List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico

Mexico is one of the most dangerous countries in the world for journalists and among the ones with the highest levels of unsolved crimes against the press.[1] Though the exact figures of those killed are often conflicting,[2] press freedom organizations around the world agree through general consensus that Mexico is among the most dangerous countries on the planet to exercise journalism as a profession.[3][4][5] More than 100 media workers have been killed or disappeared since 2000, and most of these crimes remained unsolved, improperly investigated, and with few perpetrators arrested and convicted.[6][7]

Historical summary

Targeted killings of journalists in Mexico have existed since the reign of Porfirio Díaz and the Mexican Revolution in 1910.[8] When the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) ruled the presidency in the 1930s following the Revolution, the Mexican government practically monopolized the press in Mexico in order to get favorable coverage in the media.[9][10] Journalists who complied with the modus operandi were paid with government handouts and gifts; those who did not were intimidated and/or killed. Throughout the 1970s and the 1980s, Mexico was the most dangerous country for journalists in all of Latin America. However, most of the attacks against the press were carried out by upset drug traffickers and corrupt law enforcement officials because they were the ones mentioned in the press.[9]

Through the government's use of informal coercion and media blackout, the Mexican press became accustomed to limit their reports to what state officials said. Very few journalists dared to break away from this practice because the government would thereby threaten to withdraw their advertisements and prevent the state-owned paper agency of that time to sell newsprints for their publications.[9][11]

When the Mexican government began to sell off the media public enterprises in the 1980s, more autonomous and independent newspapers with diversity in their news coverages were born. During this decade, the PRI began to lose several local and state elections, and eventually lost the presidency in 2000 to the National Action Party (PAN), after they had won every presidential election since 1929. With this political transition, Mexican readers began to prefer media outlets that showed a level of integrity and autonomy.[9][12]

When former President Felipe Calderón of the PAN took office in 2006, he carried out a military-led campaign to tackle Mexico's drug trafficking organizations. Violence across Mexico spread shortly thereafter, as rival organized crime groups fought for territorial control and with the government. This rise in drug-related murders came alongside a spike of attacks against the press, with drug cartels and corrupt officials wanting to take control the flow of information that reached the news.[13] Organized crime groups traditionally attack traditional print newspapers, either by killing, disappearing, or intimidating their reporters.[14]

With traditional media being too intimidating to reporters, some newspapers in Mexico have self-censored and stopped writing about drug trafficking and organized crime. Others simply limit their coverage to the information found in official government press releases or police reports, while others, however, are forced to write what a drug trafficking organization orders them to publish. Journalists have to be careful when they decide to write about the drug violence in Mexico because little things can incur a reprisal; using simple words like "organized crime" are often just what they need to anger a drug trafficking organization.[15]

Criminal organizations target journalists for various reasons. Among the most common one is to silence the press in the areas they operate in, and especially when the groups are trying to establish their presence in an area. They also kill journalists as retributions for publications that may damage their business.[16][17] Cartels want the press to be silent because keeping an image that a city is safe can prevent the Mexican government from sending more federal troops to the area.[18] In addition, Mexican media outlets find themselves vulnerable to attacks when they are in an area with two or more organized crime groups. A group might threaten to kill a journalist if there is coverage of them on the media, while another group might do the same if there is not any coverage.[19]

Attacks against the press have continued under the administration of President Enrique Peña Nieto.[20] Violence has compromised the news that reaches the rest of the world. Local journalists are largely responsible for reporting what happens day-to-day in Mexico and the international media relies on them.[21]

