List of state leaders in 1978

See also
List of state leaders in 1977 Events of 1978 List of state leaders in 1979 State leaders by year List of religious leaders in 1978 List of sovereign states in 1978 List of colonial governors in 1978

This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1978.

Africa

Algeria
- President -
  1. Houari Boumediene, President of Algeria (1965–1978)
  2. Rabah Bitat, Interim President of Algeria (1978–1979)
Angola -
- Communist Party Leader - Agostinho Neto, Secretary of the Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labor Party (1975–1979)
- President - Agostinho Neto, President of Angola (1975–1979)
- Prime Minister - Lopo do Nascimento, Prime Minister of Angola (1975–1978)
Benin
- President - Mathieu Kérékou, President of Benin (1972–1991)
Botswana
- President - Sir Seretse Khama, President of Botswana (1966–1980)
Burundi
- President - Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, President of Burundi (1976–1987)
- Prime Minister - Édouard Nzambimana, Prime Minister of Burundi (1976–1978)
Cameroon
- President - Ahmadou Ahidjo, President of Cameroon (1960–1982)
- Prime Minister - Paul Biya, Prime Minister of Cameroon (1975–1982)
Cape Verde
- President - Aristides Pereira, President of Cape Verde (1975–1991)
- Prime Minister - Pedro Pires, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (1975–1991)
Central African Empire
- Monarch - Bokassa I, Emperor of Central Africa (1966–1979)^[1]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Ange-Félix Patassé, Prime Minister of the Central African Empire (1976–1978)
  2. Henri Maïdou, Prime Minister of the Central African Empire (1978–1979)
Chad
- Head of State - Félix Malloum, Head of State of Chad (1975–1979)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Félix Malloum, Prime Minister of Chad (1975–1978)
  2. Hissène Habré, Prime Minister of Chad (1978–1979)
Comoros
- President -
  1. Ali Soilih, President of the Comoros (1976–1978)
  2. Said Atthoumani, Chairman of the Politico-Military Directorate of the Comoros (1978)
  3. Ahmed Abdallah and Mohamed Ahmed, Co-Chairmen of the Directorate of the Comoros (1978)
  4. Ahmed Abdallah, President of the Comoros (1978–1989)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Abdallah Mohamed, Prime Minister of the Comoros (1976–1978)
  2. Salim Ben Ali, Prime Minister of the Comoros (1978–1982)
Congo
- Head of State - Joachim Yhombi-Opango, Head of State of Congo (1977–1979)
- Prime Minister - Louis Sylvain Goma, Prime Minister of Congo (1975–1984)
Djibouti
- President - Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti (1977–1999)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Ahmed Dini Ahmed, Prime Minister of Djibouti (1977–1978)
  2. Abdallah Mohamed Kamil, Prime Minister of Djibouti (1978)
  3. Barkat Gourad Hamadou, Prime Minister of Djibouti (1978–2001)
Egypt
- President - Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt (1970–1981)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Mamdouh Salem, Prime Minister of Egypt (1975–1978)
  2. Mustafa Khalil, Prime Minister of Egypt (1978–1980)
Equatorial Guinea
- President - Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong, President for Life of Equatorial Guinea (1968–1979)
Ethiopia
- Head of State - Mengistu Haile Mariam, Chairman of the Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces of Ethiopia (1977–1991)
Gabon
- President - Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (1967–2009)
- Prime Minister - Léon Mébiame, Prime Minister of Gabon (1975–1994)
The Gambia
- President - Sir Dawda Jawara, President of The Gambia (1970–1994)
Ghana
- Head of State -
  1. Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, Chairman of the Supreme Military Council of Ghana (1972–1978)
  2. Fred Akuffo, Chairman of the Supreme Military Council of Ghana (1978–1979)
Guinea
- President - Ahmed Sékou Touré, President of Guinea (1958–1984)
- Prime Minister - Louis Lansana Beavogui, Prime Minister of Guinea (1972–1984)
Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State - Luís Cabral, Chairman of the Council of State of Guinea-Bissau (1973–1980)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Francisco Mendes, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (1973–1978)
  2. Constantino Teixeira, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (1978)
  3. João Bernardo Vieira, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (1978–1980)
Ivory Coast
- President - Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of Ivory Coast (1960–1993)
Kenya
- President -
  1. Jomo Kenyatta, President of Kenya (1964–1978)
  2. Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya (1978–2002)
Lesotho
- Monarch - Moshoeshoe II, King of Lesotho (1970–1990)
- Prime Minister - Leabua Jonathan, Prime Minister of Lesotho (1965–1986)^[2]
Liberia
- President - William R. Tolbert, Jr., President of Liberia (1971–1980)
Libya
- De facto Head of State - Muammar Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1969–2011)
- Nominal Head of State - Muammar Gaddafi, Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya (1969–1979)
- Head of Government - Abdul Ati al-Obeidi, General Secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya (1977–1979)
Madagascar
- President - Didier Ratsiraka, President of Madagascar (1975–1993)
- Prime Minister - Désiré Rakotoarijaona, Prime Minister of Madagascar (1977–1988)
Malawi
- President - Hastings Banda, President for Life of Malawi (1966–1994)
