List of regular polytopes and compounds

Example regular polytopes

Regular (2D) polygons
Convex	Star
{5}	{5/2}
Regular (3D) polyhedra
Convex	Star
{5,3}	{5/2,5}
Regular 2D tessellations
Euclidean	Hyperbolic
{4,4}	{5,4}
Regular 4D polytopes
Convex	Star
{5,3,3}	{5/2,5,3}
Regular 3D tessellations
Euclidean	Hyperbolic
{4,3,4}	{5,3,4}

This page lists the regular polytopes and regular polytope compounds in Euclidean, spherical and hyperbolic spaces.

The Schläfli symbol describes every regular tessellation of an n-sphere, Euclidean and hyperbolic spaces. A Schläfli symbol describing an n-polytope equivalently describes a tessellation of a (n-1)-sphere. In addition, the symmetry of a regular polytope or tessellation is expressed as a Coxeter group, which Coxeter expressed identically to the Schläfli symbol, except delimiting by square brackets, a notation that is called Coxeter notation. Another related symbol is the Coxeter-Dynkin diagram which represents a symmetry group with no rings, and the represents regular polytope or tessellation with a ring on the first node. For example the cube has Schläfli symbol {4,3}, and with its octahedral symmetry, [4,3] or , is represented by Coxeter diagram .

The regular polytopes are grouped by dimension and subgrouped by convex, nonconvex and infinite forms. Nonconvex forms use the same vertices as the convex forms, but have intersecting facets. Infinite forms tessellate a one-lower-dimensional Euclidean space.

Infinite forms can be extended to tessellate a hyperbolic space. Hyperbolic space is like normal space at a small scale, but parallel lines diverge at a distance. This allows vertex figures to have negative angle defects, like making a vertex with seven equilateral triangles and allowing it to lie flat. It cannot be done in a regular plane, but can be at the right scale of a hyperbolic plane.

A more general definition of regular polytopes which do not have simple Schläfli symbols includes regular skew polytopes and regular skew apeirotopes with nonplanar facets or vertex figures.

Overview

This table shows a summary of regular polytope counts by dimension.

	Finite			Euclidean	Hyperbolic			Compounds
Dim.	Convex	Star	Skew	Convex	Compact	Star	Paracompact	Convex	Star
1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
2	∞	∞	∞	1	1	0	0	∞	∞
3	5	4	?	3	∞	∞	∞	5	0
4	6	10	?	1	4	0	11	26	20
5	3	0	?	3	5	4	2	0	0
6	3	0	?	1	0	0	5	0	0
7	3	0	?	1	0	0	0	3	0
8	3	0	?	1	0	0	0	6	0
9+	3	0	?	1	0	0	0	*	0

* 1 if the number of dimensions is of the form 2^k − 1; 2 if the number of dimensions is a power of two; 0 otherwise.

There are no Euclidean regular star tessellations in any number of dimensions.

One dimension

A Coxeter diagram represent mirror "planes" as nodes, and puts a ring around a node if a point is not on the plane. A ditel, { }, is a point p and its mirror image point p', and the line segment between them.

A one-dimensional polytope or 1-polytope is a closed line segment, bounded by its two endpoints. A 1-polytope is regular by definition and is represented by Schläfli symbol { },^[1][2] or a Coxeter diagram with a single ringed node, . Norman Johnson calls it a ditel and gives it the Schläfli symbol { }.^[3]

Although trivial as a polytope, it appears as the edges of polygons and other higher dimensional polytopes.^[4] It is used in the definition of uniform prisms like Schläfli symbol { }×{p}, or Coxeter diagram as a Cartesian product of a line segment and a regular polygon.^[5]

Two dimensions (polygons)

The two-dimensional polytopes are called polygons. Regular polygons are equilateral and cyclic. A p-gonal regular polygon is represented by Schläfli symbol {p}.

Usually only convex polygons are considered regular, but star polygons, like the pentagram, can also be considered regular. They use the same vertices as the convex forms, but connect in an alternate connectivity which passes around the circle more than once to complete.

Star polygons should be called nonconvex rather than concave because the intersecting edges do not generate new vertices and all the vertices exist on a circle boundary.

Convex

The Schläfli symbol {p} represents a regular p-gon.

Name	Triangle (2-simplex)	Square (2-orthoplex) (2-cube)	Pentagon	Hexagon	Heptagon	Octagon
Schläfli	{3}	{4}	{5}	{6}	{7}	{8}
Symmetry	D3, [3]	D4, [4]	D5, [5]	D6, [6]	D7, [7]	D8, [8]
Coxeter
Image
Name	Enneagon	Decagon	Hendecagon	Dodecagon	Tridecagon	Tetradecagon
Schläfli	{9}	{10}	{11}	{12}	{13}	{14}
Symmetry	D9, [9]	D10, [10]	D11, [11]	D12, [12]	D13, [13]	D14, [14]
Dynkin
Image
Name	Pentadecagon	Hexadecagon	Heptadecagon	Octadecagon	Enneadecagon	Icosagon	...p-gon
Schläfli	{15}	{16}	{17}	{18}	{19}	{20}	{p}
Symmetry	D15, [15]	D16, [16]	D17, [17]	D18, [18]	D19, [19]	D20, [20]	Dp, [p]
Dynkin
Image

Spherical

The regular digon {2} can be considered to be a degenerate regular polygon. It can be realized non-degenerately in some non-Euclidean spaces, such as on the surface of a sphere or torus.

Name	Monogon	Digon
Schläfli symbol	{1}	{2}
Symmetry	D1, [ ]	D2, [2]
Coxeter diagram	or
Image

Stars

There exist infinitely many regular star polytopes in two dimensions, whose Schläfli symbols consist of rational numbers {n/m}. They are called star polygons and share the same vertex arrangements of the convex regular polygons.

In general, for any natural number n, there are n-pointed star regular polygonal stars with Schläfli symbols {n/m} for all m such that m < n/2 (strictly speaking {n/m}={n/(n−m)}) and m and n are coprime.

Name	Pentagram	Heptagrams		Octagram	Enneagrams		Decagram	...n-agrams
Schläfli	{5/2}	{7/2}	{7/3}	{8/3}	{9/2}	{9/4}	{10/3}	{p/q}
Symmetry	D5, [5]	D7, [7]		D8, [8]	D9, [9],		D10, [10]	Dp, [p]
Coxeter
Image

Regular star polygons up to 20 sides

{11/2}	{11/3}	{11/4}	{11/5}	{12/5}	{13/2}	{13/3}	{13/4}	{13/5}	{13/6}
{14/3}	{14/5}	{15/2}	{15/4}	{15/7}	{16/3}	{16/5}	{16/7}
{17/2}	{17/3}	{17/4}	{17/5}	{17/6}	{17/7}	{17/8}	{18/5}	{18/7}
{19/2}	{19/3}	{19/4}	{19/5}	{19/6}	{19/7}	{19/8}	{19/9}	{20/3}	{20/7}	{20/9}

Skew polygons

In 3-dimensional space, a regular skew polygon is called an antiprismatic polygon, with the vertex arrangement of an antiprism, and a subset of edges, zig-zagging between top and bottom polygons.

Example regular skew zig-zag polygons

Hexagon	Octagon	Decagons
D3d, [2+,6]	D4d, [2+,8]	D5d, [2+,10]
{3}#{ }	{4}#{ }	{5}#{ }	{5/2}#{ }	{5/3}#{ }

In 4-dimensions a regular skew polygon can have vertices on a Clifford torus and related by a Clifford displacement. Unlike antiprismatic skew polygons, skew polygons on double rotations can include an odd-number of sides.

They can be seen in the Petrie polygons of the convex regular 4-polytopes, seen as regular plane polygons in the perimeter of Coxeter plane projection:

Pentagon	Octagon	Dodecagon	Triacontagon
5-cell	16-cell	24-cell	600-cell

Three dimensions (polyhedra)

In three dimensions, polytopes are called polyhedra:

A regular polyhedron with Schläfli symbol {p,q}, Coxeter diagrams , has a regular face type {p}, and regular vertex figure {q}.

A vertex figure (of a polyhedron) is a polygon, seen by connecting those vertices which are one edge away from a given vertex. For regular polyhedra, this vertex figure is always a regular (and planar) polygon.

Existence of a regular polyhedron {p,q} is constrained by an inequality, related to the vertex figure's angle defect:

 : Polyhedron (existing in Euclidean 3-space)

 : Euclidean plane tiling

 : Hyperbolic plane tiling

By enumerating the permutations, we find 5 convex forms, 4 star forms and 3 plane tilings, all with polygons {p} and {q} limited to: {3}, {4}, {5}, {5/2}, and {6}.

Beyond Euclidean space, there is an infinite set of regular hyperbolic tilings.

Convex

The convex regular polyhedra are called the 5 Platonic solids. The vertex figure is given with each vertex count. All these polyhedra have an Euler characteristic (χ) of 2.

Name	Schläfli {p,q}	Coxeter	Image (transparent)	Image (solid)	Image (sphere)	Faces {p}	Edges	Vertices {q}	Symmetry	Dual
Tetrahedron (3-simplex)	{3,3}					4 {3}	6	4 {3}	Td [3,3] (*332)	(self)
Hexahedron Cube (3-cube)	{4,3}					6 {4}	12	8 {3}	Oh [4,3] (*432)	Octahedron
Octahedron (3-orthoplex)	{3,4}					8 {3}	12	6 {4}	Oh [4,3] (*432)	Cube
Dodecahedron	{5,3}					12 {5}	30	20 {3}	Ih [5,3] (*532)	Icosahedron
Icosahedron	{3,5}					20 {3}	30	12 {5}	Ih [5,3] (*532)	Dodecahedron

Spherical

In spherical geometry, regular spherical polyhedra (tilings of the sphere) exist that would otherwise be degenerate as polytopes. These are the hosohedra {2,n} and their dual dihedra {n,2}. Coxeter calls these cases "improper" tessellations.^[6]

The first few cases (n from 2 to 6) are listed below.