Before the Mexican Drug War

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Date Name Location Media outlet Status Refs
25 December 1860Vicente Segura ArgüellesMexicoDiario de AvisosKilled[22]
1863Carlos R. CasarínMexicoLa Orquesta
Mi Sombrero		Killed[22][23]
23 September 1866Donato Corzo RuizChiapasLa TijeraKilled[24]
27 April 1880Santiago SierraState of MexicoLa LibertadKilled[25]
17 February 1885Luis González y GonzálezMorelia, MichoacánEl Acero
El Explorador		Killed[26][27]
28 April 1887Roberto BereaMexicoN/AKilled[22]
13 May 1892Pablo OchoaMexicoEl Norte de ChihuahuaKilled[22]
2 April 1894Emilio OrdóñezPachuca, HidalgoN/AKilled[28][29]
30 July 1895Jesús Olmos y ContrerasPueblaCrisis
La Voz de la Verdad		Killed[30]
27 January 1897José Cayetano Valadés Rocha
Pen name: (Asunción Sánchez)		Mazatlán, SinaloaLa TarántulaKilled[31][32][33]
April 1901Eusebio S. AlmonteMezcala, GuerreroEl Eco del SurKilled[8][34]
30 August 1902Vicente Rivero EchegarayTampico, TamaulipasBala RasaKilled[35]
1908Luis Díaz CoudertMexicoEl Diario de ChihuahuaKilled[22]
1 June 1911José Sabás de la MoraCuliacán, SinaloaVoz del NorteKilled[36]
11 August 1912Ignacio HerreríasTlaltizapán, MorelosEl TiempoKilled[37]
11 August 1912Humberto León StraussTlaltizapán, MorelosEl ImparcialKilled[37]
11 August 1912José Luis RiveraTlaltizapán, MorelosN/AKilled[37]
12 September 1912José Gurdiel FernándezBalancán, TabascoEl Correo de TabascoKilled[38][39]
12 September 1912Renon de la MoralBalancán, TabascoN/AKilled[40]
1913– de la TorreMexicoN/AKilled[40][A 1]
9 February 1913Mariano DuqueMexico CityEl Defensor del PuebloKilled[8][41]
22 February 1913José RumbiaTlaxcala, TlaxcalaLa Nueva RepúblicaKilled[42]
27 August 1913Solón ArgüelloMexico CityNueva EraKilled[8][43]
December 1913Víctor David DelgadoChihuahuaN/AKilled[44]
August 1914A.F. ParedesCananea, SonoraLa Voz de CananeaKilled[40]
August 1914Donancio ChávezCananea, SonoraLa VerdadKilled[40]
September 1914Manuel M. HuguesCananea, SonoraN/AKilled[40]
13 December 1914Paulino MartínezMexicoEl Chinaco
La Voz de Juárez		Killed[45]
9 February 1917Faustino DíazSinaloaEl Monitor SinaloenseDisappeared[31][46]
1918Lázaro Gutiérrez de LaraSaric, SonoraRevoluciónKilled[47][48]
1919Marcos Torres ColladoCunduacán, TabascoEl ChismeKilled[49][50]
1920sJuan Rafael DuránSan Pedro, CoahuilaEl Látigo
La Opinión		Killed[51]
April 1920Francisco RangelGuadalajara, JaliscoVerbo LibreKilled[52]
12 October 1920Manuel LezcanoVillahermosa, TabascoEl RadicalKilled[53]
19 July 1921Florencio Ávila y CastilloMérida, YucatánAsociación de Periodistas de YucatánKilled[54][55]
24 May 1922Jesús Z. MorenoMexico CityEl Heraldo de MéxicoKilled[56]
1923–1924Pedro Flores GonzálezMexico CityN/AKilled[57]
23 June 1923Ángel PulidoState of MexicoEl ImplacableKilled[58]
28 July 1924José Carmen HernándezMexicoEl Colmillo
El Colmillo Público		Killed[59][60]
5 February 1927Archibaldo ClarkMagdalena, SonoraEl HeraldoKilled[61]
April 1927Anacleto González FloresGuadalajara, JaliscoLa PalabraKilled[62][63]
4 October 1927Alonso CapetilloHuitzilac, MorelosN/AKilled[64]
2 October 1928Enrique WoolfolkMagdalena, SonoraLa RevistaKilled[65]
31 May 1929Luis D. KluverAgua Prieta, SonoraLa VanguardiaKilled[51][66]
13 September 1930Arturo GarcíaTuxtla Gutiérrez, ChiapasRegeneración
Chiapas Nuevo		Killed[67]
7 February 1936Julián S. GonzálezMexico CityEl TiempoKilled[68]
20 April 1939José Trinidad Mata MoraPuebla AvanteKilled[69][70]
15 October 1942Eduardo GaldámezTapachula, ChiapasEl Sur de MéxicoKilled[67]
3 April 1944Ignacio F. HerreríasMexico CityNovedadesKilled[71]
19 April 1944Salvador Guerrero GonzálezTorreón, CoahuilaLa OpiniónKilled[72]
31 March 1947Vicente Villasana GonzálezCiudad Victoria, TamaulipasEl MundoKilled[73][74]
11 November 1948Fernando Sánchez BretónMexico CityLa Semana IlustradaKilled[71]
19 November 1949José María Jiménez Rubio
Pen name: (Nicanor)		Mazatlán, SinaloaEl Correo de la TardeKilled[75]
24 October 1953Raúl Parra MolinaSalina Cruz, OaxacaLa Voz de SuresteKilled[76]
July 1956Manuel Acosta MezaTijuana, Baja CaliforniaEl ImparcialKilled[77][78]
2 September 1956Fernando Márquez SánchezTijuana, Baja CaliforniaBaja CaliforniaKilled[78]
28 May 1957Manuel Sánchez HernándezTepic, NayaritLa Extra de la TardeKilled[79]
24 April 1959Jorge Salinas AragónMinatitlán, VeracruzDiario de SotaventoKilled[80][81]
26 November 1961Carlos Estrada SastréTijuana, Baja CaliforniaNoticiasKilled[78][82]
5 July 1964José González Miravalles
Pen name (Pepe Miravalles)		Acapulco, GuerreroNovedadesKilled[83]
15 April 1968Juan Muñoz FloresJojutla, MorelosAlarma
La voz de Morelos		Killed[84]
1 January 1970Carlos DenegriMexicoExcélsiorKilled[85]
8 October 1970Ernesto Espinosa HernándezChihuahua, ChihuahuaLa JeringaKilled[86][87]
31 July 1971Vicente García MedinaEl Fuerte, SinaloaEl AvanceKilled[31][88]
1973José Asunción MéndezChihuahuaLa JeringaKilled[89]
7 July 1975Carlos López y LópezMiahuatlán, OaxacaEl Demócrata de AntequerdaKilled[90]
31 July 1977Mario Carlos Rodríguez FalcónSinaloaN/AKilled[31][A 2]
22 August 1977José Guadalupe MendívilCuliacán, SinaloaDiario de SinaloaKilled[31][92]
16 February 1978Roberto Martínez MontenegroCuliacán, SinaloaNoreste
Diario de Culiacán		Killed[93][94]
13 September 1978Álvaro Burgoa LópezOaxaca, OaxacaCritica
La Prensa		Killed[95]
28 September 1978Patricio Pérez PintadoLoma Bonita, OaxacaEl PineroKilled[96]
1979Álvaro AlemánOaxacaEl Demócrata de AntequeraKilled[89]
1979Guillermo Gallardo AstorgaChihuahua, ChihuahuaÍndiceKilled[89][97]
13 December 1979Alberto Rodríguez TorresPachuca, HidalgoSolución
Avanzando de Hidalgo		Killed[98]
1980Guadalupe Ochoa VillaverdeLos Mochis, SinaloaEl GráficoKilled[89]
1980Alberto José Altamirano OrtegaPoza Rica, VeracruzDiario de Poza RicaKilled[99][100]
