List of prehistoric insects

Cordulagomphus, a dragonfly from the Cretaceous

Prehistoric insects are various groups of insects that lived before recorded history. Their study is the field of paleoentomology. Insects inhabited Earth since before the time of the dinosaurs. The earliest identifiable insect is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti, estimated at 407 to 396 million years ago. Forms similar to many modern insects had already evolved before the dawning of the dinosaur and lived alongside them and beyond up to the present day. Like today, prehistoric insects were an important part of the food chain in their time.

The differences between modern and prehistoric varieties can be essential, and, like many other creatures of prehistory, the latter tended to be much larger than their contemporary equivalents. This size difference is thought to be due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels (allowing diffusion through spiracles over greater distances), higher temperatures (enhancing metabolism), and the absence of birds as key predators of insect life.^[1]

Since insects have chitin exoskeletons rather than mineralized bones, their burial processes differ compared to the fossils of much larger vertebrates such as dinosaurs. Many insect remains are found preserved in the hardened sap of ancient trees (amber).

A weevil caught in Baltic amber

Selected taxa

Incomplete list of prehistoric insects arranged by extinction date:

Devonian

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Rhyniognatha	Tillyard, 1928	Rhynie Chert	Scotland	oldest described insect

Carboniferous

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes
Meganeura	Brongniart, 1885	Europe	Europe	three described species
Bohemiatupus^[2]	Prokop & Nel, 2010	Kladno Formation	Czech Republic	A griffenfly
Sinomeganeura^[3]	Ren, Nel & Prokop, 2008	Tupo Formation	China	A griffenfly

Permian

Palaeodictyopteroidea

Jurassic

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes
Formosibittacus^[4]	Li, Ren & Shih, 2008	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A hangingfly
Jurahylobittacus^[4]	Li, Ren & Shih, 2008	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A hangingfly
Mongolbittacus^[5]	Petrulevicius, Huang & Ren, 2007	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A hangingfly
Ororaphidia^[6]	Engel & Ren, 2008	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A snakefly

Cretaceous

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Afromyrma^[7]	Dlussky, Brothers & Rasnitsyn, 2004		Botswana	A myrmicin ant
Afropone^[7]	Dlussky, Brothers & Rasnitsyn, 2004		Botswana	A ponerin ant, 2 species
Alavaraphidia^[8]	Pérez-de la Fuente, et al, 2012	Spanish amber	Spain	A snakefly	Alavaraphidia imperterrita
Amarantoraphidia^[8]	Pérez-de la Fuente, et al, 2012	Spanish amber	Spain	A snakefly	Amarantoraphidia ventolina
Armaniidae	Dlussky, 1983	Asia and Africa		A family of "ant like wasps"
Astreptolabis^[9]	Engel, 2011	Burmese amber	Myanmar	An earwig	Astreptolabis ethirosomatia
Burmomyrma^[10]	Dlussky, 1996	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A possible aneuretin ant, one species	Burmomyrma rossi
Cantabroraphidia^[8]	Pérez-de la Fuente, et al, 2010	Spanish amber	Spain	A snakefly	Cantabroraphidia marcanoi
Deinodryinus? aptianus^[11]	Olmi, Rasnitsyn & Guglielmino, 2010	Khurilt rock unit	Mongolia	An earwig	Deinodryinus? aptianus
Ektatotricha^[12]	Chatzimanolis et al, 2010	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A rove beetle
Haidomyrmex^[13]	Dlussky, 1996	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A sphecomyrmin ant, three species	Haidomyrmex zigrasi
Haidomyrmodes^[14]	Perrichot et al, 2008	Charentese amber	France	A sphecomyrmin ant	Haidomyrmodes mammuthus
Haidoterminus^[15]	McKellar, Glasier, & Engel, 2013	Canadian amber	Canada	A sphecomyrmin ant	Haidoterminus cippus
Iberoraphidia^[16]	Jepson, Ansorge & Jarzembowski, 2011	Serra del Montsec	Spain	A snakefly
Kachinus^[12]	Chatzimanolis et al, 2010	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A rove beetle
Lebanoraphidia^[17]	Bechly & Wolf-Schwenninger, 2011	Lebanese amber	Lebanon	A snakefly
Mesojassoides^[18]	Oman, 1937	Fox Hills Formation	USA	A leafhopper
Nanoraphidia^[19]	Engel, 2002	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A snakefly
Necroraphidia^[8]	Pérez-de la Fuente, et al, 2010	Spanish amber	Spain	A snakefly	Necroraphidia arcuata
Plumalexius^[20]	Brothers, 2011	New Jersey Amber	USA	A wasp of the extinct family Plumalexiidae	Plumalexius rasnitsyni
Principiala^[21]	Makarkin & Menon, 2007	Crato Formation, Weald Clay	Brazil, England	An Ithonidae lacewing.
Proraphidia^[22]	Martynova, 1941	Europe & Asia		A Jurassic - Cretaceous snakefly genus; three species
Styporaphidia^[8]	Engel & Ren, 2008	Europe & Asia		A Jurassic - Cretaceous snakefly genus; two species	Styporaphidia? hispanica
Toxolabis^[23]	Engel & Grimaldi, 2014	Burmese amber	Myanmar	An earwig
Tytthodiplatys^[9]	Engel, 2011	Burmese amber	Myanmar	An earwig	Tytthodiplatys mecynocercus
Undulopsychopsis^[24]	Peng, Makarkin, Wang, & Ren, 2011	Yixian Formation	China	A silky lacewing	Undulopsychopsis alexi
Zigrasimecia^[25]	Barden & Grimaldi, 2013	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A sphecomyrmin ant	Zigrasimecia tonsora
Zigrasolabis^[23]	Engel & Grimaldi, 2014	Burmese amber	Myanmar	An earwig