Hosohedra

Name	Schläfli {2,p}	Coxeter diagram	Image (sphere)	Faces {2}π/p	Edges	Vertices {p}	Symmetry	Dual
Digonal hosohedron	{2,2}			2 {2}π/2	2	2 {2}π/2	D2h [2,2] (*222)	Self
Trigonal hosohedron	{2,3}			3 {2}π/3	3	2 {3}	D3h [2,3] (*322)	Trigonal dihedron
Square hosohedron	{2,4}			4 {2}π/4	4	2 {4}	D4h [2,4] (*422)	Square dihedron
Pentagonal hosohedron	{2,5}			5 {2}π/5	5	2 {5}	D5h [2,5] (*522)	Pentagonal dihedron
Hexagonal hosohedron	{2,6}			6 {2}π/6	6	2 {6}	D6h [2,6] (*622)	Hexagonal dihedron

Dihedra

Name	Schläfli {p,2}	Coxeter diagram	Image (sphere)	Faces {p}	Edges	Vertices {2}	Symmetry	Dual
Digonal dihedron	{2,2}			2 {2}π/2	2	2 {2}π/2	D2h [2,2] (*222)	Self
Trigonal dihedron	{3,2}			2 {3}	3	3 {2}π/3	D3h [3,2] (*322)	Trigonal hosohedron
Square dihedron	{4,2}			2 {4}	4	4 {2}π/4	D4h [4,2] (*422)	Square hosohedron
Pentagonal dihedron	{5,2}			2 {5}	5	5 {2}π/5	D5h [5,2] (*522)	Pentagonal hosohedron
Hexagonal dihedron	{6,2}			2 {6}	6	6 {2}π/6	D6h [6,2] (*622)	Hexagonal hosohedron

Star-dihedra and hosohedra also exist, such as {5/2,2} and {2,5/2}.

Stars

The regular star polyhedra are called the Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra and there are four of them, based on the vertex arrangements of the dodecahedron {5,3} and icosahedron {3,5}:

As spherical tilings, these star forms overlap the sphere multiple times, called its density, being 3 or 7 for these forms. The tiling images show a single spherical polygon face in yellow.

Name	Image (transparent)	Image (solid)	Image (sphere)	Stellation diagram	Schläfli {p,q} and Coxeter	Faces {p}	Edges	Vertices {q} verf.	χ	Density	Symmetry	Dual
Small stellated dodecahedron					{5/2,5}	12 {5/2}	30	12 {5}	−6	3	Ih [5,3] (*532)	Great dodecahedron
Great dodecahedron					{5,5/2}	12 {5}	30	12 {5/2}	−6	3	Ih [5,3] (*532)	Small stellated dodecahedron
Great stellated dodecahedron					{5/2,3}	12 {5/2}	30	20 {3}	2	7	Ih [5,3] (*532)	Great icosahedron
Great icosahedron					{3,5/2}	20 {3}	30	12 {5/2}	2	7	Ih [5,3] (*532)	Great stellated dodecahedron

There is an infinite amount of failed star polyhedra, these are spherical tilings with star polygons in their Schläfli symbols, but they do not cover a sphere finite amount of times. For example, {5/2,4}, {5/2,9}, {7/2,3}, {5/2,5/2}, {7/2,7/3}, {4,5/2}, {3,7/3}.

Skew polyhedra

A regular skew polyhedra is generalizations to the set of regular polyhedron which include the possibility of nonplanar vertex figures.

For 4-dimensional skew polyhedra, Coxeter offered a modified Schläfli symbol {l,m|n} for these figures, with {l,m} implying the vertex figure, m l-gons around a vertex, and n-gonal holes. Their vertex figures are skew polygons, zig-zagging between two planes.

The regular skew polyhedra, represented by {l,m|n}, follow this equation:

2*sin(π/l)*sin(π/m)=cos(π/n)

Four of them can be seen in 4-dimensions as a subset of faces of four regular 4-polytopes, sharing the same vertex arrangement and edge arrangement:

{4, 6 | 3}	{6, 4 | 3}	{4, 8 | 3}	{8, 4 | 3}

Four dimensions

Regular 4-polytopes with Schläfli symbol have cells of type , faces of type , edge figures , and vertex figures .

• A vertex figure (of a 4-polytope) is a polyhedron, seen by the arrangement of neighboring vertices around a given vertex. For regular 4-polytopes, this vertex figure is a regular polyhedron.
• An edge figure is a polygon, seen by the arrangement of faces around an edge. For regular 4-polytopes, this edge figure will always be a regular polygon.

The existence of a regular 4-polytope is constrained by the existence of the regular polyhedra . A suggested name for 4-polytopes is "polychoron".^[7]

Each will exist in a space dependent upon this expression:

 : Hyperspherical 3-space honeycomb or 4-polytope

 : Euclidean 3-space honeycomb

 : Hyperbolic 3-space honeycomb

These constraints allow for 21 forms: 6 are convex, 10 are nonconvex, one is a Euclidean 3-space honeycomb, and 4 are hyperbolic honeycombs.

The Euler characteristic for polychora is and is zero for all forms.

Convex

The 6 convex regular 4-polytopes are shown in the table below. All these polychora have an Euler characteristic (χ) of 0.

Name	Schläfli {p,q,r}	Coxeter	Cells {p,q}	Faces {p}	Edges {r}	Vertices {q,r}	Dual {r,q,p}
5-cell (4-simplex)	{3,3,3}		5 {3,3}	10 {3}	10 {3}	5 {3,3}	(self)
8-cell (4-cube) (Tesseract)	{4,3,3}		8 {4,3}	24 {4}	32 {3}	16 {3,3}	16-cell
16-cell (4-orthoplex)	{3,3,4}		16 {3,3}	32 {3}	24 {4}	8 {3,4}	Tesseract
24-cell	{3,4,3}		24 {3,4}	96 {3}	96 {3}	24 {4,3}	(self)
120-cell	{5,3,3}		120 {5,3}	720 {5}	1200 {3}	600 {3,3}	600-cell
600-cell	{3,3,5}		600 {3,3}	1200 {3}	720 {5}	120 {3,5}	120-cell

5-cell	8-cell	16-cell	24-cell	120-cell	600-cell
{3,3,3}	{4,3,3}	{3,3,4}	{3,4,3}	{5,3,3}	{3,3,5}
Wireframe (Petrie polygon) skew orthographic projections
Solid orthographic projections
tetrahedral envelope (cell/vertex-centered)	cubic envelope (cell-centered)	Cubic envelope (cell-centered)	cuboctahedral envelope (cell-centered)	truncated rhombic triacontahedron envelope (cell-centered)	Pentakis icosidodecahedral envelope (vertex-centered)
Wireframe Schlegel diagrams (Perspective projection)
(Cell-centered)	(Cell-centered)	(Cell-centered)	(Cell-centered)	(Cell-centered)	(Vertex-centered)
Wireframe stereographic projections (Hyperspherical)

Spherical

Di-4-topes and hoso-4-topes exist as regular tessellations of the 3-sphere.

Regular di-4-topes (2 facets) include: {3,3,2}, {3,4,2}, {4,3,2}, {5,3,2}, {3,5,2}, {p,2,2}, and their hoso-4-tope duals (2 vertices): {2,3,3}, {2,4,3}, {2,3,4}, {2,3,5}, {2,5,3}, {2,2,p}. Polychora of the form {2,p,2} are both di-4-topes and hoso-4-topes. There are also the cases {p,2,q} which have dihedral cells and hosohedral vertex figures.

Regular hoso-4-topes as 3-sphere honeycombs

Schläfli {2,p,q}	Coxeter	Cells {2,p}π/q	Faces {2}π/p,π/q	Edges	Vertices	Vertex figure {p,q}	Symmetry	Dual
{2,3,3}		4 {2,3}π/3	6 {2}π/3,π/3	4	2	{3,3}	[2,3,3]	{3,3,2}
{2,4,3}		6 {2,4}π/3	12 {2}π/4,π/3	8	2	{4,3}	[2,4,3]	{3,4,2}
{2,3,4}		8 {2,3}π/4	12 {2}π/3,π/4	6	2	{3,4}	[2,4,3]	{4,3,2}
{2,5,3}		12 {2,5}π/3	30 {2}π/5,π/3	20	2	{5,3}	[2,5,3]	{3,5,2}
{2,3,5}		20 {2,3}π/5	30 {2}π/3,π/5	12	2	{3,5}	[2,5,3]	{5,3,2}

Stars

There are ten regular star 4-polytopes, which are called the Schläfli–Hess 4-polytopes. Their vertices are based on the convex 120-cell {5,3,3} and 600-cell {3,3,5}.

Ludwig Schläfli found four of them and skipped the last six because he would not allow forms that failed the Euler characteristic on cells or vertex figures (for zero-hole tori: F+V−E=2). Edmund Hess (1843–1903) completed the full list of ten in his German book Einleitung in die Lehre von der Kugelteilung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Anwendung auf die Theorie der Gleichflächigen und der gleicheckigen Polyeder (1883).