Mali
- Head of State - Moussa Traoré, Head of State of Mali (1968–1991)
Mauritania
- Head of State -
  1. Moktar Ould Daddah, President of Mauritania (1960–1978)
  2. Mustafa Ould Salek, Chairman of the Military Committee for National Recovery of Mauritania (1978–1979)
Mauritius
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Mauritius (1968–1992)
- Governor-General -
  1. Sir Henry Garrioch, Acting Governor-General of Mauritius (1977–1978)
  2. Sir Dayendranath Burrenchobay, Governor-General of Mauritius (1978–1983)
- Prime Minister - Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius (1961–1982)^[3]
Mayotte (Territorial collectivity of France)
- Prefect -
  1. Jean Coussirou, Prefect of Mayotte (1976–1978)
  2. Jean Rigotard, Prefect of Mayotte (1978–1980)
- President of the General Council - Younoussa Bamana, President of the General Council of Mayotte (1976–1991)
Morocco
- Monarch - Hassan II, King of Morocco (1961–1999)
- Prime Minister - Ahmed Osman, Prime Minister of Morocco (1972–1979)
- Western Sahara (self-declared, partially recognized state)
  - President - Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of Western Sahara (1976–present)
  - Prime Minister - Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed, Prime Minister of Western Sahara (1976–1982)
Mozambique
- Communist Party Leader - Samora Machel, President of the Liberation Front of Mozambique (1975–1986)
- President - Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (1975–1986)
Niger
- Head of State - Seyni Kountché, President of the Supreme Military Council of Niger (1974–1987)
Nigeria
- Head of State - Olusegun Obasanjo, Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria (1976–1979)
Rhodesia (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
- President -
  1. John Wrathall, President of Rhodesia (1976–1978)
  2. Henry Everard, Acting President of Rhodesia (1978)
  3. Jack William Pithey, Acting President of Rhodesia (1978–1979)
- Prime Minister - Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (1965–1979)
Rwanda
- President - Juvénal Habyarimana, President of Rwanda (1973–1994)
Saint Helena and Dependencies (British crown colony)
- Governor - Geoffrey Colin Guy, Governor of Saint Helena (1976–1981)
São Tomé and Príncipe
- President - Manuel Pinto da Costa, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (1975–1991)
- Prime Minister - Miguel Trovoada, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Principe (1975–1979)
Senegal
- President - Léopold Sédar Senghor, President of Senegal (1960–1980)
- Prime Minister - Abdou Diouf, Prime Minister of Senegal (1970–1980)
Seychelles
- President - France-Albert René, President of Seychelles (1977–2004)
Sierra Leone
- President - Siaka Stevens, President of Sierra Leone (1971–1985)
- Prime Minister - Christian Alusine Kamara-Taylor, Prime Minister of Sierra Leone (1975–1978)
Somalia
- Communist Party Leader - Siad Barre, Secretary-general of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (1976–1991)
- President - Siad Barre, President of Somalia (1969–1991)
South Africa
- President -
  1. Nicolaas Johannes Diederichs, State President of South Africa (1975–1978)
  2. Marais Viljoen, Acting State President of South Africa (1978)
  3. B. J. Vorster, State President of South Africa (1978–1979)
- Prime Minister -
  1. B. J. Vorster, Prime Minister of South Africa (1966–1978)
  2. P. W. Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa (1978–1984)
- Bophuthatswana (unrecognized state)
  - President - Lucas Mangope, President of Bophuthatswana (1968–1994)^[4]
- Transkei (unrecognized state)
  - President -
    1. Botha Sigcau, President of Transkei (1976–1978)
    2. Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla, Acting President of Transkei (1978–1979)
  - Prime Minister - Kaiser Matanzima, Prime Minister of Transkei (1963–1979)^[5]
- South West Africa (League of Nations mandate administered by South Africa)
  - Administrator-General - Marthinus T. Steyn, Administrator-General of South West Africa (1977–1979)
Sudan
- President - Gaafar Nimeiry, President of Sudan (1969–1985)
- Prime Minister - Gaafar Nimeiry, Prime minister of Sudan (1977–1985)
Swaziland
- Monarch - Sobhuza II, King of Swaziland (1921–1982)^[6]
- Prime Minister - Maphevu Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (1976–1979)
Tanzania
- President - Julius Nyerere, President of Tanzania (1962–1985)^[7]
- Prime Minister - Edward Sokoine, Prime Minister of Tanzania (1977–1980)
Togo
- President - Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President of Togo (1967–2005)
Tunisia
- President - Habib Bourguiba, President for Life of Tunisia (1957–1987)
- Prime Minister - Hedi Amara Nouira, Prime Minister of Tunisia (1970–1980)
Uganda
- President - Idi Amin, President for Life of Uganda (1971–1979)
Upper Volta
- President - Sangoulé Lamizana, President of Upper Volta (1966–1980)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Sangoulé Lamizana, Prime Minister of Upper Volta (1974–1978)
  2. Joseph Conombo, Prime Minister of Upper Volta (1978–1980)
Zaire
- President - Mobutu Sese Seko, President of Zaire (1965–1994)
- Head of Government - Mpinga Kasenda, First State Commissioner of Zaire (1977–1979)
Zambia
- President - Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia (1964–1991)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Mainza Chona, Prime Minister of Zambia (1977–1978)
  2. Daniel Lisulo, Prime Minister of Zambia (1978–1981)

