Elections in Ukraine

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A woman with ballot during Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007

Elections in Ukraine are held to choose the President (head of state), Verkhovna Rada (legislature body), and local governments. Referendums may be held on special occasions. Ukraine has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which often not a single party has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.

Legislation

Elections in Ukraine are held to choose the President (head of state) and Verkhovna Rada (legislature). The president is elected for a five-year term. The Verkhovna Rada has 450 members and is also elected for a five-year term, but may be dissolved earlier by the president in the case of a failure to form a government.^[1][2][3] Currently the Verkhovna Rada is elected using a mixed election system. Half of the representatives are elected from national closed party lists distributed between the parties using the Hare quota with a 5% threshold. The remaining half are elected from constituencies using first-past-the-post voting. This system was adopted for the 2012 elections^[4][1] and was also used for the most recent (2014) election, as a new draft law moving to electing all members using open party lists failed to gather necessary support in the Rada.^[5]

A snap poll must have a voter turnout higher than 50%.^[6]

Ukraine’s election law forbids outside financing of political parties or campaigns.^[7]

Presidential candidates must had residence in Ukraine for the past ten years prior to election day.^[8]

The election laws were slightly modified on 20 December 2013.^[9]

Local elections

Under the Constitution of Ukraine, the term of office of the heads of villages and towns and the council members of these villages and towns is five years.^[10]

Past legislation

The parliamentary election law has been changed 4 times since 1991.^[1][11] Before 1998 all the members of the Parliament were elected by single-seat constituencies (from each electoral district). In 1998 and in 2002 half of the members were elected by proportional representation (faction vote) and the other half by single-seat constituencies. In the 2006 and 2007 parliamentary election, all 450 members of the Verkhovna Rada where elected by party-list proportional representation with closed lists^[12][13][14] (the same goes for local elections).^[15]

In the 2010 Ukrainian local elections four years was set for the office of the heads of villages and towns and the council members of these villages and towns.^[10][16]

Voting patterns

In the elections since 2002 voters of Western and Central Ukrainian oblasts voted mostly for parties (Our Ukraine, Batkivshchyna, UDAR, Self Reliance, Radical Party, Petro Poroshenko Bloc and the People's Front) and presidential candidates (Viktor Yuschenko, Yulia Tymoshenko) with a pro-Western and state reform platform, while voters in Southern and Eastern oblasts of Ukraine voted for parties (CPU, Party of Regions and Opposition Bloc) and presidential candidates (Viktor Yanukovych) with a pro-Russian and status quo platform.^{[17][18][19][20][21][17][22]} Although this geographical division is decreasing.^[23][17][24] Till the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election the electorate of CPU and Party of Regions was very loyal to them.^[21] But in the 2014 parliamentary election Party of Regions did not to participate (because of a perceived lack of legitimacy (of the election), because not every resident of the Donbas could vote) and the CPU came 1.12% short of the 5% election threshold.^[25][26]

A 2010 study by the Institute of Social and Political Psychology of Ukraine found that in general, Yulia Tymoshenko supporters are more optimistic compared with Viktor Yanukovych supporters. 46 percent of the Tymoshenko’s backers expect improvement in their well-being in the next year compared to 30 percent for Yanukovych.^[27]

2002 Parliament

2004 President run-off

2006 Parliament

2007 Parliament

2010 President run-off

2012 Parliament (constituencies)

2012 Parliament (nationwide list)

2014 President

2014 Parliament (constituencies)

2014 Parliament (nationwide list)

Voter turnout

From 1994 till 2007 the average voter turnout for the Verkhovna Rada elections was 68.13%^[28][29] The total voter turnout in the 2012 parliamentary elections was then the lowest ever with 57.99%;^[30] The lowest turnout in these elections was in Crimea (with 49.46%), the highest in Lviv Oblast (67.13%).^[30] In the 2014 parliamentary elections the official voter turnout was set (by the Central Election Commission of Ukraine) at 52.42%.^[31] This figure was determined after the Central Electoral Commission deducted the eligible voters in areas were voting was impossible.^[17] Because of the ongoing War in Donbass and the unilateral annexation of Crimea by Russia, the 2014 parliamentary elections were not held in Crimea and also not held in parts of Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast.^[32][33] The lowest turnout in these elections was in Donetsk Oblast (with 32.4%), the highest in again in Lviv Oblast (70%).^[34] According to Tadeusz Olszański, of the Centre for Eastern Studies, the low turnout in Donetsk Oblast (and also Luhansk Oblast) is explained by the end of an artificial increase of voter turnout there by Party of Regions officials.^[17]