1980Jorge Pliego RodríguezVeracruz, VeracruzEl DictamenKilled[89][97]
7 June 1980Aarón Flores HerediaLos Mochis, SinaloaEl DebateKilled[101][102][103]
1981Jorge Pérez DíazMexico CityInformexKilled[104]
21 February 1981Jorge Ortiz LagunasCuernavaca, MorelosDiario de MorelosKilled[105]
16 October 1981Xicoténcatl Ureña ZepedaApatzingán, MichoacánTribuna LibreKilled[106][104]
27 June 1982Cristóbal Sánchez ReyesAcayucan, VeracruzDiario de JalapaKilled[107]
1983Mario Centeno GómezNezahualcóyotl, State of MexicoN/AKilled[108]
1983Mario Hernández BeltránIztapalapa, Mexico CityN/AKilled[104][97]
27 February 1983Mario Centeno YáñezNaucalpan, State of MexicoPreguntaKilled[109][A 3]
20 April 1983Julián Sánchez BeltránTláhuac, Mexico CityRadio Visión ActivaKilled[111][A 4]
17 May 1983Eliseo Morán MuñozPuente de Ixtla, MorelosLa VozKilled[112]
25 December 1983Salvador Cruz CervantesCórdoba, VeracruzEl Mundo de OrizabaKilled[113][114][115]
1984Jorge Fernández GarduñoNezahualcóyotl, State of MexicoEl MercurioKilled[116][A 5]
1984Julio Hernández GarduñoCiudad Victoria, TamaulipasN/AKilled[116]
1984Francisco Saldívar ReyesReynosa, TamaulipasN/AKilled[116][104]
30 May 1984Manuel Buendía TellezgirónMexico CityExcélsiorKilled[118][119]
31 May 1984Javier Juárez VázquezMinatitlán, VeracruzPrimera PlanaKilled[120][121]
30 January 1985John Clay WalkerGuadalajara, JaliscoFreelance journalistKilled[122][123]
17 January 1985José Antonio Godoy MenaAyutla de los Libre, GuerreroEl Correo de IgualaKilled[109][A 6]
6 March 1985Emilio Santiago AlvaradoTehuacán, PueblaPortavozKilled[116][125][A 7]
25 October 1985Roberto Ornelas ReyesMazatlán, SinaloaNoroesteKilled[116][126]
1986Héctor López LópezSinaloaN/AKilled[104]
1986Pablo Nájera LópezSinaloaGaceta del AireKilled[31][114]
7 May 1986José Luis Nava LandaChilpancingo, GuerreroExpresión PopularKilled[127][128]
8 August 1986Eleuterio Cachú de la CerdaTijuana, Baja CaliforniaEl HeraldoKilled[116][129]
17 June 1986Jorge Breñas ArayaReynosa, TamaulipasEl RíoKilled[130][131]
17 July 1986C. David Cárdenas RuedaVeracruz, VeracruzNotiverKilled[116][132]
17 July 1986Norma Alicia Moreno FigueroaMatamoros, TamaulipasEl PopularKilled[133]
17 July 1986Ernesto Flores TorrijosMatamoros, TamaulipasEl PopularKilled[133]
15 August 1986Juan Manuel Félix ZuetaCuliacán, SinaloaDiario de SinaloaKilled[116][134]
7 October 1986Odilón López UriasGuamúchil, SinaloaOndaKilled[135]
5 November 1986Antonio Iván Menéndez MarcínMexico CityLe Monde diplomatiqueKilled[128]
10 December 1986Manuel Rodríguez RodríguezMexico CityEl NacionalKilled[136]
2 March 1987Martín Ortiz MorenoAcapulco, GuerreroOvaciones
Nueva Era		Killed[128][A 8]
16 October 1987Jesús Michel JacoboCuliacán, SinaloaEl Sol de SinaloaKilled[138][139]
19 October 1987Clementina Herreros AndradeMexico CityLa PrensaKilled[140][A 9]
28 December 1987Felipe González HernándezNezahualcóyotl, State of MexicoUn Minuto en la NoticiaKilled[141][A 10]
22 February 1988Manuel Burgueño OrduñoMazatlán, SinaloaDeslinde
El Sol del Pacífico		Killed[142][143]
19 March 1988Damián Sergio de LunaMexico CityRevelaciónKilled[143][A 11]
20 April 1988Héctor Félix MirandaTijuana, Baja CaliforniaZetaKilled[145]
15 July 1988Ronay González ReyesComitán, ChiapasEl MundoKilled[144][146][A 12]
23 July 1988Linda Bejarano de GómezCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaXHIJ-TVKilled[148][149][A 13]
15 October 1988Rigoberto Coria OchoaAcapulco, GuerreroEl TrópicoKilled[128]
1989Joel Herrera ZuritaMexicoEl DictamenKilled[116]
11 January 1989Ezequiel Huerta AcostaSaltillo, CoahuilaAvances PolíticosKilled[128][150]
19 January 1989Alberto Ruvalcaba TorresJaliscoNovedades de ZapopanKilled[151]
11 April 1989Humberto Gallegos SobrinoChiapasN/AKilled[152][115]
23 April 1989Armando Sánchez HerreraRío Verde, San Luis PotosíMomentoKilled[153]
May 1989Francisco Valencia GómezMichoacánN/AKilled[153]
29 June 1989Óscar TreviñoMatamoros, TamaulipasN/AKilled[154]
30 June 1989Elías Mario Medina ValenzuelaDurango, DurangoEl Norte
El Sol de Durango		Killed[155][156]
October 1989Ismael León LeónNezahualcóyotl, State of MexicoInformezaKilled[153]
23 November 1989Martín Heredia SánchezHuatusco, VeracruzEl Sol del CentroDisappeared[157]
19 December 1989Rodolfo Mendoza MoralesPuebla El Heraldo de México – PueblaKilled[128]
23 December 1989Elvira Marcelo EsquivelMexico CityEl DíaKilled[158]
1990Raúl ZúñigaOaxaca, OaxacaN/AKilled[159]
19 January 1990Antonio Díaz VargasMatamoros, TamaulipasEl DiarioKilled[153][160]
10 March 1990Jaime Huitrón VegaTula, HidalgoTollanKilled[158][161]
4 May 1990Roberto Azúa CamachoReynosa, TamaulipasEl NacionalKilled[136][162]
6 June 1990Alfredo Córdova SolórzanoTapachula, ChiapasUnomásdosKilled[163]
1991Lázaro CárdenasMichoacánRadio AzulKilled[163]
1 February 1991Carlos Alberto MedinaMexicoExcélsiorKilled[164]
16 March 1991Primitivo González BecerraGuadalajara, JaliscoEl DiarioKilled[165]
6 April 1991Alejandro Campos MorenoCuernavaca, MorelosDiario de MorelosKilled[163][166]
3 July 1991Víctor Manuel OropezaCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaDiario de JuárezKilled[167]
7 October 1991Juvencio Arenas GálvezMexico CityCuestiónKilled[168]
14 October 1991Gabriel Venegas ValenciaMexicoTelevisaKilled[169]
3 January 1992Fernando Preciado EscobarTapachula, ChiapasLa Opinión de la CostaKilled[170]
7 April 1992Nicandro López VásquezOaxacaXEKZKilled[170][171]
13 November 1992Ignacio Mendoza CastilloMexico CityLa Voz del CaribeKilled[170][172]
28 December 1992Jesús Núñez SánchezTlalnepantla, State of MexicoObjetivoKilled[170]
January 1993Carlos Aguilar GarzaNuevo Laredo, TamaulipasY PuntoKilled[173]
23 January 1993Maximiano Quirino EscobarReynosa, TamaulipasConsigna de ReynosaKilled[174]
1 February 1993Roberto Antonio Mancilla HerreraTuxtla Gutiérrez, ChiapasEs!