Asia

Afghanistan
- Republic of Afghanistan changed name to Democratic Republic of Afghanistan on 30 April 1978
- Head of State -
  1. Mohammed Daoud Khan, President of Afghanistan (1973–1978)
  2. Abdul Qadir, Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the Armed Forces of Afghanistan (1978)
  3. Nur Mohammad Taraki, Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Afghanistan (1978–1979)
- Prime Minister - Nur Mohammad Taraki, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1978–1979)
Bahrain
- Monarch - Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Emir of Bahrain (1961–1999)^[8]
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–present)^[9]
Bangladesh -
- President - Ziaur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (1977–1981)
- Prime Minister - Mashiur Rahman, Senior Minister of Bangladesh (1978–1979)
Bhutan
- Monarch - Jigme Singye Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (1972–2006)
Brunei (British protected state)
- High Commissioner -
  1. James Alfred Davidson, British High Commissioner in Brunei (1975–1978)
  2. Arthur Christopher Watson, British High Commissioner in Brunei (1978–1984)
- Monarch - Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present)
- Chief Minister - Pengiran Dipa Negara Laila Diraja Pengiran Abdul Mumin, Chief Minister of Brunei (1972–1981)
Burma
- President - Ne Win, President of Burma (1962–1981)
- Prime Minister - Maung Maung Kha, Prime Minister of Burma (1977–1988)
China (People's Republic of China)
- De facto leader - Deng Xiaoping, Paramount leader (late 1970s - early 1990s)
- Communist Party Leader - Hua Guofeng, Chairman of the Communist Party of China (1976–1981)
- De facto Head of State -
  1. the Vice Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China (acting collective head of state during vacancy) (1976–1978)
  2. Ye Jianying, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China (1978–1983)
- Premier - Hua Guofeng, Premier of the State Council of China (1976–1980)
Hong Kong (British crown colony)
- Governor - Sir Murray MacLehose, Governor of Hong Kong (1971–1982)
India -
- President - Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, President of India (1977–1982)
- Prime Minister - Morarji Desai, Prime Minister of India (1977–1979)
Indonesia
- President - Suharto, President of Indonesia (1967–1998)
Iran
- Monarch - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (1941–1979)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Jamshid Amouzegar, Prime Minister of Iran (1977–1978)
  2. Jafar Sharif-Emami, Prime Minister of Iran (1978)
  3. Gholam Reza Azhari, Prime Minister of Iran (1978–1979)
Iraq
- President - Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, President of Iraq (1968–1979)
- Prime Minister - Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Prime Minister of Iraq (1968–1979)
Israel
- President -
  1. Ephraim Katzir, President of Israel (1973–1978)
  2. Yitzhak Navon, President of Israel (1978–1983)
- Prime Minister - Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel (1977–1983)
Japan
- Monarch - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Takeo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan (1976–1978)
  2. Masayoshi Ōhira, Prime Minister of Japan (1978–1980)
Jordan
- Monarch - Hussein, King of Jordan (1952–1999)
- Prime Minister - Mudar Badran, Prime Minister of Jordan (1976–1979)
Kampuchea
- Head of State - Khieu Samphan, President of the State Presidium of Kampuchea (1976–1979)
- Prime Minister - Pol Pot, Prime Minister of Kampuchea (1976–1979)
North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
- Communist Party Leader - Kim Il-sung, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Korean Workers' Party (1949–1994)
- President - Kim Il-sung, President of North Korea (1972–1994)
- Premier - Li Jong-ok, Premier of the Council of Ministers of North Korea (1977–1984)
South Korea (Republic of Korea)
- President - Park Chung-hee, President of South Korea (1962–1979)
- Prime Minister - Choi Kyu-hah, Prime Minister of South Korea (1975–1979)
Kuwait
- Monarch - Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (1977–2006)^[10]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (1965–1978)
  2. Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (1978–2003)^[10]
Laos
- Communist Party Leader - Kaysone Phomvihane, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (1975–1992)
- President - Souphanouvong, President of Laos (1975–1991)
- Premier - Kaysone Phomvihane, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos (1975–1991)
Lebanon
- President - Elias Sarkis, President of Lebanon (1976–1982)
- Prime Minister - Selim al-Hoss, Prime Minister of Lebanon (1976–1980)
Macau (overseas province of Portugal)
- Governor - José Garcia Leandro, Governor of Macau (1974–1979)
Malaysia
- Monarch - Sultan Yahya Petra, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (1975–1979)
- Prime Minister - Hussein Onn, Prime Minister of Malaysia (1976–1981)
Maldives
- President -
  1. Ibrahim Nasir, President of the Maldives (1968–1978)
  2. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives (1978–2008)
Mongolia
- Communist Party Leader - Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, General secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1958–1984)
- Head of State - Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Hural of Mongolia (1974–1984)
- Premier - Jambyn Batmönkh, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Mongolia (1974–1984)
Nepal
- Monarch - Birendra, King of Nepal (1972–2001)
- Prime Minister - Kirti Nidhi Bista, Prime Minister of Nepal (1977–1979)
Oman
- Monarch - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman (1970–present)
- Prime Minister - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–present)
Pakistan -
- President -
  1. Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, President of Pakistan (1973–1978)
  2. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, President of Pakistan (1978–1988)
- Head of Government - Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Chief Martial Law Administrator of Pakistan (1977–1985)
Philippines
- President - Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines (1965–1986)
- Prime Minister - Ferdinand Marcos, Prime Minister of the Philippines (1978–1981)
Qatar
- Monarch - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1972–1995)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar (1970–1995)^[11]
Saudi Arabia
- Monarch - Khalid, King of Saudi Arabia (1975–1982)
- Prime Minister - Khalid, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (1975–1982)
Singapore
- President - Benjamin Sheares, President of Singapore (1971–1981)
- Prime Minister - Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore (1959–1990)^[12]
Sri Lanka
- President -
  1. William Gopallawa, President of Sri Lanka (1962–1978)^[13]
  2. Junius Richard Jayewardene, President of Sri Lanka (1978–1989)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Junius Richard Jayewardene, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (1977–1978)
  2. Ranasinghe Premadasa, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (1978–1989)
Syria
- President - Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (1971–2000)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Abdul Rahman Khleifawi, Prime Minister of Syria (1976–1978)
  2. Muhammad Ali al-Halabi, Prime Minister of Syria (1978–1980)
Taiwan (Republic of China)
- President -
  1. Yen Chia-kan, President of Taiwan (1975–1978)
  2. Chiang Ching-kuo, President of Taiwan (1978–1988)
- Premier -
  1. Chiang Ching-kuo, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (1972–1978)
  2. Sun Yun-suan, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (1978–1984)
Thailand
- Monarch - Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–present)
- Prime Minister - Kriangsak Chamanan, Prime Minister of Thailand (1977–1980)
Turkey
- President - Fahri Korutürk, President of Turkey (1973–1980)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Süleyman Demirel, Prime Minister of Turkey (1977–1978)
  2. Bülent Ecevit, Prime Minister of Turkey (1978–1979)
United Arab Emirates
- President - Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (1971–2004)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (1971–1979)
Vietnam
- Communist Party Leader - Lê Duẩn, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1960–1986)
- President - Tôn Đức Thắng, President of Vietnam (1969–1980)^[14]
- Premier - Phạm Văn Đồng, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam (1955–1987)^[15]
North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic)
- President -
  1. Ahmed al-Ghashmi, President of North Yemen (1977–1978)
  2. Abdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi, President of North Yemen (1978)
  3. Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of North Yemen (1978–2012)^[16]
- Prime Minister - Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, Prime Minister of North Yemen (1975–1980)
South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen)
- Communist Party Leader - Abdul Fattah Ismail, Secretary-General of the Yemeni Socialist Party (1978–1980)
- Head of State -
  1. Salim Rubai Ali, Chairman of the Presidential Council of South Yemen (1969–1978)
  2. Ali Nasir Muhammad, Chairman of the Presidential Council of South Yemen (1978)
  3. Abdul Fattah Ismail, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council of South Yemen (1978–1980)
- Prime Minister - Ali Nasir Muhammad, Prime Minister of South Yemen (1971–1985)