Eocene

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Agroecomyrmex^[26]	Wheeler, 1910	Baltic amber	Europe	An agroecomyrmecin ant	Agroecomyrmex duisburgi
Agulla protomaculata^[27]	Engel, 2011	Green River Formation	USA	A snake fly
Ainigmapsychops^[28]	Makarkin & Archibald, 2014	Klondike Mountain Formation	USA	A possible psychopsid lacewing	Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus
Allorapisma^[29]	Makarkin & Archibald, 2009	Klondike Mountain Formation	USA	An Ithonidae moth lacewing	Allorapisma chuorum
Anonychomyrma constricta^[30]	(Mayr, 1868)	Baltic amber	Europe	A dolichoderin ant	Anonychomyrma constricta
Anonychomyrma geinitzi^[30]	(Mayr, 1868)	Baltic amber	Europe	A dolichoderin ant	Anonychomyrma geinitzi
Anonychomyrma samlandica^[30]	(Wheeler, 1915)	Baltic amber	Europe	A dolichoderin ant	Anonychomyrma samlandica
Anthidium exhumatum^[31]	Cockerell, 1906	Florissant Formation	USA	A mason bee
Anthidium scudderi^[31]	Cockerell, 1906	Florissant Formation	USA	A mason bee
Aphaenogaster donisthorpei^[32]^[32]	Carpenter, 1930	Florissant Formation	USA	A myrmicin ant
Aphaenogaster mayri^[32]	Carpenter, 1930	Florissant Formation	USA	A myrmicin ant	Aphaenogaster mayri
Aphaenogaster mersa^[26]	Wheeler, 1915	Baltic amber	Europe	A myrmicin ant	Aphaenogaster mersa
Aphaenogaster oligocenica^[26]	Wheeler, 1915	Baltic amber	Europe	A myrmicin ant	Aphaenogaster oligocenica
Aphaenogaster sommerfeldti^[26]	Mayr, 1868	Baltic amber	Europe	A myrmicin ant	Aphaenogaster sommerfeldti
Archiinocellia^[33]	Handlirsch, 1910	Horsefly beds	Canada	A snake fly	Archiinocellia oligoneura
Archimyrmex^[34]	Cockerell, 1923	Green River Formation, Messel Pit, & Ventana Formation	Europe USA, Argentina	A myrmeciine ant genus, four species described	Archimyrmex wedmannae
Archiponera^[32]	Carpenter, 1930	Florissant Formation	USA	A ponerine ant
Arostropsis^[35]	Yunakov & Kirejtshuk, 2011	Baltic Amber	Europe	A broad nosed weevil	Arostropsis groehni
Asymphylomyrmex	Wheeler, 1915	Baltic Amber	Europe	A dolichoderine ant.	Asymphylomyrmex balticus
Avitomyrmex^[36]	Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006	McAbee Fossil Beds	Canada	A bulldog ant genus; three species known
Baltimartyria^[37]	Skalski, 1995	Baltic amber	Europe	A metallic moth, two species	Baltimartyria rasnitsyni
Brevivulva^[38]	Gibson, 2009	Baltic amber	Europe	A parasitic wasp	Brevivulva electroma
Carmenelectra^[39]	Evenhuis, 2002	Baltic amber	Europe	A Mythicomyiidae fly
Deinodryinus areolatus^[11]	(Ponomarenko, 1975)	Baltic Amber	Europe	A dryinid wasp	Deinodryinus areolatus
Deinodryinus velteni^[11]	Guglielmino & Olmi, 2011	Baltic Amber	Europe	A dryinid wasp	Deinodryinus velteni
Denaeaspis^[40]	Chaboo & Engel, 2009	Green River Formation	USA	A tortoise beetle
Dinokanaga^[41]	Archibald, 2005	Canada and the United States	Canada USA	A scorpion fly genus, six species	Dinokanaga andersoni
Dinopanorpa^[41]	Cockerell, 1924	Khutsin Formation	Russia	A scorpion fly
Diochus electrus^[42]	Chatzimanolis & Engel, 2011	Baltic amber	Europe	a rove beetle	Diochus electrus
Dominickus^[43]	Tindale, 1985	Florissant Formation	USA	A butterfly-moth
Electrinocellia^[44]	Engel, 1995	Baltic amber	Europe	A snake fly
Electrostephanus^[45]	Brues, 1933	Baltic amber	Europe	A crown wasp, 4 species	Electrostephanus petiolatus
