List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars

This a chronological list of the last surviving veterans of military insurgencies, conflicts and wars around the world. The listed wars span from the 13th century BC to the beginning of World War II. Most last survivors of particular campaigns or wars were junior officers or soldiers/naval ratings of non-commissioned rank in the early years of their service careers at the time.

Biblical and classical eras

Middle Ages

Early modern period

These cases, particularly with respect to the ages claimed by the veterans, cannot be verified as it was common in pre-industrialised societies for elders to exaggerate their age.

English Civil War (1642-1651)

First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-1654)

Great Northern War (1700-1721)

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

Jacobite risings (1719-1745)

War of the Polish Succession (1733-1738)

Russo-Turkish wars (1735-1774)

War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Seven Years' War (1754-1763)

American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)

French Revolution (1789-1799)

Irish Rebellion of 1798

Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Greek War of Independence (1821-1832)

July Revolution (1830)

Belgian Revolution (1830–1831)

Texas War of Independence (1835-1836)

Black Hawk War (1832)

Rebellions of 1837

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Hungarian Revolution of 1848 (1848-1849)

Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849)

First Schleswig War (1848–1851)

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Seminole Wars (1816-1858)

Indian Mutiny (1857–1859)

Third Italian War of Independence (1866)

New Zealand Wars (1845-1872)

American Civil War (1861-1865)

Union

Confederate

Name Claimed birth date Believed birth date Death date Status
Pleasant Crump 23 December 1847 31 December 1951 Verified
Felix M. Witkoski 5 January 1850 October 1854 3 February 1952 Dubious
Thomas Edwin Ross 19 July 1850 27 March 1952 Possible
Richard William Cumpston 23 May 1841 5 September 1952 Unknown
William Murphy Loudermilk[74] 23 October 1847[75] April 1851[76] 18 September 1952 Possible
William Joshua Uncle Josh Bush[77][78] 10 July 1845 July 1846 11 November 1952 Verified[79]
Arnold Murray[80] 10 June 1846 1842/1855[81] 26 November 1952 Possible[82]
William Daniel Uncle Eli Townsend[77][83] 12 April 1846 22 February 1953 Verified[84]
William Albert Kinney 10 February 1843/1846[85] 10 February 1861[86] 23 June 1953 Probable[87]
Thomas Evans Riddle 16 April 1846[88] 1862[89] 2 April 1954 Possible[90]

Most cases are questionable, though it should be remembered that many Confederate records were destroyed or lost to history. Unlike the U.S. military archives, the Confederate records had no official archive system after the war. However, for most of the cases investigated, the ages of the claimants alone were enough to prove their claim was false. Walter Williams was generally acknowledged as the "last Confederate veteran" in 1950s newspapers. However, in September 1959 an exposé by The New York Times revealed that he was in fact born in 1854 in Itawamba County, Mississippi, and not 1842 as claimed. Still, since Salling and all the other claimants were dead, Williams was celebrated as the last Confederate veteran after his death on 20 December 1959.[91]

Salling's own status is disputed. In 1991, William Marvel examined the claims of Salling and several other "last Civil War veterans" for a piece in the Civil War history magazine Blue & Gray. Marvel found census data that indicated Salling was born in 1858, not 1846. Although in 1900 Salling supplied a birthdate of March 1858, he appears to have been born around 1856, still too late to have served in the Confederate Army. The 1860 census lists him as 4 years old, and the 1870 census as 14.[92] William Lundy is listed as 1 year old on the 1860 census, and from 1870 until 1930 he gave census marshals ages that reflected birthdates as early as 1853 and as late as 1860. He did not push his birthdate back to the 1840s until he applied for a Confederate pension from the state of Florida. In the same piece, Marvel confirmed Woolson's claim to be the last surviving Union veteran and asserted that Woolson was the last genuine Civil War veteran on either side. However, Marvel did not present research establishing who, among the several other Confederate claims from the 1950s, some of which appear to be genuine, was the real last Confederate veteran.