Cuarto Poder		Killed[175]
5 March 1993José Herrera CañasMexico CityServicios Fotográficos PersonalesKilled[176]
15 March 1993Jessica Elizalde de LeónCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaFM 106
Radio Centro		Killed[163][177]
2 June 1993Araceli Caballero HernándezEcatepec, State of MexicoEl DíaKilled[177]
30 July 1993Gregorio Sánchez MoraVeracruzLa Voz del PuebloKilled[178]
17 March 1994José Agustín ReyesLa Paza, Baja CaliforniaRasa
El Heraldo de México		Killed[179]
6 June 1994Jorge Martín DorantesMorelosEl CruceroKilled[180]
6 July 1994Enrique Peralta TorresMorelosLa Unión de MorelosKilled[181]
11 July 1994José Luis RojasCuernavaca, MorelosLa Unión de MorelosKilled[182]
1995Cuauhtémoc Ornelas OcampoTorreón, CoahuilaAlcanceDisappeared[183][184]
5 February 1995Ruperto Armenta GerardoGuasave, SinaloaEl RegionalKilled[185]
18 June 1995Dante Espartaco CortésTijuana, Baja CaliforniaEl MexicanoKilled[186]
25 October 1996Fernando Martínez OchoaChihuahuaGovernment journalistKilled[163][187]
3 December 1996Fernando Balderas SánchezMexico CityCrime journalistKilled[188][189]
3 December 1996Yolanda FigueroaMexico CityCrime book writerKilled[188][189]
22 March 1997Jesús Abel Bueno LeónChilpancingo, Guerrero7 DíasKilled[190]
15 July 1997Benjamín Flores GonzálezSan Luis Río Colorado, SonoraLa PrensaKilled[191]
26 July 1997Víctor Hernández MartínezMexico CityCómoKilled[192]
16 December 1997Margarito Morales RamírezCocula, JaliscoEl Nuevo ZitlánKilled[193]
12 February 1998Luis Mario García RodríguezMexico CityLa TardeKilled[194]
3 August 1998Sally-Sue HulseMexico CityTIMES – Mexico CityKilled[195]
23 October 1998Claudio Cortés GarcíaMexico CityLe Monde DiplomatiqueKilled[196][197]
29 October 1998Pedro Valle HernándezZihuatanejo, GuerreroRadio Variedades XEUQKilled[120][198]
15 December 1998Philip TrueJaliscoSan Antonio Express-NewsKilled[199]
15 April 1999Mario Morales PalaciosMatamoros, TamaulipasEl BravoKilled[130][200]
28 April 1999Ramiro Ramírez DuarteZacapu, MichoacánEl HeraldoKilled[120]
7 June 1998Paco StanleyMexico CityTV AztecaKilled[201]
7 February 2000Luis Roberto Cruz MartínezReynosa, TamaulipasMulticosasKilled[202][203]
9 April 2000Pablo Pineda GaucínMatamoros, TamaulipasLa OpiniónKilled[204]
19 April 2000Hugo Sánchez EustaquioAtizapan de Zaragoza, State of MexicoLa VerdadKilled[205]
28 April 2000José Ramírez PuenteCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaRadio NetKilled[206]
22 June 2000William Uicab SalasChetumal, Quintana RooCanal 8Killed[207]
31 October 2000Alfredo García MárquezHermosillo, SonoraEncuentroKilled[208]
9 February 2001Humberto Méndez RendónGómez Palacio, DurangoCanal 6 de DurangoKilled[209]
21 February 2001José Luis Ortega MataOjinaga, ChihuahuaSeminario de OjinagaKilled[210]
9 March 2001José Barbosa BejaranoCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaAlarmaKilled[202]
27 March 2001Saúl Antonio Martínez GutiérrezMatamoros, TamaulipasEl ImparcialKilled[211]
12 January 2002Félix Alfonso Fernández GarcíaMiguel Alemán, TamaulipasNueva OpciónKilled[212]
1 February 2002Julio Samuel Morales Ferrón
Pen name: (Severo Mirón)		Tacuba, Mexico CityEl Sol de MéxicoKilled[213]
15 October 2002José Miranda VirgenVeracruzEl Sur de VeracruzKilled[214]
10 June 2003Jesús Sandalio Mejía LechugaMartínez de la Torre, VeracruzPrimera Hora
Ms Noticias		Killed[202][215]
15 September 2003Gregorio UrietaAcapulco, GuerreroEl SurKilled[202][215]
13 December 2003Rafael Villafuerte AguilarCiudad Altamirano, GuerreroLa RazónKilled[203][216]
11 February 2004Alberto Torres VillegasCórdoba, VeracruzEl Sol del CentroKilled[217]
21 February 2004Míriam Denise Ramos DelgadoHermosillo, SonoraNotimexKilled[218]
19 March 2004Roberto Javier Mora GarcíaNuevo Laredo, TamaulipasEl MañanaKilled[219]
22 June 2004Francisco Javier Ortiz FrancoTijuana, Baja CaliforniaZetaKilled[220]
31 August 2004Francisco Arratia SaldiernaMatamoros, TamaulipasEl Imparcial
El Regional		Killed[221]
9 September 2004Leodegario Aguilera LucasGuerreroMundo PolíticoKilled[202]
28 November 2004Gregorio Rodríguez HernándezEscuinapa, SinaloaEl DebateKilled[222]
2 April 2005Alfredo Jiménez MotaHermosillo, SonoraEl ImparcialDisappeared[223][224]
8 April 2005Raúl Gibb GuerreroPoza Rica, VeracruzLa OpiniónKilled[225]
16 April 2005Dolores Guadalupe García EscamillaNuevo Laredo, TamaulipasStereo 91Killed[226]
17 September 2005José Reyes BrambilaGuadalajara, JaliscoVallarta MilenioKilled[227]
31 October 2005Hugo Barragán OrtizTierra Blanca, Veracruz XEJF Radio Max
La Crónica de la Cuenca		Killed[228]
25 October 2005Julio César Martínez PérezReynosa, TamaulipasSiglo de MéxicoKilled[229][230]
6 January 2006José ValdésSabinas, CoahuilaRadio journalistKilled[231]
9 March 2006Jaime Arturo Olvera BravoLa Piedad, MichoacánLa Voz de MichoacánKilled[232]
10 March 2006Ramiro Téllez ContrerasNuevo Laredo, TamaulipasExa 957Killed[202][233]
26 March 2006Rosendo Pardo OzunaTuxtla Gutiérrez, ChiapasLa Voz del SuresteKilled[234]
8 July 2008Rafael Ortiz MartínezMonclova, CoahuilaZócaloDisappeared[235]
10 August 2006Enrique Perea QuintanillaChihuahua, ChihuahuaDos Caras, Una VerdadKilled[236]
27 October 2006Bradley WillSanta Lucía del Camino, OaxacaIndymediaKilled[237]
10 November 2006Misael Tamayo HernándezZihuatanejo, GuerreroEl Despertar de la CostaKilled[238]
17 November 2006José Manuel Nava SánchezMexico CityExcélsior
El Sol de México		Killed[239]
20 November 2006José Antonio García ApacTepalcatepec, MichoacánEcos de la CuencaDisappeared[240]
21 November 2006Roberto Marcos GarcíaVeracruzAlarma
Testimonio		Killed[241]
31 November 2006Alfonso Sánchez GuzmánOrizaba, VeracruzEnlace Veracruz
Televisa Veracruz		Killed[214]
8 December 2006Raúl Marcial PérezOaxaca, OaxacaEl GráficoKilled[242]

