LocoScript 3 for PCW models only with 512 KB of RAM.[34]

Add-on utilities including LocoSpell (spell check), LocoMail (mail merge), LocoFile (database) and a Printer Support Pack were available[35] but these are no longer sold separately.[34]

Version 4

According to the vendors, LocoScript 4 adds a wider range of fonts, support for colour printing and (with the optional extra Printer Support Pack) hundreds of printers (excluding those that require Microsoft Windows), and a label-printing facility. Version 4 also interfaces with the mail merge program LocoMail and the LocoFile database.[34]

LocoScript PC Easy

According to the vendors, this is equivalent to LocoScript 2 on the Amstrad PCW,[36]

LocoScript PC Pro

According to the vendors, this is equivalent to LocoScript 4 and runs under MS-DOS version 3.0 or higher, as underlies Windows 3, Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me. Some issues exist with it being compatible with Windows Vista or Windows 7. It supports only printers that can connect via a parallel printer port, such as most HP Deskjets and which can run under MS-DOS; it does not support printers that require a USB connection or are labelled "Windows only".[36][37]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Gilmour, J. (1985). "Keeping your work on disc". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoSript 27–50. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  2. ↑ Laing, G. (2004). "Amstrad PCW". Digital Retro. The Ilex Press Ltd. pp. 170–173. ISBN 1-904705-39-1. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  3. ↑ Williams, Chris. "BASIC V for Unix, DOS, Windows and RISC OS: We talk to author Dave Daniels about the spirit of Brandy BASIC". Drobe magazine. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Austin, G. (1989). "They are more than word processors". MicroMart. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  5. ↑ Gilmour, J. (1985). PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. copyright (LocoSript) and copyright (CP/M). Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Whitehead, J. (1986). "Appendix B: Some Typical Electronic Office Systems". Implementing the electronic office. Taylor & Francis. pp. 195–197. ISBN 978-0-7099-3674-9. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  7. 1 2 Forester, T. (1989). "Personal Computing". High-tech society. MIT Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-262-56044-5. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  8. ↑ Rohrer, F. (1 August 2007). "Nostalgia for a techno cul-de-sac". BBC. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  9. ↑ King, A. (2002). "The New Directors". The End of the Terraces. Continuum International. p. 121. ISBN 0-7185-0259-0. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  10. ↑ "A little bit of IT history goes with Amstrad". Personal Computer World'. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Whatever Happened To LocoScript?". Micromart. 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  12. 1 2 Gilmour, J. (1985). "LocoScript summarised". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoSript 129–140. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Hawkins, W.J. (November 1986). "Double-duty word machine". Popular Science: 86–88. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  14. ↑ Gilmour, J. (1985). "Eliminating keystrokes". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoSript 121–123. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  15. ↑ Maybury, R (6 January 2000). "The windowless wonder". The Daily Telegraph: 6–7. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  16. ↑ Leslie, I. (26 November 1993). "Computer Letter: Quotation marks". The Independent (London). Retrieved 24 November 2009.
  17. 1 2 Ball, A.; Stirling, A. "Old computers: Amstrad PCW 8256 and 8512". Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Gilmour, J. (1985). "Your first twenty minutes". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoSript 11–26. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  19. 1 2 Gilmour, J. (1985). "Setting up". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoScript 1–11. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  20. ↑ Gilmour, J. (1985). "Summaries of your documents". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. p. LocoScript 52. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  21. ↑ Langford, D. (2009). The Limbo Files. Cosmos Books. ISBN 978-0-8095-7324-0. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  22. ↑ Gilmour, J. (1985). "Typing special characters". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoScript 52. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  23. 1 2 3 Gilmour, J. (1985). "Refining the appearance of the text". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoSript 87–96. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  24. 1 2 3 Gilmour, J. (1985). "Enhancing the text". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoSript 53–61. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  25. ↑ Gilmour, J. (1985). "Headings and page numbers". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoSript 105–110. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  26. ↑ Gilmour, J. (1985). "Where to start a new page". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoSript 99–104. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  27. 1 2 Gilmour, J. (1985). "Setting out text". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoSript 73–85. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  28. ↑ Gilmour, J. (1985). "Cutting and pasting". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoScript 111–114. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  29. 1 2 Gilmour, J. (1985). "Using the simpler editing keys". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoScript 62–72. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Gilmour, J. (1985). "Printing". PCW8256/8512: User Guide - CP/M Logo & Word Processor Manual (PDF). Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc. pp. LocoScript 115–120. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  31. ↑ "Old computers: Amstrad PCW 9256 and 9512". Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  32. ↑ "How to use Disckit". Luxsoft. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  33. ↑ Gilmour, Jean (1993). "Introduction". LocoScript 3 Supplement. Locomotive Software. ISBN 1-85195-114-8.
  34. 1 2 3 4 "The Catalogue for your Amstrad PCW". August 2003. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  35. ↑ "Running the Installation program". LocoScript v3.00 Installation. Locomotive Software. 1993. pp. 20–21. ISBN 1-85195-115-6.
  36. 1 2 "LocoScript for PCs". June 2004. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  37. ↑ "LocoScript Professional". February 2002. Retrieved 2009-05-08.

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