French invasion of Mexico (1861-1867)

January Uprising (1863-1865)

Second Schleswig War (1864)

Expedition to Abyssinia (1867–68)

Indian Wars

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Paris Commune (1871)

Third Anglo-Ashanti War (1873–1874)

Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)

Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)

Zulu War (1879)

War of the Pacific (1879–1884)

First Boer War (1880–81)

Anglo-Egyptian War (1882)

Mahdist War (1882-99)

Nile Expedition (1884–85)

Northwest Rebellion (1885)

Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898)

Spanish–American War (1898)

Second Boer War (1899–1902)

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) and the Philippine–American War (1899-1902)

Potemkin Mutiny (1905)

Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)

Macedonian Struggle (1904–1908)

Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)

Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912)

Balkan Wars (1912–13)

World War I (1914-1918)

October Revolution (1917)

Russian Civil War (1917-1922)

Russian participants:

Veterans of Allied military intervention forces:

Finnish Civil War (1918)

Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)

German Revolution of 1918–19

Polish–Ukrainian War (1918-1919)

Estonian War of Independence (1918-1920)

Latvian War of Independence (1918-1920)

Irish War of Independence (1919-1921)

Polish–Soviet War (1919-1921)

Silesian Uprisings (1919-1921)

Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918-1920)

Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923)

Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)

March on Rome (1922)

Northern Expedition (1926-1928)

Nanchang Uprising (1927)

