Provinces of Thailand

Provinces of Thailand
จังหวัดในประเทศไทย
Cạngh̄wạd nı pratheṣ̄thịy
Category Unitary state
Location Kingdom of Thailand
Number 76 Provinces
1 Special Administrative Division
Populations 177,089 Ranong – 2,620,517 Nakhon Ratchasima
Areas 417 km2 (161 sq mi) Samut Songkhram – 20,494 km2 (7,913 sq mi) Nakhon Ratchasima
Government Provincal/Special Administrative Divisional government
Subdivisions Amphoes
Thailand
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Thailand is a unitary state that is subdivided into 76 provinces (Thai: จังหวัด; rtgs: changwat) and one special administrative area representing the capital Bangkok. The provinces are part of the provincial government, while Bangkok is part of the local government.

The provinces

A clickable map of Thailand exhibiting its provinces.
Chiang Rai Province Chiang Mai Province Mae Hong Son Province Phayao Province Lampang Province Phrae Province Lamphun Province Nan Province Uttaradit Province Bueng Kan Province Nong Khai Province Udon Thani Province Nakhon Phanom Province Sakon Nakhon Province Kalasin Province Mukdahan Province Loei Province Khon Kaen Province Nong Bua Lamphu Province Tak Province Sukhothai Province Phitsanulok Province Phichit Province Uthai Thani Province Kamphaeng Phet Province Nakhon Sawan Province Phetchabun Province Chaiyaphum Province Maha Sarakham Province Roi Et Province Yasothon Province Amnat Charoen Province Ubon Ratchathani Province Sisaket Province Surin Province Buriram Province Nakhon Ratchasima Province Lopburi Province Chainat Province Singburi Province Kanchanaburi Province Suphan Buri Province Ang Thong Province Saraburi Province Ayutthaya Province Nakhon Nayok Province Prachin Buri Province Pathum Thani Province Nakhon Pathom Province Ratchaburi Province Sa Kaew Province Chachoengsao Province Chonburi Province Rayong Province Chanthaburi Province Trat Province Phetchaburi Province Prachuap Khiri Khan Province Chumphon Province Ranong Province Surat Thani Province Phang Nga Province Phuket Province Krabi Province Nakhon Si Thammarat Province Trang Province Phatthalung Province Satun Province Songkhla Province Pattani Province Yala Province Narathiwat Province Samut Prakan Province Bangkok Nonthaburi Province Samut Sakhon Province Samut Songkhram ProvinceA clickable map of Thailand exhibiting its provinces.
About this image
Name Capital Population Area (km²) Population Density Largest Metropolitan Area Abbr. ISO FIPS
Bangkok
(special administrative area)		 Bangkok 5,692,284 1,565 3,637.0 Bangkok Metropolitan Area BKK TH-10 TH40
Amnat Charoen Amnat Charoen 375,380 3,161 119.0 Amnat Charoen ACR TH-37 TH77
Ang Thong Ang Thong 283,568 968 293.0 Ang Thong ATG TH-15 TH35
Bueng Kan Bueng Kan 418,566 4,306 97.0 Bueng Kan BKN TH-38 TH81
Buriram Buriram 1,579,248 10,322 153.0 Buriram BRM TH-31 TH28
Chachoengsao Chachoengsao 695,478 5,351 129.9 Chachoengsao CCO TH-24 TH44
Chainat Chainat 332,283 2,470 135.0 Chainat CNT TH-18 TH32
Chaiyaphum Chaiyaphum 1,137,049 12,778 89.0 Chaiyaphum CPM TH-36 TH26
Chanthaburi Chanthaburi 527,350 6,338 83.2 Chanthaburi CTI TH-22 TH48
Chiang Mai Chiang Mai 1,678,284 20,107 83.5 Chiang Mai CMI TH-50 TH02
Chiang Rai Chiang Rai 1,207,699 11,678 103.0 Chiang Rai CRI TH-57 TH03
Chonburi Chonburi 1,421,425 4,363 326.0 Pattaya CBI TH-20 TH46
Chumphon Chumphon 500,575 6,009 83.3 Chumphon CPN TH-86 TH58
Kalasin Kalasin 984,907 6,947 142.0 Kalasin KSN TH-46 TH23
Kamphaeng Phet Kamphaeng Phet 729,522 8,607 85.0 Kamphaeng Phet KPT TH-62 TH11
Kanchanaburi Kanchanaburi 848,198 19,483 44.0 Kanchanaburi KRI TH-71 TH50
Khon Kaen Khon Kaen 1,790,049 10,886 164.0 Khon Kaen KKN TH-40 TH22
Krabi Krabi 456,811 4,709 97.0 Krabi KBI TH-81 TH63
Lampang Lampang 753,013 12,534 60.0 Lampang LPG TH-52 TH06
Lamphun Lamphun 405,468 4,506 90.0 Lamphun LPN TH-51 TH05
Loei Province Loei 634,513 11,425 56.0 Loei LEI TH-42 TH18