Elektrithone^[46]	Makarkin, Wedmann, & Weiterschan, 2014	Baltic amber	Europe	An Ithonidae moth lacewing
Elephantomyia baltica^[47]	Alexander, 1931	Baltic amber	Europe	A limoniid crane fly
Emiliana^[48]	Shcherbakov, 2006	Green River Formation	USA	A plant-hopper
Epiborkhausenites^[49]	Skalski, 1973	Baltic amber	Europe	A concealer moth
Eorpa^[50]	Archibald, Mathewes, & Greenwood, 2013	Okanagan Highlands	Canada USA	A scorpionfly	Eorpa elverumi
Eosacantha^[40]	Chaboo & Engel, 2009	Green River Formation	USA	A tortoise beetle
Eriocampa tulameenensis^[51]	Rice, 1968	Allenby Formation	Canada	A tenthredinid sawfly
Eulithomyrmex^[32]	Carpenter, 1935	Florissant Formation	USA	An agroecomyrmecin ant
Fibla carpenteri^[44]	Engel, 1995	Baltic amber	Europe	A snakefly
Formicium^[52]	John O. Westwood, 1854	North America and Europe		A form genus of ants
Glisachaemus^[53]	Szwedo, 2007	Baltic amber	Europe	A plant-hopper
Halictus? savenyei^[54]	Engel & Archibald, 2003	Princeton Group	Canada	A sweat bee
Holcorpa^[55]	Scudder, 1867	Florissant Formation McAbee fossil site	Canada USA	A scorpionfly
Hydriomena? protrita^[56]	Cockerell, 1922	Florissant Formation	USA	A geometrid moth	Hydriomena? protrita
Macabeemyrma^[36]	Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006	McAbee Fossil Beds	Canada	A bulldog ant
Metanephrocerus^[57]	Carpenter & Hull, 1939	Klondike Mountain Formation & Baltic amber	USA Russia	A genus of pipunculids, 4 species	Metanephrocerus belgardeae
Metapelma archetypon^[38]	Gibson, 2009	Baltic amber	Europe	A parasitic wasp	Metapelma archetypon
Microberotha^[58]	Archibald & Makarkin, 2004	Hat Creek Amber	Canada	A lacewing
Myrmeciities^[36]	Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006	Canada and the United States	Canada USA	A bulldog ant form genus	Myrmeciities sp.
Nanotermes^[27]	Engel & Grimaldi, 2011	Cambay Amber	India	A termite	Nanotermes isaacae
Neanaperiallus^[38]	Gibson, 2009	Baltic amber	Europe	A parasitic wasp	Neanaperiallus masneri
Neoephemera antiqua^[59]	Sinitchenkova, 1999	Klondike Mountain Formation	USA	A mayfly
Ordralfabetix^[60]	Szwedo, 2011	Oise amber	France	A plant-hopper
Palaeovespa^[61]	Cockerell, 1906	Baltic amber Florissant Formation	Europe USA	A vespid wasp; seven described species	Palaeovespa florissantia
Pristomyrmex rasnitsyni^[62]	Dlussky & Radchenko, 2011	Scandinavian amber	Denmark	An ant
Prodryas^[63]	Scudder, 1878	Florissant Formation	USA	A butterfly	Prodryas persephone
Prostylotermes^[27]	Engel & Grimaldi, 2011	Cambay Amber	India	A termite	Prostylotermes kamboja
Protostephanus^[45]	Cockerell, 1906	Florissant Formation	USA	A crown wasp
Pseudosiobla campbelli^[51]	Rice, 1968	Allenby Formation	Canada	A tenthredinid sawfly
Raphidia funerata^[54]	Engel, 2003	Florissant Formation	USA	A snakefly
Tortrix? destructus^[64]	Cockerell, 1917	Florissant Formation	USA	A tortricid moth
Tortrix? florissantana^[65]	Cockerell, 1917	Florissant Formation	USA	A tortricid moth
Xylolaemus sakhnovi^[66]	Alekseev & Lord, 2014	Baltic amber	Russia	A colydiin cylindrical bark beetle
Ypresiomyrma^[36]	Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006	McAbee Fossil Beds Ølst and Fur Formations	Canada Denmark	A bulldog ant genus	Ypresiomyrma rebekkae
Zophotermes ^[27]	Engel & Singh, 2011	Cambay Amber	India	A termite	Zophotermes ashoki