During the Mexican Drug War

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Date Name Location Media outlet Status Refs
17 January 2007Gerardo Guevara DomínguezOcampo, DurangoSiglo XXIKilled[243]
20 January 2007Rodolfo Rincón TaracenaVillahermosa, TabascoTabasco HoyKilled[244]
6 April 2007Amado Ramírez DillanesAcapulco, GuerreroRadioramaKilled[245]
16 April 2007Saúl Noé Martínez OrtegaNuevo Casas Grandes, ChihuahuaInterdiarioKilled[246]
9 May 2007Gabriel González RiveraMexico CityDenuncia ciudadanaKilled[247]
5 September 2007Óscar Rivera InzunzaCuliacán, SinaloaNoroesteKilled[248]
8 October 2007Mateo Cortés MartínezTehuantepec, OaxacaEl Imparcial del IstmoKilled[249]
8 October 2007Agustín López NolascoTehuantepec, OaxacaEl Imparcial del IstmoKilled[250]
8 October 2007Flor Vásquez LópezTehuantepec, OaxacaEl Imparcial del IstmoKilled[251]
3 December 2007Gastón Alonso Acosta ToscanoAguas Prieta, SonoraNoticias de la FronteraKilled[252]
8 December 2007Gerardo Israel García PimentelUruapan, MichoacánLa Opinión de MichoacánKilled[253]
8 December 2007Juan Pablo SolísTuxpan, MichoacánRadio ZitácuaroKilled[254][255]
7 January 2008Claudia Rodríguez LleraState of MexicoRevista Cinemagazine
Radio Mix Ecatepec		Killed[205]
5 February 2008Francisco Ortiz MonroyCamargo, TamaulipasDiario de MéxicoKilled[256]
7 February 2008Bonifacio Cruz SantiagoNezahualcóyotl, State of MexicoEl RealKilled[257]
7 February 2008Alfonso Cruz CruzNezahualcóyotl, State of MexicoEl RealKilled[257]
12 February 2008Mauricio Estrada ZamoraApatzingán, MichoacánLa Opinión de ApatzingánDisappeared[258]
7 April 2008Teresa Bautista MerinoPutla de Guerrero, OaxacaRadio CopalaKilled[259]
7 April 2008Felicitas Martínez SánchezPutla de Guerrero, OaxacaRadio CopalaKilled[260]
25 June 2008Candelario Pérez PérezCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaFreelance journalistKilled[261]
24 September 2008Alejandro Zenón Fonseca EstradaVillahermosa, TabascoEXA FMKilled[262]
10 October 2008Francisco Javier SalasTijuana, Baja CaliforniaEl MexicanoKilled[263]
10 October 2008David García MonroyChihuahua, ChihuahuaLa Jornada
El Diario de Chihuahua		Killed[264]
10 October 2008Miguel Angel Villagómez ValleLázaro Cárdenas, MichoacánLa Noticia de MichoacánKilled[265]
13 November 2008Armando Rodríguez CarreónCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaEl Diario de JuárezKilled[266]
14 December 2008Raúl Martínez LópezPoza Rica, VeracruzNoreste de Poza RicaKilled[214]
13 February 2009Jean Paul Ibarra RamírezIguala, GuerreroEl CorreoKilled[267]
24 February 2009Luis Daniel Méndez HernándezHuayacocotla, VeracruzLa PoderosaKilled[268]
27 February 2009Juan Carlos Hernández MundoTaxco, GuerreroEl Quijote
Ultimátum de Taxco		Killed[269]
3 May 2009Carlos Ortega SamperSanta María El Oro, DurangoEl Tiempo de DurangoKilled[270]
26 May 2009Eliseo Barrón HernándezGómez Palacio, DurangoLa Opinión – MilenioKilled[271]
12 July 2009Martín Javier Miranda AvilésZitácuaro, MichoacánQuadratín
Panorama		Killed[272]
14 July 2009Ernesto Montañez ValdiviaCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaEnfoque del Sol de ChihuahuaKilled[273]
28 July 2009Juan Daniel Martínez GilAcapulco, GuerreroRadiorama AcapulcoKilled[274]
21 September 2009Jaime Omar Gándara SanmartínChihuahua, ChihuahuaFreelance photographerKilled[275]
23 September 2009Norberto Miranda MadridCasas Grandes, ChihuahuaRadio VisiónKilled[276]
10 October 2009Gerardo Esparza MataDurango, DurangoLocal government reporterKilled[277]
11 October 2009Fabián Ramírez LópezMazatlán, SinaloaLa Magia 97.1Killed[278]
2 November 2009José Vladimir Antuna GarcíaDurango, DurangoEl Tiempo de DurangoKilled[279]
11 November 2009María Esther Aguilar CansimbeZamora, MichoacánDiario de Zamora
Cambio de Michoacán		Disappeared[280][281]
24 November 2009José Emilio Galindo RoblesCiudad Guzmán, JaliscoRadio Universidad de GuadalajaraKilled[202]
23 December 2009José Alberto Velázquez LópezTulum, Quintana RooExpresiones de TulumKilled[282]
16 January 2010José Luis RomeroLos Mochis, SinaloaLínea DirectaKilled[283]
8 January 2010Valentín Valdés EspinosaSaltillo, CoahuilaZócalo de SaltilloKilled[284]
29 January 2010Jorge Ochoa MartínezAyutla de los Libres, GuerreroEl Sol de la CostaKilled[285]
March 2010Miguel Ángel Domínguez ZamoraReynosa, TamaulipasEl Mañana de ReynosaDisappeared[286]
March 2010Pedro ArgüelloReynosa, TamaulipasLa Tarde
El Mañana de Reynosa		Disappeared[286]
March 2010David SilvaReynosa, TamaulipasLa Tarde
El Mañana de Reynosa		Disappeared[286]
2 March 2010Jorge Rábago ValdezReynosa, TamaulipasLa PrensaKilled[287]
12 March 2010Evaristo Pacheco SolísChilpancingo, GuerreroVisión InformativaKilled[288]