The voting turnout for Presidential elections is always higher than for Verkhovna Rada elections with an average voter turnout of 72% from 2004 till 2010 (67.95% in the 2010 Presidential election).^[28][35] In the 2014 Presidential election the Central Election Commission of Ukraine set the turnout at over 60%; just as in the 2014 parliamentary elections, these elections were not held in Crimea and also not held in parts of Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast.^[36][37] The most popular presidential elections were the first one in 1991 where nearly 30.6 millions people voted and in the 2004 election which gathered some 28 millions. There were only three presidential candidates who have gathered over 10 millions votes: Leonid Kravchuk (1991 - 19.6, 1994 - 10.0), Viktor Yushchenko (2004 - 11.1), and Viktor Yanukovych (2004 - 11.0). The 10 million voters mark was almost reached by Leonid Kuchma in 1999, but he only managed to gain trust of 9.6 millions. To this day Kravchuk and Petro Poroshenko are the only presidential candidates who managed to win the elections after the first round obtaining over 50% of votes, respective in 1991 and 2014. The person most frequently participating in presidential elections is Oleksandr Moroz who stood in every presidential election since 1994 when he gained the biggest support of some 3.5 millions, while in 2010 for him voted less than 0.1 million. Viktor Yanukiovych became the strongest runner-up in the history of presidential elections, while Leonid Kuchma - the only runner-up of the first round who managed to pull a win in the second one. Thus far the top two presidential candidates always would get support of over 5 million voters each.

2010 President (first round)

2012 Parliament

2014 President

2014 Parliament

Perceived flaws in legislation

Despite a clear system for declaring donations to campaign funds, officials and experts say that Ukraine’s election law is consistently flouted, with spending from candidates’ official funds representing only a fraction of the amount truly spent while it’s rarely clear where the funding comes from.^[38]

Early May 2009 the "The Committee of Voters of Ukraine" stated they believe that the use of the state’s administrative resources by political forces for their own national and local election campaigns is no longer a decisive factor in the outcome of Ukrainian elections.^[39] According to a survey of 2,000 people conducted in October 2010 by two Ukrainian nongovernmental organizations, the Democratic Initiatives Fund and OPORA, one in five Ukrainians were willing to sell his or her vote in the then upcoming 2010 Ukrainian local elections.^[40] But according to (then) Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov these elections "were absolutely without the use of administrative resources, naturally. Nobody interfered with our citizens."^[41]

See also

• Electoral system
• Electoral calendar

References

External links

• Central Election Commission of Ukraine
• Adam Carr's Election Archive
• Parties and Elections
• Serhiy Vasylchenko: Electoral Geography of Ukraine 1991 - 2010
• If parliamentary elections were held next Sunday how would you vote? (Recurrent poll since 2010) by Razumkov Centre
• Rating of parties since 2006 by Sociological group "RATING"

Elections and referendums in Ukraine Central Election Commission Presidential elections 1991 1994 1999 2004 2010 2014 Parliamentary elections 1918 1937 19391 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2007 2012 2014 Local elections 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2015 Referendums 1991 (Mar) 1991 (Dec) 2000 1Western Ukraine only See also: Elections and referendums in Crimea

Verkhovna Rada Main topics Chairman list Presidium 1938-1996 People's Deputy of Ukraine Committees Accounting Chamber National Parliamentary Library Verkhovna Rada building Members Ukraine 1st members, 1990–94 2nd members, 1994–98 3rd members, 1998–2002 4th members, 2002–06 5th members, 2006–07 6th members, 2007–12 7th members, 2012–14 8th members, 2014–19 Ukainian SSR members, 1938–1947 members, 1947–1951 members, 1951–1955 members, 1955–1959 members, 1959–1963 members, 1963–1967 members, 1967–1971 members, 1971–1975 members, 1975–1980 members, 1980–1985 members, 1985–1990 List of chairmen Ukraine Ivan Plyushch Oleksandr Moroz Oleksandr Tkachenko Ivan Plyushch Volodymyr Lytvyn Oleksandr Moroz Arseniy Yatsenyuk Oleksandr Lavrynovych (acting) Volodymyr Lytvyn Volodymyr Rybak Oleksandr Turchynov Volodymyr Groysman Ukrainian SSR Mykhailo Burmystenko Oleksandr Korniychuk Pavlo Tychyna Oleksandr Korniychuk Mykhailo Bilyi Kostiantyn Sytnyk Platon Kostiuk Volodymyr Ivashko Leonid Kravchuk Presidium Leonid Korniets Mykhailo Hrechukha Demyan Korotchenko Oleksandr Lyashko Ivan Hrushetsky Oleksiy Vatchenko Valentyna Shevchenko Volodymyr Ivashko Leonid Kravchuk Ivan Plyushch Oleksandr Moroz Historic predecessors Central Council of Ukraine All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets Central Executive Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Constituent Assembly never realized) Labor Congress of Ukraine Ukrainian National Council Council of Republic See also Politics of Ukraine Political parties in Ukraine Elections in Ukraine