Lopburi Province Lopburi 754,406 6,200 122.0 Lopburi LRI TH-16 TH34
Mae Hong Son Mae Hong Son 248,178 12,681 20.0 Mae Hong Son MSN TH-58 TH01
Maha Sarakham Maha Sarakham 960,588 5,292 182.0 Maha Sarakham MKM TH-44 TH24
Mukdahan Mukdahan 346,016 4,340 80.0 Mukdahan MDH TH-49 TH78
Nakhon Nayok Nakhon Nayok 257,300 2,122 121.3 Nakhon Nayok NYK TH-26 TH43
Nakhon Pathom Nakhon Pathom 891,071 2,168 411.0 Nakhon Pathom NPT TH-73 TH53
Nakhon Phanom Nakhon Phanom 713,351 5,513 129.0 Nakhon Phanom NPM TH-48 TH73
Nakhon Ratchasima Nakhon Ratchasima 2,620,517 20,494 128.0 Nakhon Ratchasima NMA TH-30 TH27
Nakhon Sawan Nakhon Sawan 1,072,756 9,598 112.0 Nakhon Sawan NSN TH-60 TH16
Nakhon Si Thammarat Nakhon Si Thammarat 1,544,028 9,943 155.0 Nakhon Si Thammarat NRT TH-80 TH64
Nan Nan 478,264 11,472 42.0 Nan NAN TH-55 TH04
Narathiwat Narathiwat 775,799 4,475 173.0 Su-ngai Kolok NWT TH-96 TH31
Nong Bua Lamphu Nong Bua Lamphu 508,864 3,859 132.0 Nong Bua Lamphu NBP TH-39 TH79
Nong Khai Nong Khai City 517,260 3,027 171.0 Nong Khai City NKI TH-43 TH17
Nonthaburi Nonthaburi 1,173,870 622 1,887.0 Bangkok Metropolitan Area NBI TH-12 TH38
Pathum Thani Pathum Thani 1,075,058 1,526 704.0 Bangkok Metropolitan Area PTE TH-13 TH39
Pattani Pattani 686,186 1,940 354.0 Pattani PTN TH-94 TH69
Phang Nga Phang Nga 261,370 4,171 63.0 Thai Mueang PNA TH-82 TH61
Phatthalung Phatthalung 520,419 3,424 152.0 Phatthalung PLG TH-93 TH66
Phayao Phayao 484,454 6,335 76.0 Phayao PYO TH-56 TH41
Phetchabun Phetchabun 995,807 12,668 79.0 Phetchabun PNB TH-67 TH14
Phetchaburi Phetchaburi 474,192 6,225 76.0 Phetchaburi PBI TH-76 TH56
Phichit Phichit 547,543 4,531 120.8 Phichit PCT TH-66 TH13
Phitsanulok Phitsanulok 858,988 10,816 79.0 Phitsanulok PLK TH-65 TH12
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya 803,599 2,557 314.0 Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya AYA TH-14 TH36
Phrae Phrae 454,083 6,539 69.0 Phrae PRE TH-54 TH07
Phuket Phuket 378,364 543 697.0 Phuket PKT TH-83 TH62
Prachinburi Prachinburi 479,314 4,762 101.0 Prachinburi PRI TH-25 TH74
Prachuap Khiri Khan Prachuap Khiri Khan 525,107 6,368 82.0 Hua Hin PKN TH-77 TH57
Ranong Ranong 177,089 3,298 54.0 Ranong RNG TH-85 TH59
Ratchaburi Ratchaburi 853,217 5,196 164.0 Ratchaburi RBR TH-70 TH52
Rayong Rayong 674,393 3,552 190.0 Rayong RYG TH-21 TH47
Roi Et Roi Et 1,308,318 8,299 158.0 Roi Et RET TH-45 TH25
Sa Kaeo Sa Kaeo 552,187 7,195 77.0 Sa Kaeo SKW TH-27 TH80
Sakon Nakhon Sakon Nakhon 1,138,609 9,606 119.0 Sakon Nakhon SNK TH-47 TH20
Samut Prakan Samut Prakan 1,261,530 1,004 1,257.0 Bangkok Metropolitan Area SPK TH-11 TH42
Samut Sakhon Samut Sakhon 531,887 872 610.0 Samut Sakhon SKN TH-74 TH55
Samut Songkhram Samut Songkhram 194,189 417 466.0 Samut Songkhram SKM TH-75 TH54
Saraburi Saraburi 633,460 3,576 177.0 Saraburi SRI TH-19 TH37
Satun Satun 312,673 2,479 126.0 Satun STN TH-91 TH67
Sing Buri Sing Buri 212,158 822 258.0 Sing Buri SBR TH-17 TH33
Sisaket Sisaket 1,465,213 8,840 166.0 Sisaket SSK TH-33 TH30
Songkhla Songkhla 1,401,303 7,394 190.0 Hat Yai SKA TH-90 TH68
Sukhothai Sukhothai 602,460 6,596 91.0 Sukhothai STI TH-64 TH09
Suphan Buri Suphan Buri 849,053 5,358 158.0 Suphan Buri SPB TH-72 TH51
Surat Thani Surat Thani 1,040,230 12,891 81.0 Surat Thani SNI TH-84 TH60
Surin Surin 1,391,636 8,124 171.0 Surin SRN TH-32 TH29
Tak Tak 539,553 16,407 33.0 Mae Sot TAK TH-63 TH08
Trang Trang 638,746 4,918 129.8 Trang TRG TH-92 TH65
Trat Trat 224,730 2,819 80.0 Trat TRT TH-23 TH49
Ubon Ratchathani Ubon Ratchathani 1,844,669 15,745 117.0 Ubon Ratchathani UBN TH-34 TH75
Udon Thani Udon Thani 1,570,300 11,730 134.0 Udon Thani UDN TH-41 TH76
Uthai Thani Uthai Thani 330,179 6,730 49.0 Uthai Thani UTI TH-61 TH15
Uttaradit Uttaradit 460,400 7,839 59.0 Uttaradit UTD TH-53 TH10
Yala Yala 511,911 4,521 113.0 Yala YLA TH-95 TH70
Yasothon Yasothon 540,211 4,162 130.0 Yasothon YST TH-35 TH72

