List of military alliances
This is the list of military alliances.
Historical examples
Vedic Period
- 1700–1000 BC Ten tribes formed alliance against Tritsu in Battle of ten kings
Hellenic Period
Confederate alliance of Greek city-states
- 502–449 BC Medic Wars
- Hellenic League – Athens, Lacedemonia, Macedon, others
- 431–404 BC Peloponnesian War
- League of Delos – Athens, Argos, Chios, Samos, Lesbos, others
- Peloponnesian League – Lacedemonia, Corinth, Thebes, Syracuse, others
Middle Ages
- 634–1853 Christian–Islamic Wars
- 1337–1453 100 Years War
Early modern period
- 1494–1559 Italian Wars
- 1546–1547 Schmalkaldic War
- Schmalkaldic League – German Protestant States
- 1571 Christian–Islamic Wars
- Holy League – Papal States, Spain, Republic of Venice, others
- 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War
- Catholic League (German) – Bavaria, other Catholic German States
- Protestant Union – Protestant German States
- Treaty of Nonsuch – Dutch Republic, England
- 1683–1699 Great Turkish War (War of the Holy League)
- 1688–1697 War of the Grand Alliance (Nine Years' War, King William's War, or War of the League of Augsburg)
- League of Augsburg – Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Austria, England, Piedmont-Savoy, Sweden, Scotland, versus
- France and Irish and Scottish Jacobites
- 1700–1721 Great Northern War
- Anti-Swedish alliance – Russia, Denmark–Norway, Saxony, Poland-Lithuania, Prussia and Hanover
- 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War)
- Holy Roman Empire (including: Austria, Prussia, and Hanover), Kingdom of Great Britain (including Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland), Dutch Republic, Duchy of Savoy, Kingdom of Portugal, Spain loyal to Charles, Muscogee (Creek), Chickasaw, and Yamasee, versus
- Kingdom of France, Spain loyal to Philip, Bavaria, Wabanaki Confederacy, Caughnawaga Mohawk, Choctaw, Timucua, Apalachee, and Natchez, versus
- Iroquois Confederacy
- 1717 Christian–Islamic Wars
- 1718–1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance
- 1739–1748 War of the Austrian Succession (King George's War, War of Jenkin's Ear, First Carnatic War, First Silesian War, and Second Silesian War)
- 1754–1763 Seven Years' War (French and Indian War, Pomeranian War, Third Carnatic War, Fantastic War, or Third Silesian War)
- Alliance of Prussia, Great Britain, Hanover, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Iroquois Confederacy, Portugal, Hesse-Kassel, Schaumburg-Lippe, versus
- Alliance of France, Austria, Russian Empire, Spanish Empire, Sweden, Saxony, Mughal Empire
- 1775–1783 American Revolutionary War
- Native Americans
- Allied with Britain: Cayugas, Cherokees, Creeks, Mohawks, Onondagas, Senecas
- Allied with Americans: Oneidas, Stockbridge, Tuscaroras
- Treaty of Alliance, 1778–1800 – United States, France
- Treaty of Aranjuez, 1779–1783 – France, Spain
- First League of Armed Neutrality, 1780–1783 – Russia, Denmark-Norway, Sweden, Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Ottoman Empire
- Native Americans
Nineteenth century
All the participants in the Napoleonic Wars. Blue: The Coalition and their colonies and allies. Green: The First French Empire, its protectorates, colonies, and allies.
- 1803–1815 Napoleonic Wars
- The Quadruple Alliance of 1814/15 – United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia and Russia.
- First through Seventh Coalitions
- 1812–1815 War of 1812
Holy Alliance 1815.
- 1815–1825 Absolutist–Liberal conflicts
- The Quadruple Alliance of 1834
- 1853–1856 Crimean War
- Alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia.
- Triple Alliance of 1865 – Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina
- 1873–1878 & 1881–1887 League of the Three Emperors – Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary and German Empire
- 1879–1918 Dual Alliance – Austria-Hungary and German Empire
- 1882–1914 Triple Alliance – German Empire, Austria–Hungary and Kingdom of Italy
- 1886–1894 First Samoan Civil War
- Alliance of Mataafans and United States, versus
- Alliance of Tamasese and German Empire
- 1892–1917 Franco-Russian Alliance – French Third Republic and Russian Empire
- 1898–1899 Second Samoan Civil War
- Alliance of Samoa, United States, and United Kingdom versus
- Alliance of Mataafans and German Empire
- 1899–1901 Boxer Rebellion
- Eight-Nation Alliance – Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Twentieth century
- First Balkan War
- 1912–1913 Balkan League – Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Serbia
Alliances in the First World War
- World War I
- 1902–1923 Anglo-Japanese Alliance – United Kingdom and Japan
- 1907–1918 the Entente and the Allies – Russian empire (to 1917), United Kingdom, France, Italy, Serbia, Romania, Portugal (from 1916)
- 1914–1918 the Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
- Interwar period
- 1920–1938 Little Entente – Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia
- 1931–1945 Second Sino-Japanese War (After Pearl Harbor, folded into the greater World War II.)