6 April 2010Ramón Ángeles ZalpaMichoacánCambio de MichoacánDisappeared[289]
10 April 2010Enrique Villicaña PalomaresMorelia, MichoacánLa Voz de MichoacánKilled[290]
20 April 2010Evaristo Ortega ZárateColipa, VeracruzEspacioDisappeared[291]
17 April 2010María Isabella CorderoChihuahua, ChihuahuaTelevisa ChihuahuaKilled[292]
10 May 2010Gamaliel López CandanosaMonterrey, Nuevo LeónTV Azteca MonterreyDisappeared[293][294]
10 May 2010Gerardo Paredes PérezMonterrey, Nuevo LeónTV Azteca MonterreyDisappeared[293][294]
23 June 2010Miguel Ángel Bueno MéndezHuixquilucan, State of MexicoDiario Nuestro DistritoKilled[295]
28 June 2010Juan Francisco Rodríguez RíosCoyuca de Benítez, GuerreroEl Sol de AcapulcoKilled[296]
28 June 2010María Elvira Hernández GaleanaCoyuca de Benítez, GuerreroNueva LíneaKilled[297]
6 July 2010Hugo Alfredo Olivera CartasApatzingán, MichoacánQuadratín
La Voz de Michoacán		Killed[298]
10 July 2010Marco Aurelio Martínez TijerinaMontemorelos, Nuevo LeónXEDD Radio La TremendaKilled[299]
10 July 2010Guillermo Alcaraz TrejoChihuahua, ChihuahuaState government journalistKilled[299]
7 September 2010Marcelo Tenorio OcampoCampecheN/AKilled[202]
16 September 2010Luis Carlos Santiago OrozcoCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaEl Diario de JuárezKilled[300]
27 September 2010Rafael Armando MuroCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaChihuahuapost.comKilled[301]
30 September 2010Juan Francisco García MárquezCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaDiario PMKilled[302]
4 October 2010José Juan Núñez SarabiaSantiago Papasquiaro, DurangoN/AKilled[303]
28 October 2010Selene Hernández LeónToluca, State of MexicoNuestro TiempoKilled[304]
5 November 2010Carlos Alberto Guajardo RomeroMatamoros, TamaulipasExpreso MatamorosKilled[305]
9 February 2011Rodolfo Ochoa MorenoTorreón, CoahuilaGrupo Multimedios LagunaKilled[306]
25 March 2011Luis Emmanuel Ruiz CarrilloGuadalupe, Nuevo LeónLa PrensaKilled[307]
25 March 2011José Luis Cerda MeléndezGuadalupe, Nuevo LeónTelevisa MonterreyKilled[308]
31 May 2011Noel López OlguínChinameca, VeracruzLa Verdad de JáltipanKilled[309]
7 June 2011Marco Antonio López OrtizAcapulco, GuerreroNovedades AcapulcoDisappeared[310]
14 June 2011Pablo Ruelas BarrazaHuatabampo, SonoraDiario del Yaqui
El Regional de Sonora		Killed[310][311]
20 June 2011Miguel Ángel López VelascoVeracruzNotiverKilled[312]
20 June 2011Misael López SolanaVeracruzNotiverKilled[313]
3 July 2011Ángel Castillo CoronaOcuilan, State of MexicoPuntual
Diario de México		Killed[314]
26 July 2011Yolanda Ordaz de la CruzVeracruz, VeracruzNotiverKilled[315]
1 September 2011Ana María Marcela Yarce ViverosIztapalapa, Mexico CityContralíneaKilled[316]
1 September 2011Rocío González TrápagaIztapalapa, Mexico CityTelevisa Mexico CityKilled[316]
20 September 2011Manuel Gabriel Fonseca HernándezAcayucán, VeracruzEl MañaneroDisappeared[317]
24 September 2011María Elizabeth Macías CastroNuevo Laredo, TamaulipasPrimera HoraKilled[318]
25 August 2011Humberto Millán SalazarCuliacán, SinaloaA Discusión
Radio Fórmula Culiacán		Killed[319]
3 December 2011Hugo César Muruato FloresChihuahua, ChihuahuaLa Caliente 90.9Killed[320]
7 January 2012Raúl Régulo Quirino GarzaCadereyta, Nuevo LeónLa Última PalabraKilled[321]
20 April 2012Héctor Javier Salinas AguirreChihuahua, Chihuahua920 Radio NoticiasKilled[322][323]
20 April 2012Javier Moya MuñozChihuahua, ChihuahuaLocal radio reporterKilled[322]
28 April 2012Regina Martínez PérezXalapa, VeracruzProcesoKilled[324]
3 May 2012Gabriel Huge CórdovaBoca del Río, VeracruzNotiverKilled[325]
3 May 2012Guillermo Luna VarelaBoca del Río, VeracruzVeracruznewsKilled[325]
3 May 2012Esteban RodríguezBoca del Río, VeracruzDiario AZKilled[326]
3 May 2012Ana Irasema Becerra JiménezBoca del Río, VeracruzEl DictamenKilled[327]
13 May 2012René Orta SalgadoCuernavaca, MorelosEl Sol de CuernavacaKilled[328]
18 May 2012Marco Antonio Ávila GarcíaEmpalme, SonoraDiario Sonora de la Tarde
El Regional de Ciudad Obregón		Killed[329]
21 May 2012Zane PlemmonsNuevo Laredo, TamaulipasFreelance journalistDisappeared[330][331]
14 June 2012Víctor Manuel Báez ChinoXalapa, VeracruzMilenio XalapaKilled[332][333]
23 June 2012Federico Manuel García ContrerasTanquián de Escobedo, San Luis PotosíPunto Crítico
Voces de Mediodía		Disappeared[334]
30 June 2012Armando MontañoMexico CityThe Associated PressKilled[335]
25 July 2012Miguel Morales EstradaPoza Rica, VeracruzDiario de Poza RicaDisappeared[336]
19 August 2012Ernesto Araujo CanoChihuahua, ChihuahuaEl Heraldo de ChihuahuaKilled[337][338]
20 August 2012José Antonio Aguilar MotaEcuandureo, MichoacánFreelance photographerKilled[339]