Brazilian Revolution of 1930

See also

References

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  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mathieu, Frédéric (2008). Napoléon, les derniers témoins (in French). Éditions Sébirot. ISBN 978-2-9532726-0-4.
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  32. ↑ "COUDEIC Yves". Les derniers soldats de l'Empire (in French). Retrieved 2014-09-12.
  33. ↑ "PETIT Pierre". Les derniers soldats de l'Empire (in French). Retrieved 2014-09-12.
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  37. ↑ Albert Lambruso (1902). Revue Napoléonienne. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
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  40. 1 2 Christie, Carl (1990). "Wallis, Sir Provo William Parry". In Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
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  47. ↑ "LAST SURVIVOR OF JULY REVOLUTION IS DEAD". The San Francisco Call. 3 December 1911. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  48. ↑ Je sais tout (in French). 1905. p. 470. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  49. ↑ "Le dernier combattant de 1830" (in French). Retrieved 2012-08-12.
  50. ↑ Steele, Alfonso; Houston, Sam (1836). Biography of Private Alfonso Steele: deceased, last survivor of the Battle of San Jacinto, together with Mr. Steele's account of the campaign and fight, and the official report of General Sam Houston, with complete roster of the commands composing the little army. s.n.
  51. ↑ Groneman, Bill (1990). Alamo defenders: a genealogy, the people and their words. New York: Eakins Press. p. 1.
  52. ↑ "DEATH OF THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE BLACK HAWK WAR." 14. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 1922.
  53. ↑ Lyman, H.S. (1900). Reminiscences of FX Matthieu 1. Portland: Oregon Historical Society.
  54. ↑ Fido, Martin; Skinner, Keith (1999). The Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard. London: Virgin Books.
  55. ↑ Associated Press (September 1929). "Mexican War's Last Survivor, 98, is Dead". The Dallas Morning News.
  56. ↑ "Last Mexican Veteran Of War With U. S. Dies". newspaper (The Evening News). Feb 6, 1928.
  57. ↑ "Százkét éves korában influenzában meghalt a legutolsó negyvennyolcas honvéd". Huszadik Század. 1929. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
  58. ↑ "Wolverhampton says goodbye to a century-old soldier". Black Country Bugle. 24 November 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  59. ↑ "En Veteran Fra 48, der fylder 100 Ar" (in Danish). MyHeritage. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  60. ↑ "Crimean veteran passes". Trove Digitized Newspapers. 20 December 1938. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  61. ↑ "Last Post Sounds For Crimean Veteran". Trove Digitized Newspapers. 18 December 1938. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  62. ↑ "Hall of Fame: Balaclava Ned". BBC News. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  63. ↑ "Sir Fitzroy Maclean". 23 November 1936. Retrieved 2009-03-06. Sir Fitzroy Donald Maclean, Bt., who died yesterday at Duart Castle, Isle of Mull, at the age of 101, Chief of his Clan and a Crimean veteran, was one of the best known of the "grand old men" of Scotland. When a boy in his early teens he was taken by his father to see the ruins of Duart Castle, burnt to the ground two centuries before, and then made a vow to restore it to its former glory. The vow was redeemed in 1912, when the yellow banner of the Chief of the Clan once more floated over the castle walls amid the rejoicings of the chieftains and clansmen from all parts of the world. …
  64. ↑ MacLean, John Patterson (1889). A History of the Clan MacLean from Its First Settlement at Duard Castle, in the Isle of Mull, to the Present Period: Including a Genealogical Account of Some of the Principal Families Together with Their Heraldry, Legends, Superstitions, etc. R. Clarke & Company. Sir Fitzroy Donald MacLean, Bart., Twenty-sixth Chief of MacLean and tenth Baronet of Morvern, was born May 18, 1835. On May 18, 1855 he received the Crimean medal for his gallant conduct in the Crimea. He also received two clasps and the Turkish war medal.
  65. ↑ "LAST SURVIVOR OF CRIMEA WAR DIES BUSTO ARSIZIO". Sandusky, Ohio: The Sandusky Register. 28 May 1930. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  66. ↑ "IET Archives, history, biographies, online exhibitions and research guides". The IET. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  67. ↑ 'Timmy the tortoise dies aged 160' BBC News 7 April 2004
  68. ↑ "Last Survivor of Seminole War Succumbs at 99". Salt Lake Telegram. Associated Press. February 12, 1917.
  69. ↑ "Officers at the Cavalry Depôt in Canterbury–1878". Hussar Photos. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  70. ↑ "Col. Spottiswoode Dies". The Montreal Gazette. 1936. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
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  72. ↑ I Garibaldini liguri sul sito del Museo del Risorgimento di Genova
  73. ↑ The Banner (1956). "Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War: Albert Woolson". Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  74. ↑ Polston, Mike. "WILLIAM LOUDERMILK, THE LAST CONFEDERATE". Couch Genealogy. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  75. ↑ 'George Washington Loudermilk's Ancestors." Aline Loudermilk Jones compiled this massive genealogy 2007. It is online. The 1930 census also gives him a birth date consistent with late 1847. Between 1949 and his death in 1952 three Arkansas newspapers and four nation wide papers and magazines gave his age as being consistent with a birth date of late 1847 and 'The New York Times' was specific. The stories were not syndicated.
  76. ↑ 1900 US Census gives age as 49. The censuses give Loudermilk a wide range of ages, some make him younger than a decade before, other age him nineteen years in ten
  77. 1 2 "Last Surviving Confederate Veterans". Genealogy Trails. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