Europe

Albania
- Communist Party Leader - Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labor (1944–1985)
- Head of State - Haxhi Lleshi, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Albania (1953–1982)
- Premier - Mehmet Shehu, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania (1954–1981)
Andorra
- Monarchs -
  - French Co-Prince - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1974–1981)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - André Prunet-Foch (1977–1980)
  - Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1971–2003)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Francesc Badia i Batalla (1972–1993)
- First Syndic -
  1. Julià Reig Ribó, First Syndic of Andorra (1972–1978)
  2. Estanislau Sangrà Font, First Syndic of Andorra (1978–1982)
Austria -
- President - Rudolf Kirchschläger, Federal President of Austria (1974–1986)
- Chancellor - Bruno Kreisky, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1970–1983)
Belgium
- Monarch - Baudouin, King of the Belgians (1951–1993)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Leo Tindemans, Prime Minister of Belgium (1974–1978)
  2. Paul Vanden Boeynants, Prime Minister of Belgium (1978–1979)
Bulgaria
- Communist Party Leader - Todor Zhivkov, General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party (1954–1989)
- Head of State - Todor Zhivkov, Chairman of the Council of State of Bulgaria (1971–1989)
- Premier - Stanko Todorov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1971–1981)
Cyprus
- President - Spyros Kyprianou, President of Cyprus (1977–1988)
- Northern Cyprus (invaded by Turkey)
  - President - Rauf Denktaş, President of Northern Cyprus (1975–2005)
  - Prime Minister -
    1. Nejat Konuk, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1976–1978)
    2. Osman Örek, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1978)
    3. Mustafa Çağatay, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1978–1985)
Czechoslovakia
- Communist Party Leader - Gustáv Husák, General Secretary of the Communisty Party of Czechoslovakia (1969–1987)
- President - Gustáv Husák, President of Czechoslovakia (1975–1989)
- Prime Minister - Lubomír Štrougal, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1970–1988)
Denmark
- Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
- Prime Minister - Anker Jørgensen, Prime Minister of Denmark (1975–1982)
Finland
- President - Urho Kekkonen, President of Finland (1956–1981)
- Prime Minister - Kalevi Sorsa, Prime Minister of Finland (1977–1979)
France -
- President - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of France (1974–1981)
- Prime Minister - Raymond Barre, Prime Minister of France (1976–1981)
East Germany (German Democratic Republic)
- Communist Party Leader - Erich Honecker, General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (1971–1989)
- Head of State - Erich Honecker, Chairman of the Council of State of East Germany (1976–1989)
- Premier - Willi Stoph, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of East Germany (1976–1989)
West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)
- President - Walter Scheel, Federal President of West Germany (1974–1979)
- Chancellor - Helmut Schmidt, Federal Chancellor of West Germany (1974–1982)
- West Berlin (Western Allies-occupied free city)
  - Governing Mayor - Dietrich Stobbe, Governing Mayor of Berlin (1977–1981)
Greece
- President - Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (1975–1980)
- Prime Minister - Konstantinos Karamanlis, Prime Minister of Greece (1974–1980)
Hungary
- Communist Party Leader - János Kádár, First Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1956–1988)
- Head of State - Pál Losonczi, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Hungary (1967–1987)
- Premier - György Lázár, President of the Council of Ministers of Hungary (1975–1987)
Iceland
- President - Kristján Eldjárn, President of Iceland (1968–1980)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Geir Hallgrímsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1974–1978)
  2. Ólafur Jóhannesson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1978–1979)
Ireland -
- President - Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (1976–1990)
- Prime Minister - Jack Lynch, Taoiseach of Ireland (1977–1979)
Italy
- President -
  1. Giovanni Leone, President of Italy (1971–1978)
  2. Amintore Fanfani, Acting President of Italy (1978)
  3. Sandro Pertini, President of Italy (1978–1985)
- Prime Minister - Giulio Andreotti, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1976–1979)
Liechtenstein
- Monarch - Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Walter Kieber, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1974–1978)
  2. Hans Brunhart, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1978–1993)
Luxembourg
- Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1964–2000)
- Prime Minister - Gaston Thorn, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1974–1979)
Malta
- President - Anton Buttigieg, President of Malta (1976–1981)