There are 4 unique edge arrangements and 7 unique face arrangements from these 10 regular star 4-polytopes, shown as orthogonal projections:

Name	Wireframe	Solid	Schläfli {p, q, r} Coxeter	Cells {p, q}	Faces {p}	Edges {r}	Vertices {q, r}	Density	χ	Symmetry group	Dual {r, q,p}
Icosahedral 120-cell (faceted 600-cell)			{3,5,5/2}	120 {3,5}	1200 {3}	720 {5/2}	120 {5,5/2}	4	480	H4 [5,3,3]	Small stellated 120-cell
Small stellated 120-cell			{5/2,5,3}	120 {5/2,5}	720 {5/2}	1200 {3}	120 {5,3}	4	−480	H4 [5,3,3]	Icosahedral 120-cell
Great 120-cell			{5,5/2,5}	120 {5,5/2}	720 {5}	720 {5}	120 {5/2,5}	6	0	H4 [5,3,3]	Self-dual
Grand 120-cell			{5,3,5/2}	120 {5,3}	720 {5}	720 {5/2}	120 {3,5/2}	20	0	H4 [5,3,3]	Great stellated 120-cell
Great stellated 120-cell			{5/2,3,5}	120 {5/2,3}	720 {5/2}	720 {5}	120 {3,5}	20	0	H4 [5,3,3]	Grand 120-cell
Grand stellated 120-cell			{5/2,5,5/2}	120 {5/2,5}	720 {5/2}	720 {5/2}	120 {5,5/2}	66	0	H4 [5,3,3]	Self-dual
Great grand 120-cell			{5,5/2,3}	120 {5,5/2}	720 {5}	1200 {3}	120 {5/2,3}	76	−480	H4 [5,3,3]	Great icosahedral 120-cell
Great icosahedral 120-cell (great faceted 600-cell)			{3,5/2,5}	120 {3,5/2}	1200 {3}	720 {5}	120 {5/2,5}	76	480	H4 [5,3,3]	Great grand 120-cell
Grand 600-cell			{3,3,5/2}	600 {3,3}	1200 {3}	720 {5/2}	120 {3,5/2}	191	0	H4 [5,3,3]	Great grand stellated 120-cell
Great grand stellated 120-cell			{5/2,3,3}	120 {5/2,3}	720 {5/2}	1200 {3}	600 {3,3}	191	0	H4 [5,3,3]	Grand 600-cell

There are 4 failed potential regular star polychora permutations: {3,5/2,3}, {4,3,5/2}, {5/2,3,4}, {5/2,3,5/2}. Their cells and vertex figures exist, but they do not cover a hypersphere with a finite number of repetitions.

Five and more dimensions

In five dimensions, a regular polytope can be named as where is the 4-face type, is the cell type, is the face type, and is the face figure, is the edge figure, and is the vertex figure.

A vertex figure (of a 5-polytope) is a 4-polytope, seen by the arrangement of neighboring vertices to each vertex.

An edge figure (of a 5-polytope) is a polyhedron, seen by the arrangement of faces around each edge.

A face figure (of a 5-polytope) is a polygon, seen by the arrangement of cells around each face.

A regular 5-polytope exists only if and are regular 4-polytopes.

The space it fits in is based on the expression:

 : Spherical 4-space tessellation or 5-space polytope

 : Euclidean 4-space tessellation

 : hyperbolic 4-space tessellation

Enumeration of these constraints produce 3 convex polytopes, zero nonconvex polytopes, 3 4-space tessellations, and 5 hyperbolic 4-space tessellations. There are no non-convex regular polytopes in five dimensions or higher.

Convex

In dimensions 5 and higher, there are only three kinds of convex regular polytopes.^[8]

Name	Schläfli Symbol {p1,...,pn−1}	Coxeter	k-faces	Facet type	Vertex figure	Dual
n-simplex	{3n−1}	...		{3n−2}	{3n−2}	Self-dual
n-cube	{4,3n−2}	...		{4,3n−3}	{3n−2}	n-orthoplex
n-orthoplex	{3n−2,4}	...		{3n−2}	{3n−3,4}	n-cube

There are also improper cases where some numbers in the Schläfli symbol are 2. For example, {p,q,r,...2} is an improper regular spherical polytope whenever {p,q,r...} is a regular spherical polytope, and {2,...p,q,r} is an improper regular spherical polytope whenever {...p,q,r} is a regular spherical polytope. Such polytopes may also be used as facets, yielding forms such as {p,q,...2...y,z}.

5 dimensions

Name	Schläfli Symbol {p,q,r,s} Coxeter	Facets {p,q,r}	Cells {p,q}	Faces {p}	Edges	Vertices	Face figure {s}	Edge figure {r,s}	Vertex figure {q,r,s}
5-simplex	{3,3,3,3}	6 {3,3,3}	15 {3,3}	20 {3}	15	6	{3}	{3,3}	{3,3,3}
5-cube	{4,3,3,3}	10 {4,3,3}	40 {4,3}	80 {4}	80	32	{3}	{3,3}	{3,3,3}
5-orthoplex	{3,3,3,4}	32 {3,3,3}	80 {3,3}	80 {3}	40	10	{4}	{3,4}	{3,3,4}

5-simplex

5-cube

5-orthoplex

6 dimensions

Name	Schläfli	Vertices	Edges	Faces	Cells	4-faces	5-faces	χ
6-simplex	{3,3,3,3,3}	7	21	35	35	21	7	0
6-cube	{4,3,3,3,3}	64	192	240	160	60	12	0
6-orthoplex	{3,3,3,3,4}	12	60	160	240	192	64	0

6-simplex

6-cube

6-orthoplex

7 dimensions

Name	Schläfli	Vertices	Edges	Faces	Cells	4-faces	5-faces	6-faces	χ
7-simplex	{3,3,3,3,3,3}	8	28	56	70	56	28	8	2
7-cube	{4,3,3,3,3,3}	128	448	672	560	280	84	14	2
7-orthoplex	{3,3,3,3,3,4}	14	84	280	560	672	448	128	2

7-simplex

7-cube

7-orthoplex

8 dimensions

Name	Schläfli	Vertices	Edges	Faces	Cells	4-faces	5-faces	6-faces	7-faces	χ
8-simplex	{3,3,3,3,3,3,3}	9	36	84	126	126	84	36	9	0
8-cube	{4,3,3,3,3,3,3}	256	1024	1792	1792	1120	448	112	16	0
8-orthoplex	{3,3,3,3,3,3,4}	16	112	448	1120	1792	1792	1024	256	0

8-simplex

8-cube

8-orthoplex

9 dimensions

Name	Schläfli	Vertices	Edges	Faces	Cells	4-faces	5-faces	6-faces	7-faces	8-faces	χ
9-simplex	{38}	10	45	120	210	252	210	120	45	10	2
9-cube	{4,37}	512	2304	4608	5376	4032	2016	672	144	18	2
9-orthoplex	{37,4}	18	144	672	2016	4032	5376	4608	2304	512	2

9-simplex

9-cube

9-orthoplex

10 dimensions

Name	Schläfli	Vertices	Edges	Faces	Cells	4-faces	5-faces	6-faces	7-faces	8-faces	9-faces	χ
10-simplex	{39}	11	55	165	330	462	462	330	165	55	11	0
10-cube	{4,38}	1024	5120	11520	15360	13440	8064	3360	960	180	20	0
10-orthoplex	{38,4}	20	180	960	3360	8064	13440	15360	11520	5120	1024	0

10-simplex

10-cube

10-orthoplex

...

Non-convex

There are no non-convex regular polytopes in five dimensions or higher.

Regular projective polytopes

A projective regular (n+1)-polytope exists when an original regular n-spherical tessellation, {p,q,...}, is centrally symmetric. Such a polytope is named hemi-{p,q,...}, and contain half as many elements. Coxeter gives a symbol {p,q,...}/2, while McMullen writes {p,q,...}_h/2 with h as the coxeter number. ^[9]

Even-sided regular polygons have hemi-2n-gon projective polygons, {2p}/2.

There are 4 regular projective polyhedra related to 4 of 5 Platonic solids.

The hemi-cube and hemi-octahedron generalize as hemi-n-cubes and hemi-n-orthoplexes in any dimensions.

Regular projective polyhedra

3-dimensional regular hemi-polytopes

Name	Coxeter McMullen	Image	Faces	Edges	Vertices	χ
Hemi-cube	{4,3}/2 {4,3}3		3	6	4	1
Hemi-octahedron	{3,4}/2 {3,4}3		4	6	3	1
Hemi-dodecahedron	{5,3}/2 {5,3}5		6	15	10	1
Hemi-icosahedron	{3,5}/2 {3,5}5		10	15	6	1

Regular projective 4-polytopes

In 4-dimensions 5 of 6 convex regular 4-polytopes generate projective 4-polytopes. The 3 special cases are hemi-24-cell, hemi-600-cell, and hemi-120-cell.

4-dimensional regular hemi-polytopes

Name	Coxeter symbol	McMullen Symbol	Cells	Faces	Edges	Vertices	χ
Hemi-tesseract	{4,3,3}/2	{4,3,3}4	4	12	16	8	0
Hemi-16-cell	{3,3,4}/2	{3,3,4}4	8	16	12	4	0
Hemi-24-cell	{3,4,3}/2	{3,4,3}6	12	48	48	12	0
Hemi-120-cell	{5,3,3}/2	{5,3,3}15	60	360	600	300	0
Hemi-600-cell	{3,3,5}/2	{3,3,5}15	300	600	360	60	0

Regular projective 5-polytopes

There are only 2 convex regular projective hemi-polytopes in dimensions 5 or higher.