- 1931–1938 – Republic of China, Germany
- 1937–1941 Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact – Republic of China, Soviet Union
- 1941–1942 American Volunteer Group – Republic of China, United States
Alliances in the Second World War
- World War II
- 1939–1945 the Allies – United States, United Kingdom and the Commonwealth, Soviet Union, Republic of China, Poland, France, Yugoslavia and many others.
- 1939–1945 Iberian Pact – Portugal, Spain
- 1940–1945 the Axis – Germany, Japan, Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Thailand, and their puppet states.
Alliances during the Cold War (1980)
- Cold War
- 1947 Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Pact) – Most of the countries of the Americas.
- 1948–2011 Western European Union (WEU) – limited role. Merged with EU in 2009.
- 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) -- United States, Canada, most of Western Europe
- 1950 United Nations Command (UN) – South Korea, United States etc.
- 1951 ANZUS Treaty (ANZUS) – United States, Australia, New Zealand.
- 1954–1977 SEATO – United States, United Kingdom, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines
- 1955–1979 CENTO – United Kingdom, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan
- 1955–1980 Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty – United States, Republic of China
- 1955–1991 Warsaw Pact – Soviet Union, East Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania
- 1958 North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) – United States and Canada.
- 1960–1962 Operation Trikora – Indonesia and Soviet Union
- 1970–1974 Alcora Exercise – Portugal, South Africa and Rhodesia.
- 1971 Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) – United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore.
- 1981 ECOMOG of Economic Community of West African States.
- 1982 Regional Security System (RSS) – several Eastern Caribbean countries.
- 1989 Major non-NATO allies of the United States (MNNA) – Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Thailand.
- 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War (First Persian Gulf War)
- 1987–1989 Tanker War – Kuwait, United States, Soviet Union, Saudi Arabia
- 1990–1991 Gulf War (Persian Gulf War, Second Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, or First Iraq War)
- Coalition: United States, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, Egypt, France, Syria, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Canada, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bangladesh, Italy, Australia, Netherlands, Niger, Sweden, Argentina, Senegal, Spain, Bahrain, Belgium, Poland, South Korea, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Denmark, New Zealand, Hungary, and Norway
- 1991–1999 Yugoslav Wars
- 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence
- 1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR): Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
- 1995–1996 United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia (UNCRO): Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Nepal, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, United States
- 1992–1995 Bosnian War
- 1992 Allies: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
- 1994–1995 Allies: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, NATO
- 1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR): Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
- 1993–1995 Operation Deny Flight (NATO): Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
- 1995 Operation Deliberate Force (NATO): Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
- 1995–1996 Implementation Force (IFOR): Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
- 1996–2004 Stabilization Force SFOR: Albania Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
- 1996 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation – An economic, military and political organisation including the Russian Federation, People's Republic of China, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Tajikistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Uzbekistan and as of 2015, the Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran, Mongolia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Turkmenistan all hold the statuses of observer states, dialogue partners or guest attendees.