- Prime Minister - Dom Mintoff, Prime Minister of Malta (1971–1984)
Monaco
- Monarch - Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (1949–2005)
- Head of Government - André Saint-Mleux, Minister of State of Monaco (1972–1981)
Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Monarch - Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands (1948–1980)
- Netherlands (constituent country)
  - Prime Minister - Dries van Agt, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1977–1982)
- Netherlands Antilles (constituent country)
  - see under North America
Norway
- Monarch - Olav V, King of Norway (1957–1991)
- Prime Minister - Odvar Nordli, Prime Minister of Norway (1976–1981)
Poland
- Communist Party Leader - Edward Gierek, First Secretary of the Central Committee of Polish United Workers' Party (1970–1980)
- Head of State - Henryk Jabłoński, Chairman of the Council of State of Poland (1972–1985)
- Premier - Piotr Jaroszewicz, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1970–1980)
Portugal -
- President - António Ramalho Eanes, President of Portugal (1976–1986)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Mário Soares, Prime Minister of Portugal (1976–1978)
  2. Alfredo Nobre da Costa, Prime Minister of Portugal (1978)
  3. Carlos Mota Pinto, Prime Minister of Portugal (1978–1979)
Romania
- Communist Party Leader - Nicolae Ceauşescu, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989)
- President - Nicolae Ceauşescu, President of Romania (1967–1989)
- Premier - Manea Mănescu, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1974–1979)
San Marino
- Captains Regent
  1. Giordano Bruno Reffi and Tito Masi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1977–1978)
  2. Francesco Valli and Enrico Andreoli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1978)
  3. Ermenegildo Gasperoni and Adriano Reffi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1978–1979)
Soviet Union
- Communist Party leader - Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)
- Head of State - Leonid Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1977–1982)
- Premier - Alexei Kosygin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1964–1980)
Spain
- Monarch - Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–2014)
- Prime Minister - Adolfo Suárez, President of the Government of Spain (1976–1981)
Sweden
- Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Thorbjörn Fälldin, Prime Minister of Sweden (1976–1978)
  2. Ola Ullsten, Prime Minister of Sweden (1978–1979)
Switzerland -
- Federal Council:^[17]
  Rudolf Gnägi (1965–1979), Ernst Brugger (1969–1978), Pierre Graber (1970–1978), Kurt Furgler (1971–1986), Willy Ritschard (1973–1983, President), Hans Hürlimann (1973–1982), Georges-André Chevallaz (1973–1983), Fritz Honegger (1978–1982), Pierre Aubert (1978–1987)
United Kingdom -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present)
- Prime Minister - James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1976–1979)
- Guernsey (British Crown dependency)
  - Lieutenant-Governor - Sir John Martin, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (1974–1980)
  - Bailiff - Sir John Loveridge, Bailiff of Guernsey (1973–1982)
- Jersey (British Crown dependency)
  - Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Desmond Fitzpatrick, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey (1974–1979)
  - Bailiff - Sir Frank Ereaut, Bailiff of Jersey (1975–1985)
- Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)
  - Lieutenant Governor - Sir John Warburton Paul, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man (1974–1980)
  - Head of Government - Clifford Irving, Chairman of the Executive Council of the Isle of Man (1977–1981)
- Gibraltar (British crown colony)
  - Governor -
    1. Sir John Grandy, Governor of Gibraltar (1973–1978)
    2. Sir William Jackson, Governor of Gibraltar (1978–1982)
  - Chief Minister - Sir Joshua Hassan, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1972–1987)
Vatican City
- Monarch -
  1. Pope Paul VI, Sovereign of Vatican City (1963–1978)
  2. Cardinal Carlo Confalonieri and Cardinal Jean-Marie Villot, interim government during sede vacante (1978)
  3. Pope John Paul I, Sovereign of Vatican City (1978)
  4. Cardinal Carlo Confalonieri and Cardinal Jean-Marie Villot, interim government during sede vacante (1978)
  5. Pope John Paul II, Sovereign of Vatican City (1978–2005)
- President of the Governorate - Cardinal Jean-Marie Villot, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1969–1979)
- Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
  - Secretary of State - Cardinal Jean-Marie Villot, Cardinal Secretary of State (1969–1979)
Yugoslavia
- Communist Party leader - Josip Broz Tito, President of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1936–1980)
- President - Josip Broz Tito, President for Life of Yugoslavia (1953–1980)
- Premier - Veselin Đuranović, Chairman of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia (1977–1982)