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  79. ↑ William Joshua Bush shows up as enlisted in Company B Ramah Guards, 14th Georgia Infantry where he served form July 1861 to his discharge that October. His service with the Georgia State Militia from October 1864 to their surrender in late April 1865 was also verified by the Georgia State Pensions in 1936 (see http://cdm.sos. state ga.us 2011/cdm/compoundobject collection/Testapps/id/149449/rec/1) apart from the muster rolls the adjutant-general verified his other documents. These include his soldier's card, a pay slip and his 1861 discharge. Between them these documents bear five different signatures. Bush may have also served in the 66th Georgia between August 1863 and October 1864.
  80. ↑ "ARNOLD MURRAY Confederate Veteran living in 1950". Sons of Confederate Veterans. 2005-08-05. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  81. ↑ "ARNOLD MURRAY Confederate Veteran living in 1950." Posted J. Block August 5th 2005. This article mentions the stated 1854/1855 census birthdate – and also the 1920 census birthdate for 1847–1848. The censuses of 1910 1930 and 1940 also give 1840s birthdates. Life magazine in the May 30th issue on page 9 gives his age as 101. In The South's Last Boys in Gray Professor J S. Hoar lists twenty-two known enlisted Confederates under eleven. See pp1733-1734.
  82. ↑ Find a Grave "Arnold Murray 1846-1952" has a civil War era photo of Arnold Murray as a young soldier. TennRebGirl.com 3/4/14 has him in a group photo at a 1913 Confederate reunion. In the 1930 census he affirmed both Civil War service and a birthdate in the later 1840s.
  83. ↑ Find A grave
  84. ↑ Townsend's 1861 enlistment in Company B. 27th Louisiana Infantry is recorded on their muster roll in Andrew B. Booth's Military Records of Louisiana Confederate Soldiers and Louisiana Confederate Commands. and also in the LouisianaInfantryDataBase. ancestry.com has six primary source documents in his name; an 1862 sickness furlough, a clothing allocation, a Vicksburg prisoner of war roll where he is listed and his signed parole.
  85. ↑ In Professor Jay S. Hoar's The South's Last Boy's in Gray(page 1700) he states that Kiney lied about his age by three years so as to be old enough to enlist. The 1850 census gives his age as four and his birthplace as Bracken County Kentucky. The first names of his parents in that document match those in a 1991 letter to Professor Hoar written by Kiney's granddaughter.
  86. ↑ This birthdate comes from the February 1991 article "The Great Imposters" by William Marvel and is also in the 1900 and 1920 censuses for a man who spells his name Kinney. This birthdate also appears in a March 1920 marriage record for a William A. Kiney of Indianapolis. Kiney lived in this city. These documents are discussed in the entry "William A. Kiney" in the Find A Grave Forum.
  87. ↑ Kiney has three primary source records of his enlistments apart from records kept by his family. In Official Records it states that he was in 5th Regiment Kentucky Mounted Infantry. This enlistment is also mentioned in Kentucky Adjutant General's Report – Confederate Volunteers 1861–1865, Vol.1 page 254 entry 80, where Kiney's enlistment is dated on November 1st 1861. Wikipedia's entry on this unit states that they were disbanded in October 1862 and the troops were given a three way choice, discharge, reenlistment or joining the Kentucky Cavalry. Kiney went with the last option as he enlisted in Company l of Diamond's 10th Kentucky Cavalry on 18th November 1863. (This extract is from the book The 10th Kentucky Cavalry CSA by John B. Wells & Jim Pritchard. See Roster of Diamond's 10th Kentucky Cavalry CSA www.potterflats.com10thKyhtml) Professor Hoare's segment on Kiney in The South's Last Boys in Gray reproduces an excerpt of Lloyd B. Walton's article "He's a Man Even at 109" from The Indianapolis Times September 14th 1952. Here Kiney speaks of his Civil War experience, recalling that he was in most of the war and that Shiloh was his toughest fight. Find a Graveshows his tombstone with the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry inscribed as his unit. They are not known to have had a muster roll.
  88. ↑ This information comes from the 1850 census. Later censuses give a wide range of dates.
  89. ↑ 1910 Census gives age as 48
  90. ↑ Thomas Evans Riddle is enlisted under his full name in the reproduced muster roll in Terry D. Lowry's History of the 22nd Virginia Infantry. He is also listed as just Thomas Riddle and in the same company in John C. Wayland's Muster Roll of Confederate Soldiers. He apparently transferred regiments for in Official Recordshe appears on the muster roll of Company I 33rd Virginia Infantry. John B. Sheets of that same company kept a diary where Thomas Riddle is mentioned on February 26th 1863. Against this evidence is the fact that Lowry cautions against believing Riddle and that some of Riddle's descendants warn that due to census information, he could not have served in the Civil War. See their website "Our Family" by David Autry.
  91. ↑ Associated Press (20 December 1959). "Reputed Last Civil War Veteran Dies in Texas After Long Illness: Walter Williams Put His Age at 117 – Tributes Note the End of an Era". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  92. ↑ Marvel, William (1991). The great imposters VIII. Columbus: Blue and Gray. pp. 32–33.
  93. ↑ "Murio Ayer el Ultimo Veterano del 5 de Mayo" (PDF) (in Spanish). Gobierno Municipal de Puebla. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  94. ↑ Jakubik, Marian; Kołodziejczyk, Arkadiusz (2002). Żołnierska danina życia od 1657 roku (in Polish). IHAP. p. 158. ISBN 978-83-87088-59-0.
  95. ↑ http://hammerum-herred.dk/readarticle.php?article_id=18
  96. ↑ Inventory of British National Army Museum which describes one of its archives as "Press Cutting from: Evening Standard, 11 Feb 1936; detailing experiences of Capt Adrian Jones, thought to be the last survivor of the Abyssinian Campaign; associated with Abyssinia (1867–1868)"
  97. ↑ "Josiah Allen". Rootsweb. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  98. ↑ "David McCoy (1790–1895)". FindAGrave.com. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  99. ↑ Chicago Corral of the Westerners (1965). Westerners brand book, Volumes 22-25. Siedlce. p. 24.