Oligocene

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Aphaenogaster longaeva^[32]	Scudder, 1877	Fraser Formation?	Canada	myrmicin ant species, generic placement uncertain

Miocene

Name	Authors	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Acanthognathus poinari^[67]	Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A trap-jaw ant
Acanthostichus hispaniolicus^[68]	De Andrade, 1998	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A doryline ant	Acanthostichus hispaniolicus
Acropyga glaesaria^[69]	Lapolla, 2005	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	Oldest record of trophophoresy in ants	Acropyga glaesaria
Anochetus ambiguus^[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus ambiguus
Anochetus brevidentatus^[71]	MacKay, 1991	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant
Anochetus conisquamis^[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus conisquamis
Anochetus dubius^[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus dubius
Anochetus exstinctus^[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus exstinctus
Anochetus intermedius^[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus intermedius
Anochetus lucidus^[70]	De Andrade, 1994	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus lucidus
Anthophorula persephone^[72]	Engel, 2012	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A bee
Aphaenogaster amphioceanica^[73]	De Andrade, 1995	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A myrmicin ant	Aphaenogaster amphioceanica
Aphaenogaster avita^[74]	Fujiyama, 1970	Chojabaru Formation	Japan	A myrmicin ant
Aphaenogaster praerelicta^[73]	De Andrade, 1995	Mexican amber	Mexico	A myrmicin ant
Apterostigma electropilosum^[75]	Schultz, 2007	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A myrmicin fungus farming ant
Apterostigma eowilsoni^[75]	Schultz, 2007	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A myrmicin fungus farming ant
Attopsis longipennis^[76]	Heer, 1849	Radoboj	Croatia	A formicine ant.
Augochlora leptoloba^[77]	Engel, 1995	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A sweat bee
Dicromantispa electromexicana^[78]	Engel & Grimaldi, 2007	Mexican Amber	Mexico	A mantidfly
Dicromantispa moronei	Engel & Grimaldi, 2007	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A mantidfly
Dryinus grimaldii^[79]	Olmi, 1995	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A dryinid wasp	Dryinus grimaldii
Dryinus rasnitsyni^[79]	Olmi & Guglielmino, 2011	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A dryinid wasp
Eickwortapis^[80]	Michener & Poinar, 1996	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A sweat bee	Dryinus rasnitsyni
Electromyrmococcus^[81]	Williams, 2001	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A mealybug; three described species
Electrotettix^[82]	Heads, Thomas, & Wang, 2014	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A tetrigid grasshopper.	Electrotettix attenboroughi
Feroseta^[83]	Poinar, 2006	Dominican Amber	Dominican Republic	A mantidfly
Hyptia deansi^[84]	Henderickx, 2012	Mexican amber	Mexico	Late Oligocene - Early Miocene; An ensign wasp
Leptofoenus pittfieldae	Engel, 2009	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A pteromalid wasp	Leptofoenus pittfieldae
Lutzomyia adiketis^[85]	Poinar, 2008	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A phlebotomid fly	Lutzomyia adiketis
Mastotermes electromexicus^[86]	Krishna & Emerson, 1983	Mexican amber	Mexico	Late Oligocene - Early Miocene
Neocorynura electra^[87]	Engel, 1995	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A sweat bee
Nesagapostemon^[88]	Engel, 2009	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A sweat bee	Nesagapostemon moronei
Neurosymploca? oligocenica^[89]	Fernández-Rubio & Nel, 2000	paleolake Céreste	France	A zygaenid moth
Oligochlora^[90]	Engel, 1996	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A sweat bee genus, six species	Oligochlora semirugosa
Parastylotermes^[27]	Snyder & Emerson, 1949	North America, Europe, India		A termite genus; lived from the Eocene to the Miocene five described species	Parastylotermes krishnai
Pintomyia falcaorum^[91]	Brazil & Andrade Filho, 2002	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A phlebotomin fly
Protosialis casca	Engel & Grimaldi, 2007	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	An alderfly
Syndesus ambericus^[92]	Woodruff, 2009	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A stag beetle
Schwenckfeldina archoica^[93]	Mohrig & Solórzano Kraemer, 2007	Mexican amber	Mexico	Late Oligocene - Early Miocene; A sciarid fly
Tainosia^[94]	Szwedo, 2001	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A plant-hopper
Termitaradus avitinquilinus^[88]	Grimaldi & Engel, 2008	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A termite bug
Termitaradus dominicanus^[95]	Poinar, 2011	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A termite bug
Termitaradus mitnicki^[88]	Engel, 2009	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A termite bug	Termitaradus mitnicki
Termitaradus protera^[95]	Brongniart, 1885	Mexican amber	Mexico	Late Oligocene - Early Miocene; A termite bug
Triatoma dominicana^[96]	Poinar, 2005	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	An assassin bug