North America

Antigua (British associated state)
- Governor - Sir Wilfred Jacobs, Governor of Antigua (1967–1993)
- Premier - Vere Bird, Premier of Antigua (1976–1994)
The Bahamas
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–present)
- Governor-General -
  - Sir Milo Butler, Governor-General of the Bahamas (1973–1979)
  - Sir Gerald Cash, Acting Governor-General (1976–1979)
- Prime Minister - Lynden Pindling, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (1967–1992)^[18]
Barbados -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Deighton Lisle Ward, Governor-General of Barbados (1976–1984)
- Prime Minister - Tom Adams, Prime Minister of Barbados (1976–1985)
Belize (British crown colony)
- Governor - Peter Donovan McEntee, Governor of Belize (1976–1980)
- Premier - George Cadle Price, Premier of Belize (1961–1984)
Bermuda (British crown colony)
- Governor - Sir Peter Ramsbotham, Governor of Bermuda (1977–1980)
- Premier - David Gibbons, Premier of Bermuda (1977–1982)
British Virgin Islands (British crown colony)
- Governor -
  1. Walter Wilkinson Wallace, Governor of the British Virgin Islands (1974–1978)
  2. James Alfred Davidson, Governor of the British Virgin Islands (1978–1982)
- Chief Minister - Willard Wheatley, Chief Minister of the British Virgin Islands (1971–1979)
Canada
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–present)
- Governor General - Jules Léger, Governor General of Canada (1974–1979)
- Prime Minister - Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada (1968–1979)
Cayman Islands (British crown colony)
- Governor - Thomas Russell, Governor of the Cayman Islands (1974–1982)
Costa Rica
- President -
  1. Daniel Oduber Quirós, President of Costa Rica (1974–1978)
  2. Rodrigo Carazo Odio, President of Costa Rica (1978–1982)
Cuba
- Communist Party Leader - Fidel Castro, First secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (1965–2011)
- President - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (1976–2008)
- Premier - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (1959–2008)
Dominica
- gained independence on 3 November 1978
- President - Sir Louis Cools-Lartigue, Governor of Dominica (1968–1978), Interim President of Dominica (1978–1979)
- Prime Minister^[19] - Patrick John, Prime Minister of Dominica (1974–1979)
Dominican Republic
- President -
  1. Joaquín Balaguer, President of the Dominican Republic (1966–1978)
  2. Antonio Guzmán Fernández, President of the Dominican Republic (1978–1982)
El Salvador
- President - Carlos Humberto Romero, President of El Salvador (1977–1979)
Grenada
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–present)
- Governor-General -
  1. Sir Leo de Gale, Governor-General of Grenada (1974–1978)
  2. Sir Paul Scoon, Governor-General of Grenada (1978–1992)
- Prime Minister - Sir Eric Gairy, Prime Minister of Grenada (1967–1979)^[20]
Guatemala
- President -
  1. Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García, President of Guatemala (1974–1978)
  2. Fernando Romeo Lucas García, President of Guatemala (1978–1982)
Haiti
- President - Jean-Claude Duvalier, President for Life of Haiti (1971–1986)
Honduras
- Head of State -
  1. Juan Alberto Melgar Castro, Head of State of Honduras (1975–1978)
  2. Policarpo Paz García, President of the Military Government Junta of Honduras (1978–1982)
Jamaica
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–present)
- Governor-General - Florizel Glasspole, Governor-General of Jamaica (1973–1991)
- Prime Minister - Michael Manley, Prime Minister of Jamaica (1972–1980)
Mexico
- President - José López Portillo, President of Mexico (1976–1982)
Montserrat (British crown colony)
- Governor - Gwilyum Wyn Jones, Governor of Montserrat (1977–1980)
- Chief Minister -
  1. Percival Austin Bramble, Chief Minister of Montserrat (1970–1978)
  2. John Osborne, Chief Minister of Montserrat (1978–1991)
Netherlands Antilles (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor - Bernadito M. Leito, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles (1970–1983)
- Prime Minister - Silvius Gerard Marie Rozendal, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles (1977–1979)
Nicaragua
- President - Anastasio Somoza Debayle, President of Nicaragua (1974–1979)
Panama
- De facto leader - Omar Torrijos, Commandant of the National Guard of Panama (1968–1981)
- President -
  1. Demetrio B. Lakas, President of Panama (1969–1978)
  2. Aristides Royo, President of Panama (1978–1982)
Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (British associated state)
- Governor - Sir Probyn Ellsworth-Innis, Governor of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (1975–1981)
- Premier -
  1. Robert Bradshaw, Premier of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (1966–1978)
  2. Paul Southwell, Premier of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (1978–1979)
Saint Lucia (British associated state)
- Governor - Sir Allen Montgomery Lewis, Governor of Saint Lucia (1974–1980)
- Premier - John Compton, Premier of Saint Lucia (1964–1979)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Territorial collectivity of France)
- Prefect - Pierre Eydoux, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1977–1979)
- President of the General Council - Albert Pen, President of the General Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1968–1984)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (British associated state)
- Governor - Sir Sydney Gun-Munro, Governor of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1976–1985)
- Premier - Milton Cato, Premier of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1974–1984)
Trinidad and Tobago
- President - Sir Ellis Clarke, President of Trinidad and Tobago (1972–1987)^[21]
- Prime Minister - Eric Williams, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1956–1981)^[22]
Turks and Caicos Islands (British crown colony)
- Governor -
  1. Arthur Christopher Watson, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1975–1978)
  2. John Clifford Strong, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1978–1982)
- Chief Minister - James Alexander George Smith McCartney, Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1976–1980)
United States of America
- President - Jimmy Carter, President of the United States (1977–1981)
- Panama Canal Zone (unincorporated territory of the United States)
  - Governor - Harold Parfitt, Governor of the Panama Canal Zone (1975–1979)
- Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of the United States)
  - Governor - Carlos Romero Barceló, Governor of Puerto Rico (1977–1985)
- United States Virgin Islands (Insular area of the United States)
  - Governor -
    1. Cyril King, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (1975–1978)
    2. Juan Francisco Luis, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (1978–1987)