  100. ↑ "John Daw". Genealogy Trails. 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  101. ↑ "Capt William James Howard (1826–1924)". FindAGrave.com. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  102. ↑ Hopkins, John Christian (11 March 2006). "129 years after Little Big Horn". Gallup Independent. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  103. ↑ Lawson, Michael L.; Rosier, Paul C. (2007). Little Bighorn: Winning the Battle, Losing the War. Infobase Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7910-9347-4.
  104. ↑ "Colonel Hubert V. Eva". ZenithCity.com. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
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  124. ↑ Heaton, Colin; Lewis, Anne-Marie (2014). Four War Boer: The Century and Life of Pieter Arnoldus Krueler. Casemate.
  125. ↑ "Nathan E. Cook, 106;America's Oldest Known War Veteran". Los Angeles Times. September 12, 1992. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
  126. ↑ Beshoff, Ivan (28 October 1987). "Last Survivor of Mutiny on the Potemkin". The New York Times. Associated Press.
  127. ↑ "Finding Aid for the Reverend Eto Mamoru Papers,1918–1991". Online Archive of California. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  128. ↑ "Alex Gory Park". Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
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  131. ↑ "EXPOSICION DE FELICIANO MEJÍA EN EL BORDA" (in Spanish). National Council for Culture and Arts. 18 October 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  132. ↑ unreliable source?]
  133. ↑
  134. ↑ Servin, Fernando Camacho (13 February 2005). "De nada sirvió lo que se hizo en la Revolución" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  135. ↑ Associated Press (26 April 1999). "Last known Mexican to fight rebel Pancho Villa dead at 110". Latin American Studies. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  136. ↑ Ravo, Nick (1 May 1999). "Teodoro Garcia, 110; Fought Villa on the Government Side". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  137. ↑ Gentile, Giuseppe. "I 103 anni di Nunzio Luigi Ciannilli (1889–1992)" (in Italian). Sistema Informativo Globale del Comune di Serracapriola. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
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  142. ↑ "Canada's last WW I veteran dies". CBC News. February 18, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  143. ↑ "Last remaining Digger: Australia's oldest man Jack Ross dies aged 110". The Age. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  144. ↑ "Henry Botterell, 106; Last Surviving WWI Combat Pilot". Los Angeles Times. January 9, 2003.
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  146. ↑ (Russian)
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  152. ↑ Suomen Tietotoimisto (16 January 2009). "Viimeinen sisällissodan veteraani kuoli 111-vuotiaana" (in Finnish). Uusi Suomi. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  153. ↑ Roszak, Dariusz. "JAN RZEPA" (in Polish). Wronieckie Stowarzyszenie Historyczne.
  154. ↑ Sulanke, Alexander (2009-03-18). "Schlagzeuger (fast 18) trifft Flötisten (108)" [A life full of music – since 108 years] (in German). Hamburger Abendblatt. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  155. ↑ Jamin, Stefan (22 May 2009). Gerontology Research Group.
  156. ↑ "William Seegers, 106; served in German army in World War I". Los Angeles Times. 16 July 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  157. ↑ Pierończyk, Jolanta (14 May 2007). "Aleksander Sałacki skończył 103 lata" (in Polish). NaszeMiasto.pl. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  158. ↑ Strzoda, Ewa (15 April 2008). "Odszedł niezwykły tyszanin" (PDF) (in Polish). Twoje Tychy. p. 4. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  159. ↑ "IN MEMORIAM Vabadussõja veteran Ants Ilus 1901–2006" (in Estonian). Kaitseliit. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  160. ↑ Pihlak, Jaak (2005). "PILISTVERE KIHELKOND JA VABADUSE RISTI VENNAD" (PDF) (in Estonian). Viljandi Muuseum. pp. 107–108. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  161. ↑ (Latvian) Miris pēdējais Brīvības cīņu dalībnieks
  162. ↑ (Latvian) ASV miris pēdējais Lāčplēša ordeņa kavalieris
  163. ↑ "Irish Civil War veteran dies at 105". BBC News. 3 October 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  164. ↑ Dobosiewicz, Agnieszka (2 February 2011). "Pan Józef Kowalski ma 111 lat" (in Polish). Radio Zachód. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  165. ↑ "TAM, GDZIE NASZ OSTATNI ŻYJĄCY BOHATER I NAJSTARSZE POLSKIE MIASTO – TAM DOTARLI Z WIZYTĄ I POZDROWIENIAMI AMBASADORZY MIASTA CUDU NAD WISŁĄ… (19 July 2011)" (in Polish). Kurier W. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
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  167. ↑ "Odszedł najstarszy Ślązak". Dziennik Zachodni (in Polish). Nowiny. 10 June 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  168. ↑ Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija, VIII t. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedias publishing institute, 2005. T.8: Imhof-Junusas.
  169. ↑ Hürriyet (11 November 2008). "Mustafa Şekip Birgöl (1903–2008)" (in Turkish). Kim Kimdir?. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  170. ↑ "Napoleon Patricios (1899-2006)". Geni.com. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
  171. ↑ Frattina, Giannino (3 January 2009). "Varese, è morto l’ultimo veterano della Marcia su Roma: aveva 105 anni" (in Italian). il Giornale. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  172. ↑ "Tsuen-hsuin Tsien, Curator Emeritus of the East Asian Collection, 1910–2015". University of Chicago Library. 14 April 2015.
  173. ↑ Associated Press (12 June 2007). "Nationalist general Sun Yuan-liang dies at 103". Taipei Times. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  174. ↑ 萧克29岁当红军最年轻方面军领导人 (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  175. ↑ "Field Marshal Waldemar Levy Cardoso: Brazilian army officer". The Times. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
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