List of philosophies

Philosophy is the study of the general and fundamental nature of reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

See also: Glossary of philosophy

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Philosophy
Index: (A–C) (D–H) (I–Q) (R–Z)
Philosophers: (A–C) (D–H) (I–Q) (R–Z)
Index Outline Years Glossary Problems Philosophies Portal Category

Philosophy
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A

Absurdism - Actual idealism - Actualism - Aesthetic Realism - Aesthetics - African philosophy - Agential realism - Agnosticism - Agnotology - Altruism - Amor fati - American philosophy - Animism - Anti-intellectualism - Anti-realism - Antireductionism - Analytic philosophy - Anarchism - Ancient philosophy - Anomalous monism - Applied ethics - Aristotelianism - Atheism - Authoritarianism - Averroism - Avicennism - Axiology

B

Ba'athism - Behaviorism - Bioconservatism - Bioethics - Biolibertarianism - Biosophy - Buddhist philosophy - Bushido -

C

Calvinism - Capitalism - Cartesianism - Catechism - Categorical imperative - Centrism - Chaos theory - Charvaka - Chinese naturalism - Chinese philosophy - Christian ecology - Christian existentialism - Christian humanism - Christian philosophy - Christian theology - Christology - Classical liberalism - Cogito ergo sum - Cognitive biases - Cognitivism - Collectivism - Communitarianism - Compatibilism and incompatibilism - Confirmation holism - Confucianism - Consequentialism - Constructivist epistemology - Continental philosophy - Continuationism - Cosmopolitanism - Creationism - Critical rationalism - Critical realism - Cultural relativism - Cynicism - Czech philosophy

D

Danish philosophy - Daoism - Deconstruction - Deductive reasoning - Deism - Defeatism - Democratic transhumanism - Denialism - Deontology - Determinism - Dialectic - Dialectical materialism - Didacticism - Digital philosophy - Discordianism - Dualism - Dvaita

E

Ecocentrism - Ecumenism - Egalitarianism - Egocentrism - Eliminative materialism - Emotionalism - Empiricism - Epiphenomenalism - Epicureanism - Epistemological nihilism - Epistemology - Eschatology - Esotericism - Ethical Egoism - Ethics - Eudaimonism - Evangelism - Existentialism - Externalism - Extremism

F

Fallacy - Fascism - Feminism - Filial piety - Flower Sermon - Foundationalism - Free will - Fundamentalism

G

German idealism - German philosophy - Globalism - Gnosticism - Gothicismus - Greek philosophy

H

Hasidism - Hedonism - Hegelian synthesis - Hegelianism - Hermeneutics - Hermeticism - Heterophenomenology - Hindu philosophy - Historical materialism - Historical revisionism - Historicism - Holism - Hongaku - Human exceptionalism - Humanism - Humanistic naturalism

I

Idealism - Identityism - Ideological criticism - Ignosticism - Illegalism - Illumination school - Incontinence - Individualism - Indian logic - Indian philosophy - Indonesian philosophy - Induction / Inductionism - Informal logic - Innatism - Instrumental rationality - Instrumentalism - Integrity- Interactionism (philosophy of mind) - Internalism - Interventionism - Intuitionism - Iranian philosophy - Irrealism - Islamic ethics - Islamic philosophy

J

Japanese philosophy - Jewish philosophy - Juche - Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800 - 1400) - Just war theory

K

Kaizen - Kantianism - Korean philosophy

L

Legalism - Libertarianism (metaphysics) - Libertarianism - Literary criticism - Literary theory - Logic - Logical atomism - Logical positivism - Logicians - Logicism - Logic in China - Logic in Islamic philosophy -

M

Machiavellianism - Manicheism - Marxism - Materialism - Medical ethics - Medieval philosophy - Medievalism - Mentalism - Mereological nihilism - Meta-philosophy - Metaphysics - Metaethics - Methodism - Misanthropy - Misology - Modernism - Modern Islamic philosophy - Mohism - Monism - Monotheism - Moral absolutism - Moral realism - Moral relativism - Moral skepticism - Mysticism -

N

Naïve realism - Natalism - Naturalism - Negationism - Neo-Confucianism - Neo-Hegelianism - Neo-Kantianism - Neoplatonism - Neo-Scholasticism - Neotaoism - Neuroethics - Neurophilosophy - Neurotheology - New Age - New realism - New Thought - New Wittgenstein - Neutral monism - Nihilism - Nominalism - Nondualism - Non-philosophy -

O

Objective idealism - Objectivism (Ayn Rand) - Occam's razor - Occasionalism - Ontology - Ontotheology - Open individualism - Opportunism - Organicism - Orientalism