References

↑ Giant prehistoric insects shrank to escape developing birds, Bloomberg News, 4 June 2012
↑ Prokop, J.; Nel, A. (2010). "New griffenfly, Bohemiatupus elegans from the Late Carboniferous of western Bohemia in the Czech Republic (Odonatoptera: Meganisoptera: Meganeuridae)" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 46 (1-2): 183–188. doi:10.1080/00379271.2010.10697655.
↑ Ren, D.; Nel, A.; Prokop, J. (2008). "New early griffenfly, Sinomeganeura huangheensis from the Late Carboniferous of northern China (Meganisoptera: Meganeuridae)" (PDF). Insect Systematic Evolution 38: 223–229. doi:10.1163/187631208788784075. ISSN 1399-560X.
1 2 Li, Y-L.; Ren, D.; Shih, C-K (2008). "Two Middle Jurassic hanging-flies (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from Northeast China" (PDF). Zootaxa 1929: 38–46. ISSN 1175-5334.
↑ Petrulevicius, J. F.; Huang, D-Y.; Ren, D. (2007). "A new hangingfly (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China" (PDF). African Invertebrates 48 (1): 145–152.
↑ Engel, M.S.; Ren, D. (2008). "New Snakeflies from the Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China (Raphidioptera)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 81: 188–193. doi:10.2317/JKES-802.19.1.
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↑ Dlussky, G. M. (1996). "Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Burmese amber" (PDF). Paleontological Journal 30 (4): 449–454. doi:10.1206/3755.2.
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1 2 Stylianos Chatzimanolis; Michael S. Engel; Alfred F. Newton; David A. Grimaldi (2010). "New ant-like stone beetles in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Coleoptera:Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)" (PDF). Cretaceous Research 31 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.09.009.
↑ Barden, P.; Grimaldi, D. (2012). "Rediscovery of the bizarre Cretaceous ant Haidomyrmex Dlussky (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with two new species" (PDF). American Museum Novitates 3755: 1–16. doi:10.1206/3755.2.
↑ Perrichot, V.; Nel, A.; Néraudeau, D.; Lacau, S.; Guyot, T. (2008). "New fossil ants in French Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften 95 (2): 91–97. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0302-7. PMID 17828384.
↑ McKellar, R. C.; Glasier, J. R. N.; Engel, M. S. (2013). "A new trap-jawed ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) from Canadian Late Cretaceous amber". Canadian Entomologist 145: 454–465. doi:10.4039/tce.2013.23.
↑ Jepson, J.E.; Ansorge, J.; Jarzembowski, E.A. (2011). "New snakeflies (Insecta: Raphidioptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of the UK, Spain and Brazil". Palaeontology 54 (2): 385–395. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01038.x.
↑ Bechly, G.; Wolf-Schwenninger, K. (2011). "A new fossil genus and species of snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber, with a discussion of snakefly phylogeny and fossil history" (PDF). Insect Systematics and Evolution 42 (2): 221–236. doi:10.1163/187631211X568164.
↑ Oman, P. W. (January 1937). Journal of Paleontology 11 (1): 37–38. Missing or empty |title= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ Engel, M.S. (2002). "The Smallest Snakefly(Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae): A New Species in Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar, with a Catalog of Fossil Snakeflies". American Museum Novitates 3363: 1–22. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2002)363<0001:TSSRMA>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/2852.
↑ Brothers, Denis J. (2011). "A new Late Cretaceous family of Hymenoptera, and phylogeny of the Plumariidae and Chrysidoidea (Aculeata)" (PDF). ZooKeys 130: 515–542. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1591. PMC 3260779. PMID 22259297.
↑ Jepson, JE; Makarkin, VN; Jarzembowski, E (2009). "New lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden supergroup of Southern England". Cretaceous Research 30: 1325–1338. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.07.012.
↑ Jepson, J.E.; Jarzembowski, E.A. (2008). "Two new species of snakefly (Insecta:Raphidioptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Spain with a review of other fossil raphidiopterans from the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition" (PDF). Alavesia 2: 193–201.
1 2 Engel, MS; Grimaldi, D (2014). "New mid-Cretaceous earwigs in amber from Myanmar (Dermaptera)". Novitates Paleoentomologicae 6: 1–16.
↑ Peng, Y.; Makarkin, V.N.; Wang, X.; Ren, D. (2011). "A new fossil silky lacewing genus (Neuroptera, Psychopsidae) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China". ZooKeys 130: 217–228. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1576.
↑ Barden, P.; Grimaldi, D. (2013). "A New Genus of Highly Specialized Ants in Cretaceous Burmese Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa 3681 (4): 405–412. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.5.
1 2 3 4 Wheeler, W. M. (1915). "The ants of the Baltic amber". Schriften der Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg 55 (4): 56–59.