Total land area of Thailand is 513,114 km².[1] Total population of Thailand is 65,118,726.[2]

Governance

Administrative divisions
of Thailand
Central
Provincial
Local
Special governed cities

Thailand's national government organisation is divided into three types: central government (ministries, bureaus and departments), provincial government (provinces and districts) and local government (Bangkok, Phatthaya City, provincial administrative organisations, etc.).

A province, as part of the provincial government, is administered by a governor (ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด) who is appointed by the Minister of Interior. Bangkok, as part of the local government, is administered by a corporation called Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The corporation is led by the Governor of Bangkok (ผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร) who is directly elected by the citizens of Bangkok.

The provinces are named by their original main city, which is not necessarily still the most populous city within the province today. Also, in several provinces the administration was moved into a new building outside the city.

History

Before 1892

Many provinces date back to semi-independent local chiefdoms or kingdoms, which made up the Ayutthaya kingdom. As today, the provinces were created around a capital city (mueang), and included surrounding villages or satellite towns. The provinces were administered either by a governor, who was appointed by the king; or by a local ruling family, who were descendants of the old local kings and princes of that area and had been given this privilege by the central king. De facto the king did not have much choice but to choose someone from the local nobility or an economically strong man, as against these local power groups the administration would have become impossible. The governor was not paid by the king, but instead financed himself and his administration by imposing taxes by himself, thus effectively a kleptocracy. Every province was required to send an annual tribute to Bangkok.