Name	Schläfli	4-faces	Cells	Faces	Edges	Vertices	χ
hemi-penteract	{4,3,3,3}/2	5	20	40	40	16	1
hemi-pentacross	{3,3,3,4}/2	16	40	40	20	5	1

Apeirotopes

An apeirotope or infinite polytope is a polytope which has infinitely many facets. An n-apeirotope is an infinite n-polytope: a 2-apeirotope or apeirotope, is an infinite polygon, a 3-apeirotope, or apeirohedron, is an infinite polyhedron, etc.

There are two main geometric classes of apeirotope:^[10]

• Regular honeycombs in n dimensions, which completely fill an n-dimensional space.
• Regular skew apeirotopes, comprising an n-dimensional manifold in a higher space.

One dimension (apeirogons)

The straight apeirogon is a regular tessellation of the line, subdviding it into infinitely many equal segments. It has infinitely many vertices and edges. Its Schläfli symbol is {∞}, and Coxeter diagram .

......

Apeirogons in the hyperbolic plane, most notably the regular apeirogon, {∞}, can have a curvature just like finite polygons of the Euclidean plane, with the vertices circumscribed by horocycles or hypercycles rather than circles.

Regular apeirogons that are scaled to converge at infinity have the symbol {∞} and exist on horocycles, while more generally they can exist on hypercycles.

{∞}	{πi/λ}
Apeirogon on horocycle	Apeirogon on hypercycle

Above are two regular hyperbolic apeirogons in the Poincaré disk model, the right one shows perpendicular reflection lines of divergent fundamental domains, separated by length λ.

Skew apeirogons

A skew apeirogon in two dimensions forms a zig-zag line in the plane. If the zig-zag is even and symmetrical, then the apeirogon is regular.

Skew apeirogons can be constructed in any number of dimensions. In three dimensions, a regular skew apeirogon traces out a helical spiral and may be either left- or right-handed.

2-dimensions	3-dimensions
Zig-zag apeirogon	Helix apeirogon

Two dimensions (apeirohedra)

Euclidean tilings

There are three regular tessellations of the plane. All three have an Euler characteristic (χ) of 0.

Name	Square tiling (quadrille)	Triangular tiling (deltille)	Hexagonal tiling (hextille)
Symmetry	p4m, [4,4], (*442)	p6m, [6,3], (*632)
Schläfli {p,q}	{4,4}	{3,6}	{6,3}
Coxeter diagram
Image

There are two improper regular tilings: {∞,2}, an apeirogonal dihedron, made from two apeirogons, each filling half the plane; and secondly, its dual, {2,∞}, an apeirogonal hosohedron, seen as an infinite set of parallel lines.

{∞,2},

{2,∞},

Euclidean star-tilings

There are no regular plane tilings of star polygons. There are many enumerations that fit in the plane (1/p + 1/q = 1/2), like {8/3,8}, {10/3,5}, {5/2,10}, {12/5,12}, etc., but none repeat periodically.

Hyperbolic tilings

Tessellations of hyperbolic 2-space are hyperbolic tilings. There are infinitely many regular tilings in H². As stated above, every positive integer pair {p,q} such that 1/p + 1/q < 1/2 gives a hyperbolic tiling. In fact, for the general Schwarz triangle (p, q, r) the same holds true for 1/p + 1/q + 1/r < 1.

There are a number of different ways to display the hyperbolic plane, including the Poincaré disc model which maps the plane into a circle, as shown below. It should be recognized that all of the polygon faces in the tilings below are equal-sized and only appear to get smaller near the edges due to the projection applied, very similar to the effect of a camera fisheye lens.

There are infinitely many flat regular 3-apeirotopes (apeirohedra) as regular tilings of the hyperbolic plane, of the form {p,q}, with p+q<pq/2. (previously listed above as tessellations)

• {3,7}, {3,8}, {3,9} ... {3,∞}
• {4,5}, {4,6}, {4,7} ... {4,∞}
• {5,4}, {5,5}, {5,6} ... {5,∞}
• {6,4}, {6,5}, {6,6} ... {6,∞}
• {7,3}, {7,4}, {7,5} ... {7,∞}
• {8,3}, {8,4}, {8,5} ... {8,∞}
• {9,3}, {9,4}, {9,5} ... {9,∞}
• ...
• {∞,3}, {∞,4}, {∞,5} ... {∞,∞}

A sampling:

Spherical (Platonic)/Euclidean/hyperbolic (Poincaré disc: compact/paracompact/noncompact) tessellations with their Schläfli symbol

p \ q	3	4	5	6	7	8	...	∞	...	iπ/λ
3	(tetrahedron) {3,3}	(octahedron) {3,4}	(icosahedron) {3,5}	(deltille) {3,6}	{3,7}	{3,8}		{3,∞}		{3,iπ/λ}
4	(cube) {4,3}	(quadrille) {4,4}	{4,5}	{4,6}	{4,7}	{4,8}		{4,∞}		{4,iπ/λ}
5	(dodecahedron) {5,3}	{5,4}	{5,5}	{5,6}	{5,7}	{5,8}		{5,∞}		{5,iπ/λ}
6	(hextille) {6,3}	{6,4}	{6,5}	{6,6}	{6,7}	{6,8}		{6,∞}		{6,iπ/λ}
7	{7,3}	{7,4}	{7,5}	{7,6}	{7,7}	{7,8}		{7,∞}		{7,iπ/λ}
8	{8,3}	{8,4}	{8,5}	{8,6}	{8,7}	{8,8}		{8,∞}		{8,iπ/λ}
...
∞	{∞,3}	{∞,4}	{∞,5}	{∞,6}	{∞,7}	{∞,8}	{∞,∞}	{∞,iπ/λ}
...
iπ/λ	{iπ/λ,3}	{iπ/λ,4}	{iπ/λ,5}	{iπ/λ,6}	{iπ/λ,7}	{iπ/λ,8}	{iπ/λ,∞}	{iπ/λ,iπ/λ}

Hyperbolic star-tilings

There are 2 infinite forms of hyperbolic tilings whose faces or vertex figures are star polygons: {m/2, m} and their duals {m, m/2} with m = 7, 9, 11, .... The {m/2, m} tilings are stellations of the {m, 3} tilings while the {m, m/2} dual tilings are facetings of the {3, m} tilings and greatenings of the {m, 3} tilings.

The patterns {m/2, m} and {m, m/2} continue for odd m < 7 as polyhedra: when m = 5, we obtain the small stellated dodecahedron and great dodecahedron, and when m = 3, we obtain the tetrahedron. The other two Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra (the great stellated dodecahedron and great icosahedron) do not have regular hyperbolic tiling analogues. If m is even, depending on how we choose to define {m/2}, we can either obtain degenerate double covers of other tilings or compound tilings.

Name	Schläfli	Coxeter diagram	Image	Face type {p}	Vertex figure {q}	Density	Symmetry	Dual
Order-7 heptagrammic tiling	{7/2,7}			{7/2}	{7}	3	*732 [7,3]	Heptagrammic-order heptagonal tiling
Heptagrammic-order heptagonal tiling	{7,7/2}			{7}	{7/2}	3	*732 [7,3]	Order-7 heptagrammic tiling
Order-9 enneagrammic tiling	{9/2,9}			{9/2}	{9}	3	*932 [9,3]	Enneagrammic-order enneagonal tiling
Enneagrammic-order enneagonal tiling	{9,9/2}			{9}	{9/2}	3	*932 [9,3]	Order-9 enneagrammic tiling
Order-11 hendecagrammic tiling	{11/2,11}			{11/2}	{11}	3	*11.3.2 [11,3]	Hendecagrammic-order hendecagonal tiling
Hendecagrammic-order hendecagonal tiling	{11,11/2}			{11}	{11/2}	3	*11.3.2 [11,3]	Order-11 hendecagrammic tiling
Order-p p-grammic tiling	{p/2,p}			{p/2}	{p}	3	*p32 [p,3]	p-grammic-order p-gonal tiling
p-grammic-order p-gonal tiling	{p,p/2}			{p}	{p/2}	3	*p32 [p,3]	Order-p p-grammic tiling

Skew apeirohedra in Euclidean 3-space

There are three regular skew apeirohedra in Euclidean 3-space, with regular skew polygon vertex figures.^[11][12][13] They share the same vertex arrangement and edge arrangement of 3 convex uniform honeycombs.

• 6 squares around each vertex: {4,6|4}
• 4 hexagons around each vertex: {6,4|4}
• 6 hexagons around each vertex: {6,6|3}

Regular skew polyhedra
{4,6|4}	{6,4|4}	{6,6|3}

There are thirty regular apeirohedra in Euclidean 3-space.^[15] These include those listed above, as well as 8 other "pure" apeirohedra, all related to the cubic honeycomb, {4,3,4}, with others having skew polygon faces: {6,6}₄, {4,6}₄, {6,4}₆, {∞,3}^a, {∞,3}^b, {∞,4}^.*3, {∞,4}_6,4, {∞,6}_4,4, and {∞,6}_6,3.