20 August 2012Arturo Barajas LópezEcuandureo, MichoacánDiario de ZamoraKilled[339]
15 October 2012Ramón Abel López AguilarTijuana, Baja CaliforniaTijuana InformativoKilled[340]
26 October 2012Adela Jazmín Alcaraz LópezSan Luis Potosí, San Luis PotosíCanal 12Disappeared[341]
14 November 2012Adrián Silva MorenoTehuacán, PueblaFreelance journalistKilled[342]
27 November 2012Sergio Landa RosalesJosé Cardel, VeracruzEl Diario de CardelDisappeared[343]
22 December 2012David Araujo ArévaloAcapulco, GuerreroNovedades de AcapulcoKilled[344][345]
4 March 2013Jaime Guadalupe González DomínguezOjinaga, ChihuahuaOjinaganoticias.com.mxKilled[346]
11 March 2013Víctor Javier CamposAgua Prieta, SonoraEl Diario de JuárezKilled[347]
15 March 2013Juan José GarcíaJiménez, ChihuahuaTelevisa ChihuahuaKilled[348]
15 April 2013Alonso de la Colina SordoPuebla, PueblaTV Azteca PueblaKilled[349]
24 April 2013Daniel Alejandro Martínez BazaldúaSaltillo, CoahuilaVanguardiaKilled[350]
30 April 2013Gerardo José Padilla BlanquetSaltillo, CoahuilaRadio Grande de CoahuilaDisappeared[351]
2 May 2013Rosa María Ríos CamposMorelia, MichoacánFormer TV anchorwomanKilled[352]
24 June 2013Mario Ricardo Chávez JorgeReynosa, TamaulipasEl CiudadanoKilled[353]
17 July 2013Alberto López BelloOaxaca, OaxacaEl ImparcialKilled[354]
5 November 2013Alberto Angulo GerardoAngostura, SinaloaTelevisa HermosilloKilled[355]
23 January 2014Miguel Ángel Guzmán GarduñoChilpancingo, GuerreroVérticeKilled[356]
5 February 2014Gregorio Jiménez de la CruzCoatzacoalcos, VeracruzNotisur
Liberal del Sur		Killed[357]
16 February 2014Omar Reyes FabiánMiahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz, OaxacaTiempoKilled[358]
28 February 2014Benjamín Galván GómezTamaulipasÚltima Hora
Primera Hora		Killed[359][360]
2 June 2014Jorge Torres PalaciosAcapulco, GuerreroEl Dictamen de GuerreroKilled[361]
21 July 2014Julián Bacasegua CastroGuasave, SinaloaN/ADisappeared[362]
30 July 2014Nolberto Herrera RodríguezGuadalupe, ZacatecasCanal 9Killed[363]
12 August 2014Octavio Rojas HernándezCosolapa, OaxacaEl Buen TonoKilled[364]
21 August 2014Marlén Valdez GarcíaBenito Juárez, Nuevo LeónLa Última PalabraKilled[365][366]
27 August 2014Adrián Gaona BelmonteReynosa, TamaulipasLa Comadrita 97.3 Fm RadioKilled[366][367]
3 September 2014Víctor Pérez PérezCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaSucesosKilled[368]
12 October 2014Octavio Atilano Román TiradoMazatlán, SinaloaABC RadioKilled[369]
16 October 2014María del Rosario Fuentes RubioReynosa, TamaulipasValor por TamaulipasKilled[370][371]
22 October 2014Jesús Antonio Gamboa UríasLos Mochis, SinaloaNueva PrensaKilled[372]
3 December 2014Mario Alberto Crespo AyónMazatlán, SinaloaUno TVDisappeared[373]
2 January 2015Moisés Sánchez CerezoMedellín de Bravo, VeracruzLa UniónKilled[374]
4 January 2015Jazmín Martínez SánchezIxtlán del Río, NayaritTelevisa TepicKilled[375]
5 January 2015Jesús Tapia RodríguezParras de la Fuente, CoahuilaParras TVKilled[376]
14 April 2015Abel Manuel Bautista RaymundoSantiago Juxtlahuaca, OaxacaRadio Spacio 96.1 FMKilled[377]
4 May 2015Armando Saldaña MoralesCosolapa, OaxacaRadio Max
La Ke Buena		Killed[378]
18 June 2015Ismael Díaz LópezTeapa, TabascoEl Criollo
Tabasco Hoy		Killed[379]
26 June 2015Gerardo Nieto ÁlvarezComonfort, GuanajuatoEl TábanoKilled[380]
2 July 2015Filadelfo Sánchez SarmientoMiahuatlán, OaxacaLa Favorita 103.3 FMKilled[381]
2 July 2015Juan Mendoza DelgadoMedellín de Bravo, VeracruzEl Dictamen
Escribiendo la Verdad		Killed[382]
9 July 2015Édgar Hernández GarcíaSanta María Huatulco, OaxacaOaxaca Foro PolíticoKilled[383]
1 August 2015Rubén Espinosa BecerrilMexico CityProcesoKilled[384]
4 August 2015Adrián Martínez LópezJalpa de Méndez, TabascoGlamour Arte FotográficoKilled[385]
6 August 2015Juan Manuel Calderón GarcíaSan Blas, NayaritLa Caliente 107.4 FMKilled[386]
13 August 2015Juan Heriberto Santos CabreraOrizaba, VeracruzTelevisaKilled[387]
22 August 2015Eduardo Herrera SáenzPiedras Negras, CoahuilaTelevisaKilled[388]
22 September 2015David Alonso Correa RangelCiudad Hidalgo, MichoacánFreelance photographerKilled[389]
23 September 2015José Joaquín Pérez MoralesVillahermosa, TabascoDiario PresenteKilled[390]
23 September 2015Aurelio Hernández HerreraVillahermosa, TabascoDiario PresenteKilled[390]
28 December 2015América Maribel Alva LarrazoloCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaN/AKilled[391]
21 January 2016Marcos Hernández BautistaSan Andrés Huaxpaltepec, OaxacaImagen de Oaxaca
Diario Noticias Voz		Killed[392]
22 January 2016Reynel Martínez CerquedaSantiago Laollaga, OaxacaManantialKilled[393]
9 February 2016Anabel Flores SalazarTehuacán, PueblaEl Sol de OrizabaKilled[394]