The provinces were divided into four different classes. The first class were the border provinces. The second class were those that once had their own princely house. Third class were provinces that were created recently by splitting them from other provinces. Fourth class were provinces near the capital. Additionally tributary states like the principalities of Lannathai, the Laotian kingdoms of Vientiane and Luang Prabang, Cambodia, or the Malay sultanate Kedah were also part of the country, but with an even higher autonomy than the provinces. In this Mandala system the semi-independent countries sometimes were tributary to more than one country.

New provinces were created when the population of an area outgrew the administration, but also for political reasons if a governor became too dominant in a region former satellite cities were elevated to provincial status, as in the founding of the Maha Sarakham Province.

Reforms of the provincial administration started in the 1870s under increased pressure from the colonial states of the United Kingdom and France. Especially to the areas near the borders commissionaries were sent to have a stronger control on the provinces or tributary states.

Administrative reform of 1892

At the end of the 19th century King Chulalongkorn reformed the central government drastically. In 1892 the ministry, which previously had many overlapping responsibilities, was reorganized with clear areas as in western administrations. Prince Damrong Rajanubhab became minister of the Ministry of the North (Mahatthai), originally responsible for the northern administration. When the Ministry of the South (Kalahom) was dissolved in 1894, Prince Damrong became Minister of the Interior, responsible for the provincial administration of the whole country.

Starting in 1893 the already existing commissionarships in some parts of the country were renamed to superintendent commissioner (khaluang thesaphiban), and their area of responsibility was called monthon. In strategically important areas the monthon were created first, while in other areas the provinces kept their independence a bit longer. Several smaller provinces were reduced in status to a amphoe (district) or even lower to a tambon (subdistrict) and included in a neighboring province, sometimes for administrative reasons, but sometimes also to remove an uncooperative governor.

In some regions rebellions broke out against the new administrative system, usually induced by the local nobility fearing their loss of power. The most notable was the Holy Man rebellion in 1902 in Isan, which even though it was at first a messianic doomsday sect, it also attacked government representative in the North-East. The provincial town Khemarat was even burned by the rebels. After a few months the rebellion fought back.

After 1916 the word changwat became common to use for the provinces, partly to distinguish them from the provincial capital city (Mueang or Amphoe Mueang), but also to stress the new administrative structure of the provinces.[3]

When Prince Damrong resigned in 1915, the whole country was subdivided into 19 monthon (including the area around Bangkok, which was however under the responsibility of another ministry until 1922), with 72 provinces.

In December 1915 King Vajiravudh announced the creation of regions (phak), each administered by a viceroy (upparat), to cover several monthon. Until 1922 four regions were established, however in 1925 they were dissolved again. At the same time several monthon were merged, in an attempt to streamline the administration and reduce the costs.

Since 1932

The monthon were finally dissolved when Thailand transformed from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy in 1932, making the provinces the top level administrative division again. Several smaller provinces were also abolished at that time. During World War II, several provinces around Bangkok were merged, which was however undone after the war. Also the occupied area from French Indochina was organized into four provinces - Phra Tabong, Phibunsongkhram, Nakhon Champasak and Lan Chang. The current province of Sukhothai was at first known as Sawankhalok; it was renamed to Sukhothai in 1939 (which is why the railway system goes to Sawankhalok city and not Sukhothai city). Also the province Kalasin was reestablished in 1947, after being dissolved in 1932.

In 1972 the two provinces Phra Nakhon and Thonburi were merged to form the special administrative area of Bangkok, which combines the tasks of the provinces with that of a municipality, including having an elected governor.

Starting in the second half of the 20th century some provinces were newly created by splitting them off from bigger provinces. In 1975, Yasothon province was split off from Ubon Ratchathani. In 1977, Phayao province was created from districts formerly part of Chiang Rai. In 1982, Mukdahan was split off from Nakhon Phanom. In 1993 three provinces were created: Sa Kaeo (split from Prachinburi), Nongbua Lamphu (split from Udon Thani), and Amnat Charoen (split from Ubon Ratchathani). The newest province is Bueng Kan, which was split off from Nong Khai effective March 23, 2011.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Thailand Human Development Report 2014 by UNDP Table 0, Basic Data
  2. ↑ http://www.stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/pk/pk_57.pdf
  3. ↑ ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง ทรงพระกรุณาโปรดเกล้า ฯ ให้เปลี่ยนคำว่าเมืองเรียกว่าจังหวัด (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai) 33 (0 ก): 51–53. 1916-05-28.

Further reading

External links

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