- 2004–present European Union Force Althea (EUFOR Althea): Albania Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom
- 1992–2003 operations in Macedonia:
- 1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR): Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
- 1995–1999 United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP): Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United States
- 2001 Operation Essential Harvest (NATO):
- 2001–2002 Operation Amber Fox (NATO):
- 2002–2003 Operation Allied Harmony (NATO):
- 2003 European Union Force Concordia (EUFOR Concordia):
- 1997–1999 Kosovo War
- Alliance: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo, NATO (since 1999)
- 1999 Operation Allied Force (NATO): Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
- 1999–present Kosovo Force (KFOR): Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States
- Alliance: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo, NATO (since 1999)
- 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence
Twenty-first century
- 2001–present Afghan War
- Coalition:
- Invasion: United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Northern Alliance
- Post-Invasion:
- 2001–2014 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF):
- NATO: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
- Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC): Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, Georgia, Ireland, Macedonia, Montenegro, Switzerland, Sweden, Ukraine
- Others: Australia, Bahrain, El Salvador, Jordan, Malaysia, Mongolia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Tonga, United Arab Emirates
- 2015+ Resolute Support: NATO, United States
- 2001–2014 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF):
- Other contributors: Afghanistan, Cyprus, Egypt, India, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
- Coalition:
- 2003–2011 Iraq War (Second Persian Gulf War, Third Persian Gulf War, Second Gulf War, Gulf War II, or Second Iraq War)
- Coalition:
- Invasion: United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Poland, Iraqi National Congress, Peshmerga
- Post-Invasion:
- 2004–2011 Multi-National Force – Iraq: United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Romania, El Salvador, Estonia, Bulgaria, Moldova, Albania, Ukraine, Denmark, Czech Republic, South Korea, Japan, Tonga, Azerbaijan, Singapore, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Latvia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Mongolia, Georgia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Italy, Norway, Hungary, Netherlands, Portugal, New Zealand, Thailand, Philippines, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Spain, Nicaragua, and Iceland
- 2004–2011 NATO Training Mission – Iraq: United States, Italy, Denmark, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Turkey, Romania, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Bulgaria, Albania, Czech Republic, Iceland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Norway, Hungary, Germany, Japan, United Arab Emirates, Canada, Philippines, France, Spain, Jordan, Egypt, Ukraine, and Latvia
- 2003–2014 United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI): Fiji, Denmark, New Zealand, Australia, Jordan, Nepal, Romania, Georgia, Canada, Austria, United Kingdom, and United States
- Coalition:
- 2014–present Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[1]
- Coalition:
- in Iraq and Syria: Iraqi Kurdistan, Morocco, United Kingdom, United States, Canada
- in Iraq only: Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Iraq, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey
- in Syria only: Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
- Other anti-ISIL forces:
- Iranian-led: Hezbollah, Iran, Shia militias in Iraq
- in Iraq: Nineveh Plain Protection Units
- in Syria: Syrian Opposition, Syrian Kurdistan, others
- Coalition:
Contemporary security alliances
Continental
Africa
- African Union
- Peace and Security Council (PSC)
- African Standby Force (ASF)
- Economic Community of Central African States
- Economic Community of West African States
Asia
-
Axis of Resistance -
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM) is an co-operation organization of Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia. -
Peninsula Shield Force The military force of the Persian Gulf nations of Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, and Bahrain - Asia Cooperation Dialogue
-
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
Europe
-
Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, originally signed in 1373, is the oldest alliance still in force in the world. -
BALTRON is a joint Estonian—Latvian—Lithuanian Naval Squadron. -
Entente Cordiale / Defence and Security Co-operation Treaty is a joint Military alliance between France and the United Kingdom. -
Franco-German Brigade is a joint French-German Brigade. -
The European Union maintains a Common Security and Defence Policy -
GUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova) cooperates on "international and regional security" and maintains a joint peacekeeping force.
Oceania
-
ANZAC is a joint military alliance between Australia and New Zealand.
South America
Intercontinental
Eurasia
Collective Security Treaty Organization, Military alliance with former 6 USSR States: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.
Africa and Asia
Africa and North America
-
On 20 December 1777, Morocco became the first country to recognize the United States as an independent nation. The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship, formalized in 1786, is the longest unbroken treaty relationship in U.S. history, and Tangier is home to the oldest U.S. diplomatic property in the world.
Asia and North America
-
Japan and the United States entered into a security alliance following the allied occupation after WWII. -
Mutual Defense Treaty (U.S.–Philippines) is a joint US-Philippine Defence Treaty. -
South Korea and the United States entered into a military alliance following the Korean War. -
The Taiwan Relations Act obligates the United States to intervene militarily if the China attacks or invades Taiwan. It also obligates the United States to provide Taiwan with weapons necessary to defend against China.
North America and Oceania
- ANZUS is a joint military alliance between the United States, Australia and New Zealand.
North America and South America
South America and Africa
Tri-continental
-
ABCA Armies, Air and Space Interoperability Council and AUSCANNZUKUS - Islamic Military Alliance, a 34-member alliance based at a joint command center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Its creation was first announced by Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud, the Saudi Minister of Defense, on December 14, 2015.
-
NATO, Enlarged from 1999 to include eastern European states. Twenty eight countries including the United States and Canada in North America, much of Europe, and Turkey.
Global
References
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