Skew apeirohedra in hyperbolic 3-space

There are 31 regular skew apeirohedra in hyperbolic 3-space:^[16]

• 14 are compact: {8,10|3}, {10,8|3}, {10,4|3}, {4,10|3}, {6,4|5}, {4,6|5}, {10,6|3}, {6,10|3}, {8,8|3}, {6,6|4}, {10,10|3},{6,6|5}, {8,6|3}, and {6,8|3}.
• 17 are paracompact: {12,10|3}, {10,12|3}, {12,4|3}, {4,12|3}, {6,4|6}, {4,6|6}, {8,4|4}, {4,8|4}, {12,6|3}, {6,12|3}, {12,12|3}, {6,6|6}, {8,6|4}, {6,8|4}, {12,8|3}, {8,12|3}, and {8,8|4}.

Three dimensions (4-apeirotopes)

Tessellations of Euclidean 3-space

There is only one non-degenerate regular tessellation of 3-space (honeycombs), {4, 3, 4}:^[17]

Name	Schläfli {p,q,r}	Coxeter	Cell type {p,q}	Face type {p}	Edge figure {r}	Vertex figure {q,r}	χ	Dual
Cubic honeycomb	{4,3,4}		{4,3}	{4}	{4}	{3,4}	0	Self-dual

Improper tessellations of Euclidean 3-space

There are six improper regular tessellations, pairs based on the three regular Euclidean tilings. Their cells and vertex figures are all regular hosohedra {2,n}, dihedra, {n,2}, and Euclidean tilings. These improper regular tilings are constructionally related to prismatic uniform honeycombs by truncation operations. They are higher-dimensional analogues of the order-2 apeirogonal tiling and apeirogonal hosohedron.

Schläfli {p,q,r}	Coxeter diagram	Cell type {p,q}	Face type {p}	Edge figure {r}	Vertex figure {q,r}
{2,4,4}		{2,4}	{2}	{4}	{4,4}
{2,3,6}		{2,3}	{2}	{6}	{3,6}
{2,6,3}		{2,6}	{2}	{3}	{6,3}
{4,4,2}		{4,4}	{4}	{2}	{4,2}
{3,6,2}		{3,6}	{3}	{2}	{6,2}
{6,3,2}		{6,3}	{6}	{2}	{3,2}

Tessellations of hyperbolic 3-space

There are ten flat regular honeycombs of hyperbolic 3-space:^[18] (previously listed above as tessellations)

• 4 are compact: {3,5,3}, {4,3,5}, {5,3,4}, and {5,3,5}
• while 6 are paracompact: {3,3,6}, {6,3,3}, {3,4,4}, {4,4,3}, {3,6,3}, {4,3,6}, {6,3,4}, {4,4,4}, {5,3,6}, {6,3,5}, and {6,3,6}.

4 compact regular honeycombs {5,3,4} {5,3,5} {4,3,5} {3,5,3}

4 of 11 paracompact regular honeycombs {3,4,4} {3,6,3} {4,4,3} {4,4,4}

Tessellations of hyperbolic 3-space can be called hyperbolic honeycombs. There are 15 hyperbolic honeycombs in H³, 4 compact and 11 paracompact.

Name	Schläfli Symbol {p,q,r}	Coxeter	Cell type {p,q}	Face type {p}	Edge figure {r}	Vertex figure {q,r}	χ	Dual
Icosahedral honeycomb	{3,5,3}		{3,5}	{3}	{3}	{5,3}	0	Self-dual
Order-5 cubic honeycomb	{4,3,5}		{4,3}	{4}	{5}	{3,5}	0	{5,3,4}
Order-4 dodecahedral honeycomb	{5,3,4}		{5,3}	{5}	{4}	{3,4}	0	{4,3,5}
Order-5 dodecahedral honeycomb	{5,3,5}		{5,3}	{5}	{5}	{3,5}	0	Self-dual

There are also 11 paracompact H³ honeycombs (those with infinite (Euclidean) cells and/or vertex figures): {3,3,6}, {6,3,3}, {3,4,4}, {4,4,3}, {3,6,3}, {4,3,6}, {6,3,4}, {4,4,4}, {5,3,6}, {6,3,5}, and {6,3,6}.

Name	Schläfli Symbol {p,q,r}	Coxeter	Cell type {p,q}	Face type {p}	Edge figure {r}	Vertex figure {q,r}	χ	Dual
Order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb	{3,3,6}		{3,3}	{3}	{6}	{3,6}	0	{6,3,3}
Hexagonal tiling honeycomb	{6,3,3}		{6,3}	{6}	{3}	{3,3}	0	{3,3,6}
Order-4 octahedral honeycomb	{3,4,4}		{3,4}	{3}	{4}	{4,4}	0	{4,4,3}
Square tiling honeycomb	{4,4,3}		{4,4}	{4}	{3}	{4,3}	0	{3,3,4}
Triangular tiling honeycomb	{3,6,3}		{3,6}	{3}	{3}	{6,3}	0	Self-dual
Order-6 cubic honeycomb	{4,3,6}		{4,3}	{4}	{4}	{3,4}	0	{6,3,4}
Order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb	{6,3,4}		{6,3}	{6}	{4}	{3,4}	0	{4,3,6}
Order-4 square tiling honeycomb	{4,4,4}		{4,4}	{4}	{4}	{4,4}	0	{4,4,4}
Order-6 dodecahedral honeycomb	{5,3,6}		{5,3}	{5}	{5}	{3,5}	0	{6,3,5}
Order-5 hexagonal tiling honeycomb	{6,3,5}		{6,3}	{6}	{5}	{3,5}	0	{5,3,6}
Order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb	{6,3,6}		{6,3}	{6}	{6}	{3,6}	0	Self-dual

Noncompact solutions exist as Lorentzian Coxeter groups, and can be visualized with open domains in hyperbolic space (the fundamental tetrahedron having some parts inaccessible beyond infinity), and a few are drawn below showing their intersections with the ideal half-space plane. All honeycombs which are not shown in the set of tables below and do not have 2 in their Schläfli symbol are noncompact.

Spherical/Euclidean/hyperbolic(compact/paracompact/noncompact) honeycombs {p,3,r}

p \ r	3	4	5	6	7	8	... ∞
3	{3,3,3}	{3,3,4}	{3,3,5}	{3,3,6}	{3,3,7}	{3,3,8}	{3,3,∞}
4	{4,3,3}	{4,3,4}	{4,3,5}	{4,3,6}	{4,3,7}	{4,3,8}	{4,3,∞}
5	{5,3,3}	{5,3,4}	{5,3,5}	{5,3,6}	{5,3,7}	{5,3,8}	{5,3,∞}
6	{6,3,3}	{6,3,4}	{6,3,5}	{6,3,6}	{6,3,7}	{6,3,8}	{6,3,∞}
7	{7,3,3}	{7,3,4}	{7,3,5}	{7,3,6}	{7,3,7}	{7,3,8}	{7,3,∞}
8	{8,3,3}	{8,3,4}	{8,3,5}	{8,3,6}	{8,3,7}	{8,3,8}	{8,3,∞}
... ∞	{∞,3,3}	{∞,3,4}	{∞,3,5}	{∞,3,6}	{∞,3,7}	{∞,3,8}	{∞,3,∞}

q = 4	q = 5	q = 6
p \ r 3 4 5 3 {3,4,3} {3,4,4} {3,4,5} 4 {4,4,3} {4,4,4} {4,4,5} 5 {5,4,3} {5,4,4} {5,4,5}	p \ r 3 4 3 {3,5,3} {3,5,4} 4 {4,5,3} {4,5,4} 5 {5,5,3} {5,5,4}	p \ r 3 4 3 {3,6,3} {3,6,4} 4 {4,6,3} {4,6,4} 5 {5,6,3} {5,6,4}

There are no regular hyperbolic star-honeycombs in H³: all forms with a regular star polyhedron as cell, vertex figure or both end up being spherical.

Four dimensions (5-apeirotopes)

Tessellations of Euclidean 4-space

There are three kinds of infinite regular tessellations (honeycombs) that can tessellate Euclidean four-dimensional space:

Name	Schläfli Symbol {p,q,r,s}	Facet type {p,q,r}	Cell type {p,q}	Face type {p}	Face figure {s}	Edge figure {r,s}	Vertex figure {q,r,s}	Dual
Tesseractic honeycomb	{4,3,3,4}	{4,3,3}	{4,3}	{4}	{4}	{3,4}	{3,3,4}	Self-dual
16-cell honeycomb	{3,3,4,3}	{3,3,4}	{3,3}	{3}	{3}	{4,3}	{3,4,3}	{3,4,3,3}
24-cell honeycomb	{3,4,3,3}	{3,4,3}	{3,4}	{3}	{3}	{3,3}	{4,3,3}	{3,3,4,3}

Projected portion of {4,3,3,4} (Tesseractic honeycomb)

Projected portion of {3,3,4,3} (16-cell honeycomb)

Projected portion of {3,4,3,3} (24-cell honeycomb)

There are also the two improper cases {4,3,4,2} and {2,4,3,4}. There are three flat regular honeycomb of Euclidean 4-space:^[19]

• {4,3,3,4}, {3,3,4,3}, and {3,4,3,3}.

There are seven flat regular convex honeycombs of hyperbolic 4-space:^[20]

• 5 are compact: {3,3,3,5}, {5,3,3,3}, {4,3,3,5}, {5,3,3,4}, {5,3,3,5}
• 2 are paracompact: {3,4,3,4}, and {4,3,4,3}.

There are four flat regular star honeycombs of hyperbolic 4-space:^[21]

• {5/2,5,3,3}, {3,3,5,5/2}, {3,5,5/2,5}, and {5,5/2,5,3}.

Tessellations of hyperbolic 4-space

There are seven convex regular honeycombs and four star-honeycombs in H⁴ space.^[22] Five convex ones are compact, and two are paracompact.