1 2 3 4 5 Engel, Michael S. (2011). "A new snakefly from the Eocene Green River Formation (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae)". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 114 (1-2): 77–87. doi:10.1660/062.114.0107.
↑ Makarkin, V.; Archibald, S.B. (2014). "An unusual new fossil genus probably belonging to the Psychopsidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America". Zootaxa 3838 (3): 385–391. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.8.
↑ Vladimir N. Makarkin & S. Bruce Archibald (2009). "A new genus and first Cenozoic fossil record of moth lacewings (Neuroptera: Ithonidae) from the Early Eocene of North America" (PDF). Zootaxa 2063: 55–63.
1 2 3 Heterick, B. E.; Shattuck, S. (2011). "Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Zootaxa 2845: 169.
1 2 Cockerell, T.D.A. (1906). "Fossil Hymenoptera from Florissant, Colorado" (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology L (2).
1 2 3 4 5 6 Carpenter, F. M. (1930). "The fossil ants of North America." (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 70: 1–66.
↑ Handlirsch, A. (1910). "Canadian fossil insects". Contributions to Canadian Paleontology 2 (3): 187–193.
↑ Dlussky, G.M. (2012). "New Fossil Ants of the Subfamily Myrmeciinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Germany". Paleontological Journal 46 (3): 288–292. doi:10.1134/s0031030111050054.
↑ Yunakov, N.N.; Kirejtshuk, A.G. (2011). "New genus and species of broad-nosed weevils from Baltic amber and notes on fossils of the subfamily Entiminae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)". ZooKeys 160: 73–96. doi:10.3897/zookeys.160.2108. PMC 3253632. PMID 22303121.
1 2 3 4 Archibald, S.B.; Cover, S. P.; Moreau, C. S. (2006). "Bulldog Ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and History of the Subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99 (3): 487–523. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[487:BAOTEO]2.0.CO;2.
↑ Mey, Wolfram (2011). "On the systematic position of Baltimartyria Skalski, 1995 and description of a new species from Baltic amber (Lepidoptera, Micropterigidae)". ZooKeys 130: 331–342. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1480.
1 2 3 Gary A. P. Gibson (2009). "Description of three new genera and four new species of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) from Baltic amber, with discussion of their relationships to extant taxa". ZooKeys 20: 161. doi:10.3897/zookeys.20.161.
↑ Evenhuis, Neal L. (2002). "Review of the Tertiary microbombyliids (Diptera: Mythicomyiidae) in Baltic, Bitterfeld, and Dominican amber" (PDF). Bishop Museum. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
1 2 Chaboo, C. S.; Engel, M. S. (2009). "Eocene tortoise beetles from the Green River Formation in Colorado, U.S.A. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)". Systematic Entomology 34: 202–209. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00456.x.
1 2 Archibald, S.B. (2005). "New Dinopanorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42 (2): 119–136. doi:10.1139/e04-073.
↑ Chatzimanolis, S.; Engel, M. S. (2011). "A new species of Diochus from Baltic amber (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Diochini)" (PDF). ZooKeys 138: 65–73. doi:10.3897/zookeys.138.1896.
↑ Tindale, N. B. (1985). "A butterfly-moth (Lepidoptera:Castniidae) form the Oligocene shales of Florissant, Colorado" (PDF). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 24 (1): 31–40.
1 2 Engel, M.S. (1995). "A new fossil snake-fly species from Baltic amber (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae)". Psyche 102: 187–193. doi:10.1155/1995/23626.
1 2 Engel, M.S.; Ortega-Blanco, J. (2008). "The fossil crown wasp Electrostephanus petiolatus Brues in Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae): designation of a neotype, revised classification, and a key to amber Stephanidae". ZooKeys 4: 33–58. doi:10.3897/zookeys.4.49.
↑ Makarkin, VN; Wedmann, S; Weiterschan, T (2014). "First record of the family Ithonidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber". Zootaxa 3796 (2): 385–393. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.10.
↑ Kania, I (2015). "Subfamily Limoniinae Speiser, 1909 (Diptera, Limoniidae) from Baltic Amber (Eocene): The Genus Elephantomyia Osten Sacken, 1860". PLoS ONE 10 (2): 1–25. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117434.
↑ Shcherbakov, D. (2006). "The earliest find of Tropiduchidae (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha), representing a new tribe, from the Eocene of Green River, USA, with notes on the fossil record of higher Fulgoroidea" (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal 15 (3): 315–322.
↑ Skalski, A.W. (1973). "Studies on the Lepidoptera from fossil resins. Part II. Epiborkhausenites obscurotrimaculatus gen. et sp. nov. (Oecophoridae) and a tineid-moth discovered in the Baltic amber" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 18 (1): 153–160.
↑ Archibald, SB; Mathewes, RW; Greenwood, DR (2013). "The Eocene apex of panorpoid scorpionfly family diversity". Journal of Paleontology 87 (4): 677–695. doi:10.1666/12-129.
