Lithium–silicon battery

Lithium–silicon batteries are a lithium-ion battery technology under development that employ a silicon anode.[1] Silicon is the second most abundant chemical element on earth.

In 2014, Amprius commercialized a lithium-ion battery that uses carbon-coated silicon particles for electrodes and delivered 20% greater energy density.[2]

The first laboratory experiments with lithium-silicon batteries took place in the late 1990s.[3] The large volume change of silicon when lithium is inserted is the main obstacle tocommercialization.[4] Test sample production of batches of batteries using a silicon-graphite composite electrode started in 2014.[5]

Specific capacity

Specific capacity and volume change for some anode materials (given in their lithiated state).[4][6][7]
Anode material Specific capacity (mAh/g) Volume change
Li 3862 -
LiC
6		 372 10%
Li
13Sn
5		 990 252%
Li
9Al
4		 2235 604%
Li
22Si
5		 4200 320%

A crystalline silicon anode has a theoretical specific capacity of 4200 mAh/g, more than ten times that of anodes such as graphite (372 mAh/g).[4] Each silicon atom can bind up to 4.4 lithium atoms in its fully lithiated state Li
4.4Si, compared to the one lithium atom per 6 carbon atoms for the fully lithiated state of graphite, LiC
6.[8]

Silicon swelling

The lattice distance between silicon atoms multiplies as it accommodates lithium ions (lithiation), reaching 320% of the original volume.[4] The expansion causes large anisotropic stresses to occure withing the electrode material, leading to fractures and crumbling of the silicon material and ill-fated detachment from the current collector.[9] Prototypical lithium-silicon batteries lose most of their capacity in as little as 10 charge-discharge cycles.[3][10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Nazri, Gholam-Abbas; Pistoia, Gianfranco, eds. (2004). Lithium Batteries - Science and Technology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 259. ISBN 1-4020-7628-2.
  2. ↑ Anthony, Sebastian (10 January 2014). "At long last, new lithium battery tech actually arrives on the market (and might already be in your smartphone)". Extreme Tech. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  3. 1 2 Bourderau, S; Brousse, T; Schleich, D.M (1999). "Amorphous silicon as a possible anode material for Li-ion batteries". Journal of Power Sources. 81-82: 233. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00194-9.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Mukhopadhyay, Amartya; Sheldon, Brian W. (2014). "Deformation and stress in electrode materials for Li-ion batteries". Progress in Materials Science 63: 58. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.02.001.
  5. ↑ St. John, Jeff (2014-01-06). "Amprius Gets $30M Boost for Silicon-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries". Greentechmedia. Retrieved 2015-07-21.
  6. ↑ Besenhard, J.; Daniel, C., eds. (2011). Handbook of Battery Materials. Wiley-VCH.
  7. ↑ Nazri, Gholam-Abbas; Pistoia, Gianfranco, eds. (2004). Lithium Batteries - Science and Technology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 117. ISBN 1-4020-7628-2.
  8. ↑ Tarascon, J.M.; Armand, M. (2001). "Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries". Nature 414 (6861): 359–67. doi:10.1038/35104644. PMID 11713543.
  9. ↑ Berla, Lucas A.; Lee, Seok Woo; Ryu, Ill; Cui, Yi; Nix, William D. (2014). "Robustness of amorphous silicon during the initial lithiation/delithiation cycle". Journal of Power Sources 258: 253. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.032.
  10. ↑ Jung, H (2003). "Amorphous silicon anode for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries". Journal of Power Sources 115 (2): 346. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00707-3.
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