Five compact regular honeycombs in H⁴:

Name	Schläfli Symbol {p,q,r,s}	Facet type {p,q,r}	Cell type {p,q}	Face type {p}	Face figure {s}	Edge figure {r,s}	Vertex figure {q,r,s}	Dual
Order-5 5-cell honeycomb	{3,3,3,5}	{3,3,3}	{3,3}	{3}	{5}	{3,5}	{3,3,5}	{5,3,3,3}
120-cell honeycomb	{5,3,3,3}	{5,3,3}	{5,3}	{5}	{3}	{3,3}	{3,3,3}	{3,3,3,5}
Order-5 tesseractic honeycomb	{4,3,3,5}	{4,3,3}	{4,3}	{4}	{5}	{3,5}	{3,3,5}	{5,3,3,4}
Order-4 120-cell honeycomb	{5,3,3,4}	{5,3,3}	{5,3}	{5}	{4}	{3,4}	{3,3,4}	{4,3,3,5}
Order-5 120-cell honeycomb	{5,3,3,5}	{5,3,3}	{5,3}	{5}	{5}	{3,5}	{3,3,5}	Self-dual

The two paracompact regular H⁴ honeycombs are: {3,4,3,4}, {4,3,4,3}.

Name	Schläfli Symbol {p,q,r,s}	Facet type {p,q,r}	Cell type {p,q}	Face type {p}	Face figure {s}	Edge figure {r,s}	Vertex figure {q,r,s}	Dual
Order-4 24-cell honeycomb	{3,4,3,4}	{3,4,3}	{3,4}	{3}	{4}	{3,4}	{4,3,4}	{4,3,4,3}
Cubic honeycomb honeycomb	{4,3,4,3}	{4,3,4}	{4,3}	{4}	{3}	{4,3}	{3,4,3}	{3,4,3,4}

Noncompact solutions exist as Lorentzian Coxeter groups, and can be visualized with open domains in hyperbolic space (the fundamental 5-cell having some parts inaccessible beyond infinity). All honeycombs which are not shown in the set of tables below and do not have 2 in their Schläfli symbol are noncompact.

Spherical/Euclidean/hyperbolic(compact/paracompact/noncompact) honeycombs {p,q,r,s}

q=3, s=3 p \ r 3 4 5 3 {3,3,3,3} {3,3,4,3} {3,3,5,3} 4 {4,3,3,3} {4,3,4,3} {4,3,5,3} 5 {5,3,3,3} {5,3,4,3} {5,3,5,3}	q=3, s=4 p \ r 3 4 3 {3,3,3,4} {3,3,4,4} 4 {4,3,3,4} {4,3,4,4} 5 {5,3,3,4} {5,3,4,4}	q=3, s=5 p \ r 3 4 3 {3,3,3,5} {3,3,4,5} 4 {4,3,3,5} {4,3,4,5} 5 {5,3,3,5} {5,3,4,5}
q=4, s=3 p \ r 3 4 3 {3,4,3,3} {3,4,4,3} 4 {4,4,3,3} {4,4,4,3}	q=4, s=4 p \ r 3 4 3 {3,4,3,4} {3,4,4,4} 4 {4,4,3,4} {4,4,4,4}	q=4, s=5 p \ r 3 4 3 {3,4,3,5} {3,4,4,5} 4 {4,4,3,5} {4,4,4,5}

Star tessellations of hyperbolic 4-space

There are four regular star-honeycombs in H⁴ space:

Name	Schläfli Symbol {p,q,r,s}	Facet type {p,q,r}	Cell type {p,q}	Face type {p}	Face figure {s}	Edge figure {r,s}	Vertex figure {q,r,s}	Dual	Density
Small stellated 120-cell honeycomb	{5/2,5,3,3}	{5/2,5,3}	{5/2,5}	{5}	{5}	{3,3}	{5,3,3}	{3,3,5,5/2}	5
Pentagrammic-order 600-cell honeycomb	{3,3,5,5/2}	{3,3,5}	{3,3}	{3}	{5/2}	{5,5/2}	{3,5,5/2}	{5/2,5,3,3}	5
Order-5 icosahedral 120-cell honeycomb	{3,5,5/2,5}	{3,5,5/2}	{3,5}	{3}	{5}	{5/2,5}	{5,5/2,5}	{5,5/2,5,3}	10
Great 120-cell honeycomb	{5,5/2,5,3}	{5,5/2,5}	{5,5/2}	{5}	{3}	{5,3}	{5/2,5,3}	{3,5,5/2,5}	10

Five dimensions (6-apeirotopes)

There is only one flat regular honeycomb of Euclidean 5-space: (previously listed above as tessellations)^[23]

• {4,3,3,3,4}

There are five flat regular regular honeycombs of hyperbolic 5-space, all paracompact: (previously listed above as tessellations)^[24]

• {3,3,3,4,3}, {3,4,3,3,3}, {3,3,4,3,3}, {3,4,3,3,4}, and {4,3,3,4,3}

Tessellations of Euclidean 5-space

The hypercubic honeycomb is the only family of regular honeycomb that can tessellate each dimension, five or higher, formed by hypercube facets, four around every ridge.

Name	Schläfli {p1, p2, ..., pn−1}	Facet type	Vertex figure	Dual
Square tiling	{4,4}	{4}	{4}	Self-dual
Cubic honeycomb	{4,3,4}	{4,3}	{3,4}	Self-dual
Tesseractic honeycomb	{4,32,4}	{4,32}	{32,4}	Self-dual
5-cube honeycomb	{4,33,4}	{4,33}	{33,4}	Self-dual
6-cube honeycomb	{4,34,4}	{4,34}	{34,4}	Self-dual
7-cube honeycomb	{4,35,4}	{4,35}	{35,4}	Self-dual
8-cube honeycomb	{4,36,4}	{4,36}	{36,4}	Self-dual
n-hypercubic honeycomb	{4,3n−2,4}	{4,3n−2}	{3n−2,4}	Self-dual

In E⁵, there are also the improper cases {4,3,3,4,2}, {2,4,3,3,4}, {3,3,4,3,2}, {2,3,3,4,3}, {3,4,3,3,2}, and {2,3,4,3,3}. In Eⁿ, {4,3ⁿ⁻³,4,2} and {2,4,3ⁿ⁻³,4} are always improper Euclidean tessellations.

Tessellations of hyperbolic 5-space

There are 5 regular honeycombs in H⁵, all paracompact, which include infinite (Euclidean) facets or vertex figures: {3,4,3,3,3}, {3,3,4,3,3}, {3,3,3,4,3}, {3,4,3,3,4}, and {4,3,3,4,3}.

There are no compact regular tessellations of hyperbolic space of dimension 5 or higher and no paracompact regular tessellations in hyperbolic space of dimension 6 or higher.

Name	Schläfli Symbol {p,q,r,s,t}	Facet type {p,q,r,s}	4-face type {p,q,r}	Cell type {p,q}	Face type {p}	Cell figure {t}	Face figure {s,t}	Edge figure {r,s,t}	Vertex figure {q,r,s,t}	Dual
5-orthoplex honeycomb	{3,3,3,4,3}	{3,3,3,4}	{3,3,3}	{3,3}	{3}	{3}	{4,3}	{3,4,3}	{3,3,4,3}	{3,4,3,3,3}
24-cell honeycomb honeycomb	{3,4,3,3,3}	{3,4,3,3}	{3,4,3}	{3,4}	{3}	{3}	{3,3}	{3,3,3}	{4,3,3,3}	{3,3,3,4,3}
16-cell honeycomb honeycomb	{3,3,4,3,3}	{3,3,4,3}	{3,3,4}	{3,3}	{3}	{3}	{3,3}	{4,3,3}	{3,4,3,3}	self-dual
Order-4 24-cell honeycomb honeycomb	{3,4,3,3,4}	{3,4,3,3}	{3,4,3}	{3,4}	{3}	{4}	{3,4}	{3,3,4}	{4,3,3,4}	{4,3,3,4,3}
Tesseractic honeycomb honeycomb	{4,3,3,4,3}	{4,3,3,4}	{4,3,3}	{4,3}	{4}	{3}	{4,3}	{3,4,3}	{3,3,4,3}	{3,4,3,3,4}

Since there are no regular star n-polytopes for n ≥ 5, that could be potential cells or vertex figures, there are no more hyperbolic star honeycombs in Hⁿ for n ≥ 5.

6 dimensions and higher (7-apeirotopes+)

Tessellations of hyperbolic 6-space and higher

There are no regular compact or paracompact tessellations of hyperbolic space of dimension 6 or higher. However, any Schläfli symbol of the form {p,q,r,s,...} not covered above (p,q,r,s,... natural numbers above 2, or infinity) will form a noncompact tessellation of hyperbolic n-space.

Compound polytopes

Two dimensional compounds

For any natural number n, there are n-pointed star regular polygonal stars with Schläfli symbols {n/m} for all m such that m < n/2 (strictly speaking {n/m}={n/(n−m)}) and m and n are coprime. When m and n are not coprime, the star polygon obtained will be a regular polygon with n/m sides. A new figure is obtained by rotating these regular n/m-gons one vertex to the left on the original polygon until the number of vertices rotated equals n/m minus one, and combining these figures. An extreme case of this is where n/m is 2, producing a figure consisting of n/2 straight line segments; this is called a degenerate star polygon.

In other cases where n and m have a common factor, a star polygon for a lower n is obtained, and rotated versions can be combined. These figures are called star figures, improper star polygons or compound polygons. The same notation {n/m} is often used for them, although authorities such as Grünbaum (1994) regard (with some justification) the form k{n} as being more correct, where usually k = m.