1 2 Rice, H.M.A. (1968). "Two Tertiary sawflies, (Hymenoptera - Tenthredinidae), from British Columbia". Geological Survey of Canada 67 (59): 1–21.
↑ Archibald, S. B.; Johnson, K. R.; Mathewes, R. W.; Greenwood, D. R. (in press). "Intercontinental dispersal of giant thermophilic ants across the Arctic during early Eocene hyperthermals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278: 3679–86. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0729. PMC 3203508. PMID 21543354. Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Szwedo, J. (2007). "Glisachaemus jonasdamzeni gen. et sp. nov. of Cixiidae from the Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)" (PDF). Alavesia 1: 109–116.
1 2 Engel, Michael S.; Archibald, S. Bruce (2003). "An Early Eocene bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from Quilchena, British Columbia". The Canadian Entomologist 135 (1): 63–69. doi:10.4039/n02-030.
↑ Archibald, SB (2010). "Revision of the scorpionfly family Holcorpidae (Mecoptera), with description of a new species from Early Eocene McAbee, British Columbia, Canada" (PDF). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 46 (1-2): 173–182. doi:10.1080/00379271.2010.10697654.
↑ Cockerell, T. D. A. (1922). "A fossil Moth from Florissant, Colorado". American Museum Novitates 34: 1–2.
↑ Kehlmaier, C; Dierick, M; Skevington, JH (2014). "Micro-CT studies of amber inclusions reveal internal genitalic features of big-headed flies, enabling a systematic placement of Metanephrocerus Aczel, 1948 (Insecta: Diptera: Pipunculidae)". Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72 (1): 23–36.
↑ Archibald, S.B.; Makarkin, V.N. (2004). "New genus of minute Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Early Eocene amber of British Columbia" (PDF). The Canadian Entomologist 136 (1): 61–76. doi:10.4039/n03-043.
↑ Sinitchenkova, N. D. (1999). "A new mayfly species of the extant genus Neoephemera from the Eocene of North America (Insecta: Ephemerida=Ephemeroptera)" (PDF). Paleontological Journal 33 (4): 403–405.
↑ Szwedo, J. (2011). "Ordralfabetix sirophatanis gen. et sp. n.—the first Lophopidae from the Lowermost Eocene Oise amber, Paris Basin, France (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)" (PDF). Zootaxa 2822: 52–60.
↑ Poinar, G. (2005). "Fossil Trigonalidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Baltic amber". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 55–63.
↑ Dlussky, G. M.; Radchenko, A. G. (2011). "Pristomyrmex rasnitsyni sp. n., the first known fossil species of the ant genus Pristomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Late Eocene Danish amber". Russian Entomological Journal 20 (3): 251–254.
↑ Samuel Hubbard Scudder (1878). "An account of some insects of unusual interest from the Tertiary rocks of Colorado and Wyoming". Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories 42 (2): 519–543.
↑ Cockerell, T. D. A. (1917). "Some American fossil insects". Proceedings of the United States National Museum 51: 89–106. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.51-2146.89.
↑ Cockerell, T. D. A. (1907). "A fossil tortricid moth". Canadian Entomologist 39: 416. doi:10.4039/ent39416-12.
↑ Alekseev, VI; Lord, NP (2014). "A new species of Xylolaemus (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) from Baltic amber". Baltic Journal of Coleopterology 14 (1): 97–102. ISSN 1407-8619.
↑ Baroni Urbani, C.; De Andrade, M. L. (1994). "First description of fossil Dacetini ants with a critical analysis of the current classification of the tribe (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VI: Dacetini)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 198: 1–65.
↑ De Andrade, M. L. (1998). "First description of fossil Acanthostichus from Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 71: 269–274.
↑ LaPolla, J. S. (2005). "Ancient Trophophoresy: A Fossil Acropyga (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Dominican Amber". Transactions of the American Entomological Society 131 (1/2): 21–28. JSTOR 25078875.
1 2 3 4 5 6 De Andrade, M. L. (1994). "Fossil Odontomachiti Ants from the Dominican Republic (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VII: Odontomachiti)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 199: 1–28.
↑ MacKay, W. P. (1991). "Anochetus brevidentatus, new species, a second fossil Odontomachiti ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society 99: 138–140.
↑ Engel, M.S.; Grimaldi, D.A.; González, V.H.; Hinojosa-Díaz, I.A.; Michener, C.D. (2012). "An exomalopsine bee in early Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic" (PDF). American Museum Novitates 3758: 1–16. doi:10.1206/3758.2.
1 2 De Andrade, M. L. (1995). "The ant genus Aphaenogaster in Dominican and Mexican amber (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. IX: Pheidolini)". Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde (B) 223: 1–11.
↑ Fujiyama, I. (1970). "Fossil insects from the Chojabaru Formation, Iki Island, Japan" (PDF). Memoires of the Natural Science Museum, Tokyo 3: 65–74.
1 2 Schultz, T.R. (2007). "The fungus-growing ant genus Apterostigma in Dominican amber.". Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 425–436.