Oceania

American Samoa (unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States)
- Governor -
  1. H. Rex Lee, Governor of American Samoa (1977–1978)
  2. Peter Tali Coleman, Governor of American Samoa (1978–1985)
Australia
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Zelman Cowen, Governor-General of Australia (1977–1982)
- Prime Minister - Malcolm Fraser, Prime Minister of Australia (1975–1983)
- Christmas Island (external territory of Australia)
  - Administrator - F.C. Boyle, Administrator of Christmas Island (1977–1980)
- Cocos (Keeling) Islands (external territory of Australia)
  - Governor - John Cecil Clunies-Ross, Governor of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1947–1978)
  - Administrator - Charles Ivens Buffett, Administrator of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1977–1981)
- Norfolk Island (self-governing territory of Australia)
  - Administrator - Desmond Vincent O'Leary, Administrator of Norfolk Island (1976–1979)
  - Head of Government - William Arthur Blucher, President of the Island Council of Norfolk Island (1976–1978)
Fiji
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Fiji (1970–1987)
- Governor-General - Ratu Sir George Cakobau, Governor-General of Fiji (1973–1983)
- Prime Minister - Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, Prime Minister of Fiji (1967–1987)^[23]
French Polynesia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner - Paul Cousseran, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (1977–1981)
Gilbert Islands (British protectorate)
- Governor -
  1. John Hilary Smith, Governor of Gilbert Islands (1973–1978)
  2. Reginald James Wallace, Governor of Gilbert Islands (1978–1979)
- Chief Minister -
  1. Naboua Ratieta, Chief Minister of Gilbert Islands (1974–1978)
  2. Ieremia Tabai, Chief Minister of Gilbert Islands (1978–1979)
Guam (Insular area of the United States)
- Governor - Ricardo Bordallo, Governor of Guam (1975–1979)
Nauru
- President -
  1. Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (1976–1978)
  2. Lagumot Harris, President of Nauru (1978)
  3. Hammer DeRoburt, President of Nauru (1978–1986)
New Caledonia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner -
  1. Gabriel Ériau, Governor of New Caledonia (1974–1978)
  2. Claude Charbonniaud, Governor of New Caledonia (1978–1981)
New Hebrides (British-French condominium)
- British Resident Commissioner -
  1. John Stuart Champion (1975–1978)
  2. Andrew Christopher Stuart (1978–1980)
- French Resident Commissioner^[24] -
  1. Robert Gauger (1974–1978)
  2. Bernard Pottier (1978)
  3. Jean-Jacques Robert (1978–1980)
- Chief Minister -
  1. George Kalsakau, Chief Minister of New Hebrides (1977–1978)
  2. Gérard Leymang, Chief Minister of New Hebrides (1978–1979)
New Zealand
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Keith Holyoake, Governor-General of New Zealand (1977–1980)
- Prime Minister - Robert Muldoon, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1975–1984)
- Cook Islands (Associated state of New Zealand)
  - Queen's Representative - Sir Gaven Donne, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (1975–1984)
  - Prime Minister -
    1. Albert Henry, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (1965–1978)
    2. Tom Davis, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (1978–1983)
- Niue (associated state of New Zealand)
  - Premier - Robert Rex, Premier of Niue (1974–1992)
- Tokelau (dependent territory of New Zealand)
  - Administrator - Frank Corner, Administrator of Tokelau (1975–1984)
Papua New Guinea
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Tore Lokoloko, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (1977–1983)
- Prime Minister - Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (1972–1980)^[25]
Pitcairn Islands (British crown colony)
- Governor - Sir Harold Smedley, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (1976–1980)
- Magistrate - Ivan Christian, Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands (1975–1984)
Solomon Islands -
- the British Solomon Islands Protectorate gained independence on 7 July 1978
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
- Governor-General -
  1. Sir Colin Allan, Governor of the Solomon Islands (1976–1978)
  2. Baddeley Devesi, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (1978–1988)
- Prime Minister^[26] - Peter Kenilorea, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (1976–1981)
Tonga
- Monarch - Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, King of Tonga (1965–2006)^[27]
- Prime Minister - Prince Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake, Prime Minister of Tonga (1965–1991)^[27]
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (UN Trust Territory administered by the United States)
- High Commissioner - Adrian P. Winkel, High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1977–1981)
- Northern Mariana Islands (autonomous territory)
  - Governor - Carlos S. Camacho, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (1978–1982)
Tuvalu
- the Ellice Islands gained independence on 1 October 1978
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–present)
- Governor-General -
  1. Thomas H. Laying, Commissioner of Ellice Islands (1975–1978)
  2. Fiatau Penitala Teo, Governor-General of Tuvalu (1978–1986)
- Prime Minister^[28] - Toaripi Lauti, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (1975–1981)
Wallis and Futuna (French overseas territory)
- Administrator-Superior - Henri Beaux, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (1976–1979)
- President of the Territorial Assembly -
  1. Pasilio Tui, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (1977–1978)
  2. Manuele Lisiahi, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (1978–1984)
Western Samoa
- Head of State - Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o le Malo of Western Samoa (1962–2007)
- Prime Minister - Tufuga Efi, Prime Minister of Western Samoa (1976–1982)