A further complication comes when we compound two or more star polygons, as for example two pentagrams, differing by a rotation of 36°, inscribed in a decagon. This is correctly written in the form k{n/m}, as 2{5/2}, rather than the commonly used {10/4}.

Coxeter's extended notation for compounds is of the form c{m,n,...}[d{p,q,...}]e{s,t,...}, indicating that d distinct {p,q,...}'s together cover the vertices of {m,n,...} c times and the facets of {s,t,...} e times. If no regular {m,n,...} exists, the first part of the notation is removed, leaving [d{p,q,...}]e{s,t,...}; the opposite holds if no regular {s,t,...} exists. The dual of c{m,n,...}[d{p,q,...}]e{s,t,...} is e{t,s,...}[d{q,p,...}]c{n,m,...}. If c or e are 1, they may be omitted. For compound polygons, this notation reduces to {nk}[k{n/m}]{nk}: for example, the hexagram may be written thus as {6}[2{3}]{6}.

Examples for n=2..10, nk≤30

2{2}

3{2}

4{2}

5{2}

6{2}

7{2}

8{2}

9{2}

10{2}

11{2}

12{2}

13{2}

14{2}

15{2}

2{3}

3{3}

4{3}

5{3}

6{3}

7{3}

8{3}

9{3}

10{3}

2{4}

3{4}

4{4}

5{4}

6{4}

7{4}

2{5}

3{5}

4{5}

5{5}

6{5}

2{5/2}

3{5/2}

4{5/2}

5{5/2}

6{5/2}

2{6}

3{6}

4{6}

5{6}

2{7}

3{7}

4{7}

2{7/2}

3{7/2}

4{7/2}

2{7/3}

3{7/3}

4{7/3}

2{8}

3{8}

2{8/3}

3{8/3}

2{9}

3{9}

2{9/2}

3{9/2}

2{9/4}

3{9/4}

2{10}

3{10}

2{10/3}

3{10/3}

2{11}

2{11/2}

2{11/3}

2{11/4}

2{11/5}

2{12}

2{12/5}

2{13}

2{13/2}

2{13/3}

2{13/4}

2{13/5}

2{13/6}

2{14}

2{14/3}

2{14/5}

2{15}

2{15/2}

2{15/4}

2{15/7}

Regular skew polygons also create compounds, seen in the edges of prismatic compound of antiprisms, for instance:

Regular compound skew polygon

Compound skew squares		Compound skew hexagons	Compound skew decagons
Two {2}#{ }	Three {2}#{ }	Two {3}#{ }	Two {5/3}#{ }

Three dimensional compounds

A regular polyhedron compound can be defined as a compound which, like a regular polyhedron, is vertex-transitive, edge-transitive, and face-transitive. With this definition there are 5 regular compounds.

Symmetry	[4,3], Oh	[5,3]+, I	[5,3], Ih
Duality	Self-dual			Dual pairs
Image
Spherical
Polyhedra	2 {3,3}	5 {3,3}	10 {3,3}	5 {4,3}	5 {3,4}
Coxeter	{4,3}[2{3,3}]{3,4}	{5,3}[5{3,3}]{3,5}	2{5,3}[10{3,3}]2{3,5}	2{5,3}[5{4,3}]	[5{3,4}]2{3,5}

Euclidean and hyperbolic plane compounds

There are eighteen two-parameter families of regular compound tessellations of the Euclidean plane. In the hyperbolic plane, five one-parameter families and seventeen isolated cases are known, but the completeness of this listing has not yet been proven.

The Euclidean and hyperbolic compound families 2 {p,p} (4 ≤ p ≤ ∞, p an integer) are analogous to the spherical stella octangula, 2 {3,3}.

A few examples of Euclidean and hyperbolic regular compounds

Self-dual	Duals		Self-dual
2 {4,4}	2 {6,3}	2 {3,6}	2 {∞,∞}
{{4,4}} or a{4,4} or {4,4}[2{4,4}]{4,4} + or	[2{6,3}]{3,6}	a{6,3} or {6,3}[2{3,6}] + or	{{∞,∞}} or a{∞,∞} or {4,∞}[2{∞,∞}]{∞,4} + or
	3 {6,3}	3 {3,6}	3 {∞,∞}
	2{3,6}[3{6,3}]{6,3}	{3,6}[3{3,6}]2{6,3} + +	+ +

Four dimensional compounds

Orthogonal projections

75 {4,3,3}	75 {3,3,4}

In 4-dimensions, there are thirty-two regular compounds of regular polytopes, which Coxeter lists in his book Regular Polytopes:^[25]

Self-dual regular compounds

Compound	Symmetry	Vertex arrangement	Cell arrangement
120 {3,3,3}	[5,3,3], order 14400	{5,3,3}	{3,3,5}
5 {3,4,3}	[5,3,3], order 14400	{3,3,5}	{5,3,3}

Regular compounds as dual pairs

Compound 1	Compound 2	Symmetry	Vertex arrangement (1)	Cell arrangement (1)	Vertex arrangement (2)	Cell arrangement (2)
3 {3,3,4}[26]	3 {4,3,3}	[3,4,3], order 1152	{3,4,3}	2{3,4,3}	2{3,4,3}	{3,4,3}
15 {3,3,4}	15 {4,3,3}	[5,3,3], order 14400	{3,3,5}	2{5,3,3}	2{3,3,5}	{5,3,3}
75 {3,3,4}	75 {4,3,3}	[5,3,3], order 14400	5{3,3,5}	10{5,3,3}	10{3,3,5}	5{5,3,3}
75 {3,3,4}	75 {4,3,3}	[5,3,3], order 14400	{5,3,3}	2{3,3,5}	2{5,3,3}	{3,3,5}
300 {3,3,4}	300 {4,3,3}	[5,3,3]+, order 7200	4{5,3,3}	8{3,3,5}	8{5,3,3}	4{3,3,5}
600 {3,3,4}	600 {4,3,3}	[5,3,3], order 14400	8{5,3,3}	16{3,3,5}	16{5,3,3}	8{3,3,5}
25 {3,4,3}	25 {3,4,3}	[5,3,3], order 14400	{5,3,3}	5{5,3,3}	5{3,3,5}	{3,3,5}

There are two different compounds of 75 tesseracts: one shares the vertices of a 120-cell, while the other shares the vertices of a 600-cell. It immediately follows therefore that the corresponding dual compounds of 75 16-cells are also different.

Self-dual star compounds

Compound	Symmetry	Vertex arrangement	Cell arrangement
5 {5,5/2,5}	[5,3,3]+, order 7200	{5,3,3}	{3,3,5}
10 {5,5/2,5}	[5,3,3], order 14400	2{5,3,3}	2{3,3,5}
5 {5/2,5,5/2}	[5,3,3]+, order 7200	{5,3,3}	{3,3,5}
10 {5/2,5,5/2}	[5,3,3], order 14400	2{5,3,3}	2{3,3,5}

Regular star compounds as dual pairs

Compound 1	Compound 2	Symmetry	Vertex arrangement (1)	Cell arrangement (1)	Vertex arrangement (2)	Cell arrangement (2)
5 {3,5,5/2}	5 {5/2,5,3}	[5,3,3]+, order 7200	{5,3,3}	{3,3,5}	{5,3,3}	{3,3,5}
10 {3,5,5/2}	10 {5/2,5,3}	[5,3,3], order 14400	2{5,3,3}	2{3,3,5}	2{5,3,3}	2{3,3,5}
5 {5,5/2,3}	5 {3,5/2,5}	[5,3,3]+, order 7200	{5,3,3}	{3,3,5}	{5,3,3}	{3,3,5}
10 {5,5/2,3}	10 {3,5/2,5}	[5,3,3], order 14400	2{5,3,3}	2{3,3,5}	2{5,3,3}	2{3,3,5}
5 {5/2,3,5}	5 {5,3,5/2}	[5,3,3]+, order 7200	{5,3,3}	{3,3,5}	{5,3,3}	{3,3,5}
10 {5/2,3,5}	10 {5,3,5/2}	[5,3,3], order 14400	2{5,3,3}	2{3,3,5}	2{5,3,3}	2{3,3,5}

There are also fourteen partially regular compounds, that are either vertex-transitive or cell-transitive but not both. The seven vertex-transitive partially regular compounds are the duals of the seven cell-transitive partially regular compounds.

Partially regular compounds as dual pairs

Compound 1 Vertex-transitive	Compound 2 Cell-transitive	Symmetry
2 16-cells[27]	2 tesseracts	[4,3,3], order 384
100 24-cell	100 24-cell	[5,3,3]+, order 7200
200 24-cell	200 24-cell	[5,3,3], order 14400
5 600-cell	5 120-cell	[5,3,3]+, order 7200
10 600-cell	10 120-cell	[5,3,3], order 14400

Partially regular star compounds as dual pairs

Compound 1 Vertex-transitive	Compound 2 Cell-transitive	Symmetry
5 {3,3,5/2}	5 {5/2,3,3}	[5,3,3]+, order 7200
10 {3,3,5/2}	10 {5/2,3,3}	[5,3,3], order 14400

Euclidean 3-space compounds

The only regular Euclidean compound honeycombs are an infinite family of compounds of cubic honeycombs, all sharing vertices and faces with another cubic honeycomb. This compound can have any number of cubic honeycombs. The Coxeter notation is {4,3,4}[d{4,3,4}]{4,3,4}.