↑ Dlussky, G.M.; Putyatina, T.S. (2014). "Early Miocene ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Radoboj, Croatia". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 272 (3): 237–285. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2014/0409.
↑ Engel, M.S. (2000). "Classification of the bee tribe Augochlorini (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 250.
↑ Engel, MS; Grimaldi, DA (2007). "The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Neuroptera)". American Museum Novitates 3587: 1–58. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3587[1:TNFODA]2.0.CO;2.
1 2 Olmi, Massimo; Guglielmino, Adalgisa (2011). "Revision of fossil species of Dryinus belonging to lamellatus group, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae)" (PDF) 130: 505–514. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.133.
↑ Michener, C.D.; Poinar G. (1996). "The Known Bee Fauna of the Dominican Amber". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 69: 353–361. JSTOR 25085730.
↑ Johnson, C.; et al. (2001). "Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis" (PDF). American Museum Novitates 3335: 1–18. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)335<0001:AAAAHF>2.0.CO;2.
↑ Heads, Sam W.; Thomas, M. Jared; Wang, Yinan (30 July 2014). "A remarkable new pygmy grasshopper (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae) in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic". ZooKeys (Pensoft) 429 (429): 87–100. doi:10.3897/zookeys.429.8020. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
↑ Poinar, G Jr (2006). "Feroseta priscus (Neuroptera : Mantispidae), a new genus and species of mantidflies in Dominican amber". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 108 (2): 411–417.
↑ Jennings, J.T.; Krogmann, L.; Mew, S. (2012). "Hyptia deansi sp. nov., the first record of Evaniidae (Hymenoptera) from Mexican amber" (PDF). Zootaxa 3349: 63–68.
↑ Poinar, G. (2008). "Lutzomyia adiketis sp. n. (Diptera: Phlebotomidae), a vector of Paleoleishmania neotropicum sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Dominican amber". Parasites & Vectors 1 (1): 22. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-1-22. PMC 2491605. PMID 18627624.
↑ Krishna, K.; Emerson, A. E. (1983). "A New Fossil Species of Termite from Mexican Amber, Mastotermes electromexicus (Isoptera, Mastotermitidae)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates 2767: 1–8.
↑ Engel, M.S. (1995). "Neocorynura electra, a New Fossil Bee Species from Dominican Amber (Hymenoptera:Halictidae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society 103 (3): 317–323. JSTOR 25010174.
1 2 3 Engel, M.S. (2009). "Two new halictine bees in Miocene Amber from the Dominican Republic (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)". ZooKeys 29: 1–12. doi:10.3897/zookeys.29.257.
↑ Fernández-Rubio, F.; Nel, A. (2000). "Neurosymploca? oligocenica a new fossil species of Lepidoptera Zygaenoidea of the Oligocene of Céreste (Lubéron, France)" (PDF). Boletín de La S.E.A. 27: 7–16.
↑ Engel, M.S. (1995). "New Augochlorine Bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Dominican Amber, with a Brief Review of Fossil Halictidae". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 69 (4): 334–349. JSTOR 25085728.
↑ Brazil, R. P.; Andrade Filho, J. D. (2002). pdf "Description of Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) falcaorum sp. n. (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), a fossil sand fly from Dominican amber" Check |url= value (help) (PDF). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 97 (4): 501–503. doi:10.1590/s0074-02762002000400008.
↑ Woodruff, R.E. (2009). "A new fossil species of stag beetle from Dominican Republic amber, with Australasian connections (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)". Insecta Mundi 0098: 1–10.
↑ Solórzano Kraemer, M. M.; Mohrig, W. (2007). "Schwenckfeldina archoica sp. nov. (Diptera, Sciaridae) from the middle Miocene Mexican amber" (PDF). Alavesia 1: 105–108.
↑ Szwedo, J.; Stroiński, A. (2001). "Tainosia quisqueyae gen. and sp. nov. from the Oligocene/Miocene Dominican amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Nogodinidae)" (PDF). Genus 12 (1): 29–34.
1 2 Poinar, G.; Heiss, E. (2011). "New Termitaphididae and Aradidae (Hemiptera) in Mexican and Dominican amber" (PDF). Palaeodiversity 4: 51–62.
↑ Poinar, G. (2005). "Triatoma dominicana sp. n. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), and Trypanosoma antiquus sp. n. (Stercoraria: Trypanosomatidae), the First Fossil Evidence of a Triatomine-Trypanosomatid Vector Association". Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 5 (1): 72–81. doi:10.1089/vbz.2005.5.72. PMID 15815152.

David Penney & James E. Jepson (2014). Fossil Insects: An introduction to palaeoentomology. Siri Scientific Press. ISBN 978-0-9574530-6-7.
David Grimaldi & Michael S. Engel (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-521-82149-5.
Alex Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke (2002). History of Insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-0026-X.

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