P

Pacifism - Pakistani philosophy - Pancritical rationalism - Pandeism - Panentheism - Panpsychism - Pantheism - Paradigm - 'Pataphysics - Patriotism - Perennial philosophy - Perfectionism - Peripatetic - Personalism - Perspectivism - Phenomenalism - Phenomenology - Philosophical anthropology - Philosophical Satanism - Philosophy of art - Philosophy of artificial intelligence - Philosophy of action - Philosophy of biology - Philosophy of business - Philosophy of Common Sense - Philosophy of copyright - Philosophy of economics - Philosophy of education - Philosophy of history - Philosophy of information - Philosophy of language - Philosophy of logic - Philosophy of love - Philosophy of mathematics - Philosophy of mind - Philosophy of nature - Philosophy of neuroscience - Philosophy of perception - Philosophy of physics - Philosophy of psychology - Philosophy of religion - Philosophy of sex - Philosophy of science - Philosophy of social science - Philosophy of space and time - Philosophy of war - Physicalism - Physical ontology - Platonic realism - Platonism - Pluralism - Political philosophy - Populism - Positivism - Postanalytic philosophy - Post-structuralism - Posthumanism - Post-materialism - Post-modernism - Practical reason - Pragmatism - Praxis school - Presentism - Process philosophy - Progressivism - Property dualism - Pseudophilosophy - Psychological Egoism - Pure practical reason - Pure reason - Pyrrhonian skepticism - Pythagoreanism

Q

Quantumism - Quietism

R

Racism - Rationalism - Realism - Reconstructivism - Reductionism - Reductive materialism - Reformational philosophy - Reification - Relationalism - Relativism - Relevance logic - Religious philosophy - Reliabilism - Renaissance humanism - Romanian philosophy - Russian philosophy

S

Sabellianism - Scholasticism - Scientific Development Concept - Scientism - Secularism - Secular humanism - Semantic holism - Sensualism - Sexualism - Simulism - Singularitarianism - Skepticism - Social business - Social philosophy - Solipsism - Sophism - Spiritualism - Stoicism - Structuralism - Subjective idealism - Subjectivism - Sufi metaphysics - Śūnyatā - Supersessionism - Supervenience - Surrealism - Synoptic philosophy - Systems philosophy

T

Taoism - Tautology - Teleology - Tetralemma - Theism - Thelema - Theology - Theosophy - Traditionalist School - Transcendent Theosophy (al-Hikmat al-Muta’liyah) - Transcendental idealism - Transcendentalism - Transcendental Perspectivism - Transhumanism - Transmodernism - Type physicalism

U

Universalism - Universal reconciliation - Utilitarian Bioethics - Utilitarianism -

V

Value judgement - Value-pluralism - Value theory - Verificationism - Vienna Circle - Virtue ethics - Vishishtadvaita - Vitalism - Voluntaryism

W

Wahdat-ul-Wujood - Wahdat-ul-Shuhud - Western philosophy - Wiccan

Z

Contents :

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Traditional	Metaphysics Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics

Philosophy of	Action Art Culture Design Music Film Being Business Color Dialogue Education Environment Futility Happiness Healthcare History Human nature Humor Feminism Language Literature Mathematics Mind Pain Psychology Philosophy Religion Science Physics Chemistry Biology Geography Sexuality Social science Economics Justice Law Politics Society Space and time Sport Technology Artificial intelligence Computer science Engineering Information War

Schools of thought

Chinese	Agriculturalism Confucianism Legalism Logicians Mohism Chinese naturalism Neotaoism Taoism Yangism Zen

Greco-Roman	Aristotelianism Atomism Cynicism Cyrenaics Eleatics Eretrian school Epicureanism Hermeneutics Ionian Ephesian Milesian Megarian school Neoplatonism Peripatetic Platonism Pluralism Presocratic Pyrrhonism Pythagoreanism Neopythagoreanism Sophism Stoicism

Indian	Buddhist Cārvāka Hindu Jain

Persian	Mazdakism Zoroastrianism Zurvanism

9th–16th
century

European	Christian philosophy Scholasticism Thomism Renaissance humanism

East Asian	Korean Confucianism Edo Neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism

Indian	Dvaita Navya-Nyāya Vishishtadvaita

Islamic	Averroism Avicennism Persian Illuminationism Ilm al-Kalam Sufi

Jewish	Judeo-Islamic

17th–19th
century

People	Cartesianism Kantianism Neo-Kantianism Hegelianism Marxism Spinozism

Ideal / Material	Determinism Dualism Empiricism Idealism Absolute British German Objective Subjective Transcendental Classical realism Materialism Monism Naturalism Pragmatism Reductionism Rationalism Utilitarianism