Five dimensions and higher compounds

There are no regular compounds in five or six dimensions. There are three known seven-dimensional compounds (16, 240, or 480 7-simplexes), and six known eight-dimensional ones (16, 240, or 480 8-cubes or 8-orthoplexes). There is also one compound of n-simplexes in n-dimensional space provided that n is one less than a power of two, and also two compounds (one of n-cubes and a dual one of n-orthoplexes) in n-dimensional space if n is a power of two.

The Coxeter notation for these compounds are (using αⁿ = {3ⁿ⁻¹}, βⁿ = {3ⁿ⁻²,4}, γ_n = {4,3ⁿ⁻²}:

• 7-simplexes: cγ₇[16cα₇]cβ₇, where c = 1, 15, or 30
• 8-orthoplexes: cγ₈[16cβ₈]
• 8-cubes: [16cγ₈]cβ₈

The general cases (where n = 2^k and d = 2^{2k − k − 1}, k = 2, 3, 4, ...):

• Simplexes: γ_n−1[dα_n−1]β_n−1
• Orthoplexes: γ_n[dβ_n]
• Hypercubes: [dγ_n]β_n

Euclidean honeycomb compounds

A known family of regular Euclidean compound honeycombs in five or more dimensions is an infinite family of compounds of hypercubic honeycombs, all sharing vertices and faces with another hypercubic honeycomb. This compound can have any number of hypercubic honeycombs. The Coxeter notation is δ_n[dδ_n]δ_n where δ_n = {∞} when n = 2 and {4,3ⁿ⁻³,4} when n ≥ 3.

Abstract polytopes

The abstract polytopes arose out of an attempt to study polytopes apart from the geometrical space they are embedded in. They include the tessellations of spherical, Euclidean and hyperbolic space, tessellations of other manifolds, and many other objects that do not have a well-defined topology, but instead may be characterised by their "local" topology. There are infinitely many in every dimension. See this atlas for a sample. Some notable examples of abstract regular polytopes that do not appear elsewhere in this list are the 11-cell, {3,5,3}, and the 57-cell, {5,3,5}, which have regular projective polyhedra as cells and vertex figures.

The elements of an abstract polyhedron are its body (the maximal element), its faces, edges, vertices and the null polytope or empty set. These abstract elements can be mapped into ordinary space or realised as geometrical figures. Some abstract polyhedra have well-formed or faithful realisations, others do not. A flag is a connected set of elements of each dimension - for a polyhedron that is the body, a face, an edge of the face, a vertex of the edge, and the null polytope. An abstract polytope is said to be regular if its combinatorial symmetries are transitive on its flags - that is to say, that any flag can be mapped onto any other under a symmetry of the polyhedron. Abstract regular polytopes remain an active area of research.

Five such regular abstract polyhedra, which can not be realised faithfully, were identified by H. S. M. Coxeter in his book Regular Polytopes (1977) and again by J. M. Wills in his paper "The combinatorially regular polyhedra of index 2" (1987).^[28] They are all topologically equivalent to toroids. Their construction, by arranging n faces around each vertex, can be repeated indefinitely as tilings of the hyperbolic plane. In the diagrams below, the hyperbolic tiling images have colors corresponding to those of the polyhedra images.

Polyhedron	Medial rhombic triacontahedron	Dodecadodecahedron	Medial triambic icosahedron	Ditrigonal dodecadodecahedron	Excavated dodecahedron
Vertex figure	{5}, {5/2}	(5.5/2)2	{5}, {5/2}	(5.5/3)3
Faces	30 rhombi	12 pentagons 12 pentagrams	20 hexagons	12 pentagons 12 pentagrams	20 hexagrams
Tiling	{4, 5}	{5, 4}	{6, 5}	{5, 6}	{6, 6}
χ	−6	−6	−16	−16	−20

These occur as dual pairs as follows:

• The medial rhombic triacontahedron and dodecadodecahedron are dual to each other.
• The medial triambic icosahedron and ditrigonal dodecadodecahedron are dual to each other.
• The excavated dodecahedron is self-dual.

See also

• Polygon
  • Regular polygon
  • Star polygon
• Polyhedron
  • Regular polyhedron (5 regular Platonic solids and 4 Kepler–Poinsot solids)
    • Uniform polyhedron
• 4-polytope
  • Regular 4-polytope (16 regular 4-polytopes, 4 convex and 10 star (Schläfli–Hess))
  • Uniform 4-polytope
• Tessellation
  • Tilings of regular polygons
  • Convex uniform honeycomb
• Regular polytope
  • Uniform polytope
• Regular map (graph theory)

Notes

References

External links

• The Platonic Solids
• Kepler-Poinsot Polyhedra
• Regular 4d Polytope Foldouts
• Multidimensional Glossary (Look up Hexacosichoron and Hecatonicosachoron)
• Polytope Viewer
• Polytopes and optimal packing of p points in n dimensional spheres
• An atlas of small regular polytopes
• Regular polyhedra through time I. Hubard, Polytopes, Maps and their Symmetries

Fundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2–10
Family	An	Bn	I2(p) / Dn	E6 / E7 / E8 / F4 / G2	Hn
Regular polygon	Triangle	Square	p-gon	Hexagon	Pentagon
Uniform polyhedron	Tetrahedron	Octahedron • Cube	Demicube		Dodecahedron • Icosahedron
Uniform 4-polytope	5-cell	16-cell • Tesseract	Demitesseract	24-cell	120-cell • 600-cell
Uniform 5-polytope	5-simplex	5-orthoplex • 5-cube	5-demicube
Uniform 6-polytope	6-simplex	6-orthoplex • 6-cube	6-demicube	122 • 221
Uniform 7-polytope	7-simplex	7-orthoplex • 7-cube	7-demicube	132 • 231 • 321
Uniform 8-polytope	8-simplex	8-orthoplex • 8-cube	8-demicube	142 • 241 • 421
Uniform 9-polytope	9-simplex	9-orthoplex • 9-cube	9-demicube
Uniform 10-polytope	10-simplex	10-orthoplex • 10-cube	10-demicube
Uniform n-polytope	n-simplex	n-orthoplex • n-cube	n-demicube	1k2 • 2k1 • k21	n-pentagonal polytope
Topics: Polytope families • Regular polytope • List of regular polytopes and compounds

Fundamental convex regular and uniform honeycombs in dimensions 2–10
Family					/ /
Uniform tiling	{3[3]}	δ3	hδ3	qδ3	Hexagonal
Uniform convex honeycomb	{3[4]}	δ4	hδ4	qδ4
Uniform 5-honeycomb	{3[5]}	δ5	hδ5	qδ5	24-cell honeycomb
Uniform 6-honeycomb	{3[6]}	δ6	hδ6	qδ6
Uniform 7-honeycomb	{3[7]}	δ7	hδ7	qδ7	222
Uniform 8-honeycomb	{3[8]}	δ8	hδ8	qδ8	133 • 331
Uniform 9-honeycomb	{3[9]}	δ9	hδ9	qδ9	152 • 251 • 521
Uniform n-honeycomb	{3[n]}	δn	hδn	qδn	1k2 • 2k1 • k21

Tessellation   Periodic Pythagorean Rhombille Schwarz triangle Rectangle Domino Uniform tiling & honeycomb Coloring Convex Kisrhombille Wallpaper group Wythoff   Aperiodic Ammann–Beenker Aperiodic set of prototiles List Einstein problem Socolar–Taylor Gilbert Penrose Pentagonal Pinwheel Quaquaversal Rep-tile & Self-tiling Sphinx Truchet   Other Anisohedral & Isohedral Architectonic & catoptric Circle Limit III Computer graphics Honeycomb Isotoxal Packing Problems Domino Wang Heesch's Squaring Prototile Conway criterion Girih Regular Division of the Plane Regular grid Substitution Voronoi Voderberg   By vertex type Spherical 2n 33.n V33.n 42.n V42.n Regular 2∞ 36 44 63 Semi- regular 32.4.3.4 V32.4.3.4 33.42 33.∞ 34.6 V34.6 3.4.6.4 (3.6)2 3.122 42.∞ 4.6.12 4.82 Hyper- bolic 32.4.3.5 32.4.3.6 32.4.3.7 32.4.3.8 32.4.3.∞ 32.5.3.5 32.5.3.6 32.6.3.6 32.6.3.8 32.7.3.7 32.8.3.8 33.4.3.4 32.∞.3.∞ 34.7 34.8 34.∞ 35.4 37 38 3∞ (3.4)3 (3.4)4 3.4.62.4 3.4.7.4 3.4.8.4 3.4.∞.4 3.6.4.6 (3.7)2 (3.8)2 3.142 3.162 (3.∞)2 3.∞2 42.5.4 42.6.4 42.7.4 42.8.4 42.∞.4 45 46 47 48 4∞ (4.5)2 (4.6)2 4.6.12 4.6.14 V4.6.14 4.6.16 V4.6.16 4.6.∞ (4.7)2 (4.8)2 4.8.10 V4.8.10 4.8.12 4.8.14 4.8.16 4.8.∞ 4.102 4.10.12 4.122 4.12.16 4.142 4.162 4.∞2 (4.∞)2 54 55 56 5∞ 5.4.6.4 (5.6)2 5.82 5.102 5.122 (5.∞)2 64 65 66 68 6.4.8.4 (6.8)2 6.82 6.102 6.122 6.162 73 74 77 7.62 7.82 7.142 83 84 86 88 812 8.62 8.162 ∞3 ∞4 ∞5 ∞∞ ∞.62 ∞.82