South America

Argentina
- President - Jorge Rafael Videla, President of Argentina (1976–1981)
Bolivia
- President -
  1. Hugo Banzer, President of Bolivia (1971–1978)
  2. Víctor González Fuentes, Chairman of the Military Junta of Bolivia (1978)
  3. Juan Pereda, President of Bolivia (1978)
  4. David Padilla, Chairman of the Military Junta of Bolivia (1978–1979)
Brazil
- President - Ernesto Geisel, President of Brazil (1974–1979)
Chile
- President - Augusto Pinochet, President of Chile (1974–1990)
Colombia
- President -
  1. Alfonso López Michelsen, President of Colombia (1974–1978)
  2. Julio César Turbay Ayala, President of Colombia (1978–1982)
Ecuador
- Head of State - Alfredo Poveda, President of the Supreme Government Council of Ecuador (1976–1979)
Falkland Islands (British crown colony)
- Governor - Sir James Roland Walter Parker, Governor of the Falkland Islands (1977–1980)
Guyana
- President - Arthur Chung, President of Guyana (1970–1980)
- Prime Minister - Forbes Burnham, Prime Minister of Guyana (1964–1980)^[29]
Paraguay
- President - Alfredo Stroessner, President of Paraguay (1954–1989)
Peru
- Head of State - Francisco Morales Bermúdez, President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru (1975–1980)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Guillermo Arbulú Galliani, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1976–1978)
  2. Óscar Molina Pallochia, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1978–1979)
Suriname
- President - Johan Ferrier, President of Suriname (1968–1980)^[30]
- Prime Minister - Henck Arron, Prime Minister of Suriname (1973–1980)^[30]
Uruguay
- President - Aparicio Méndez, President of Uruguay (1976–1981)
Venezuela
- President - Carlos Andrés Pérez, President of Venezuela (1974–1979)

References

↑ Titled president between 1966 and 1976.
↑ Lesotho only became independent in 1966.
↑ Mauritius only became independent in 1968.
↑ Bophuthatswana was only declared to be independent in 1977.
↑ Transkei was only declared to be independent in 1976.
↑ Swaziland only became independent in 1968, until when Sobhuza II was titled Paramount Chief of Swaziland.
↑ Julius Nyerere was President of Tanganyika from 1962 to 1964.
↑ Bahrain only became independent in 1971, until then the monarch was titled Hakim of Bahrain.
↑ Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
1 2 In exile between 1990 and 1991.
↑ Qatar only became independent in 1971.
↑ Singapore only became independent in 1965.
↑ William Gopallawa was titled Governor-General of Ceylon between 1962 and 1972 under the monarchy.
↑ President of North Vietnam from 1969 to 1976.
↑ Prime minister of North Vietnam from 1955 to 1976.
↑ Ali Abdullah Saleh became President of Yemen upon unification in 1990.
↑ The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
↑ The Bahamas only became independent on 1973.
↑ Titled Premier until independence.
↑ Grenada only became independent in 1974.
↑ Ellis Clarke was titled Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago between 1972 and 1976 under the monarchy.
↑ Trinidad and Tobago only became independent in 1962.
↑ Fiji only became independent in 1970, until then Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara was titled Chief Minister of Fiji.
↑ Subordinated to the Governor of New Caledonia.
↑ Papua New Guinea only became independent in 1975, before which Michael Somare was titled Chief Minister of Papua and New Guinea.
↑ Titled Chief Minister until independence.
1 2 Tonga only became independent in 1970.
↑ Titled Chief Minister before independence.
↑ Guyana only became independent in 1966.
1 2 Suriname only became independent in 1975.

Rulers

External links

Twentieth-century state leaders by year

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