Other	Anarchism Collectivism New Confucianism Conservatism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Individualism Kokugaku Liberalism Modernism Natural Law Nihilism Phenomenology Positivism Neo-Scholasticism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism

20th–21st
century

Analytic	Applied ethics Analytic feminism Analytical Marxism Communitarianism Consequentialism Critical rationalism Experimental philosophy Falsificationism Foundationalism / Coherentism Generative linguistics Internalism and Externalism Logical positivism Legal positivism Normative ethics Meta-ethics Moral realism Neo-Aristotelian Quinean naturalism Ordinary language philosophy Postanalytic philosophy Quietism Rawlsian Reformed epistemology Systemics Scientism Scientific realism Scientific skepticism Contemporary utilitarianism Vienna Circle Wittgensteinian

Continental	Critical theory Deconstruction Existentialism Feminist Frankfurt School New Historicism Hermeneutics Neo-Marxism Phenomenology Postmodernism Post-structuralism Social constructionism Structuralism Western Marxism

Other	Kyoto School Objectivism Russian cosmism more...

Positions

Aesthetics	Formalism Institutionalism Aesthetic response

Ethics	Consequentialism Deontology Virtue

Free will	Compatibilism Determinism Libertarianism

Metaphysics	Atomism Dualism Monism Naturalism

Epistemology	Constructivism Empiricism Idealism Particularism Fideism Rationalism / Reasonism Skepticism Solipsism

Mind	Behaviorism Emergentism Eliminativism Epiphenomenalism Functionalism Objectivism Subjectivism

Normativity	Absolutism Particularism Relativism Nihilism Skepticism Universalism

Ontology	Action Event Process

Reality	Anti-realism Conceptualism Idealism Materialism Naturalism Nominalism Physicalism Realism

Philosophy by region
Philosophy-related lists
Miscellaneous

By region	African Ethiopian Aztec Native America Eastern Chinese Egyptian Czech Indian Indonesian Iranian Japanese Korean Vietnam Pakistani Western American British Danish French German Greek Italian Polish Romanian Russian Slovene Turkish

Lists	Outline Index Years Problems Schools Glossary Philosophers Movements Publications

Miscellaneous	Women in philosophy Sage (philosophy)

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Philosophy of religion

Concepts in religion

Conceptions of God

Aristotelian view Brahman Demiurge Divine simplicity Egoism Holy Spirit Maltheism Pandeism Personal god Process theology Supreme Being Unmoved mover

God in	Abrahamic religions Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Mormonism Sikhism Bahá'í Faith Wicca

Existence of God

For	Beauty Christological Consciousness Cosmological Kalam Contingency Degree Desire Experience Fine-tuning of the Universe Love Miracles Morality Ontological Pascal's Wager Proper basis Reason Teleological Natural law Watchmaker analogy Transcendental

Against	747 Gambit Atheist's Wager Evil Free will Hell Inconsistent revelations Nonbelief Noncognitivism Occam's razor Omnipotence Poor design Russell's teapot

Religious language

Problem of evil

Philosophers
of religion

(by date active)

Ancient and Medieval	Heraclitus Augustine of Hippo Boethius Anselm of Canterbury Gaunilo of Marmoutiers Averroes Thomas Aquinas Maimonides Pico della Mirandola Desiderius Erasmus

Enlightenment	René Descartes Blaise Pascal Baruch Spinoza Nicolas Malebranche Gottfried W Leibniz William Wollaston Thomas Chubb David Hume Baron d'Holbach Immanuel Kant Johann G Herder

1800 1850	Friedrich Schleiermacher Karl C F Krause Georg W F Hegel William Whewell Ludwig Feuerbach Søren Kierkegaard Karl Marx Albrecht Ritschl

1880 1900	Ernst Haeckel W. K. Clifford Friedrich Nietzsche Harald Høffding William James Vladimir Solovyov Ernst Troeltsch Rudolf Otto Lev Shestov Sergei Bulgakov Pavel Florensky Ernst Cassirer Joseph Maréchal

1920 postwar	George Santayana Bertrand Russell Martin Buber René Guénon Paul Tillich Karl Barth Emil Brunner Rudolf Bultmann Reinhold Niebuhr Charles Hartshorne Mircea Eliade J L Mackie Walter Kaufmann Martin Lings Peter Geach George I Mavrodes William Alston Antony Flew

1970 1990 2010	William L Rowe Dewi Z Phillips Alvin Plantinga Anthony Kenny Nicholas Wolterstorff Richard Swinburne Robert Merrihew Adams Peter van Inwagen Daniel Dennett Loyal Rue Jean-Luc Marion William Lane Craig Ali Akbar Rashad Alexander Pruss

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