See also

Sources

Footnotes

  1. ↑ There was a journalist killed in 1913 but only his surname is known.[40]
  2. ↑ Other sources identify him as Martín Falcón Rodríguez or as Mario Falcón Rodríguez.[89][91]
  3. ↑ It is unclear if Mario Centeno Yáñez was a journalist; other sources state he carried a journalist identity card without being one.[110]
  4. ↑ It is unclear if Julián Sánchez Beltrán was a journalist; other sources state he carried a journalist identity card without being one.[110]
  5. ↑ It is unclear if Jorge Fernández Garduño (also known as Jorge Hernández Garduño) was a journalist; other sources state he carried a journalist identity card without being one.[110] Another source says he was killed in Querétaro.[117]
  6. ↑ It is unclear if José Antonio Godoy Mena (also known as Jesús Godoy Mena) was a journalist; other sources state he was as a businessman instead.[124]
  7. ↑ It is unclear if Emilio Santiago Alvarado was a journalist; other sources state he was a spokesman for the newspaper.[124]
  8. ↑ Another source identifies him as Mario Ortiz Moreno.[137]
  9. ↑ She was also identified as Mafalda Clementina Herros Andrade.[97]
  10. ↑ It is unclear if Felipe González Hernández (also known Felipe González Herrera) was a journalist; other sources state he carried a journalist identity card without being one.[110]
  11. ↑ Another source identifies him as Sergio Luis de Luna Daniel.[144]
  12. ↑ He was also identified as Ronay Jiménez Gómez or as Ramón González Gómez.[147]
  13. ↑ She was also identified as Herlinda Bejarano de Gómez.[144]

References

  1. ↑ Lauría 2010, p. 3.
  2. ↑ "Mexico probes journalist Regina Martinez's death". BBC News. 29 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  3. ↑ "Deadly Trends for Journalists in 2011; 103 Killed". International Press Institute. 4 January 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  4. ↑ "Mexico". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  5. ↑ "UN human rights office concerned about killing of journalists in Mexico". United Nations. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  6. ↑ "Freedom of Expression in Mexico". PEN American Center. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  7. ↑ Alcázar, Jesús (17 July 2014). "Más de 100 periodistas asesinados en México desde el año 2000" (in Spanish). El Mundo (Spain). EFE. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Moncada O., Carlos (15 April 2008). "Periodistas agredidos, asesinados y desaparecidos: Época porfiriana y Revolución". Revista Contralínea (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Holden 2012, p. 239.
  10. ↑ Standish 2004, p. 88–89.
  11. ↑ Lawson 2002, p. 82.
  12. ↑ Holden 2012, p. 240.
  13. ↑ "Attacks on the Press: Mexico". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  14. ↑ Stevenson, Mark (11 November 2011). "Mexican drug cartel tries to silence Internet". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  15. ↑ Beaubien, Jason (3 August 2010). "Mexico's Drug Cartels Use Force To Silence Media". NPR. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  16. ↑ O'Conner, Mike. "In Mexico mission, PEN speaks for a silenced press". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  17. ↑ Corcoran, Patrick (25 May 2012). "How Mexico's Journalists Are Failed by the Government". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  18. ↑ Castillo, Mariano (29 September 2006). "Nuevo Laredo media go silent on violence". The Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  19. ↑ O'Conner, Mike. "El Mañana cedes battle to report on Mexican violence". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  20. ↑ Tuckman, Jo (9 April 2013). "Journalists on front line of Mexico drug war: 'Fear is terrible and well founded'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  21. ↑ Larsen, Laj (2 March 2012). "Mexico: A deadly beat". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Moncada 1991, p. 28.
  23. ↑ Leal, Luis (1958). "Historia Mexicana: El Contenido Literario de La Orquesta" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Colegio de México. p. 332. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  24. ↑ José Luis, Castro A. (27 February 2010). "El héroe más grande de Chiapas". El Heraldo de Chiapas (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  25. ↑ Clark de Lara, Belem (2005). La república de las letras: Ambientes, asociaciones y grupos. Movimientos, temas y géneros literarios (in Spanish). National Autonomous University of Mexico. p. 156. ISBN 9703210864. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  26. ↑ González y González, Luis (1 January 1994). La Vuelta a Michoacán en 500 Libros (in Spanish). El Colegio de Michoacán A.C. p. 143. ISBN 9686959033. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  27. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 25-26.
  28. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 27.
  29. ↑ Reyes Monzalvo, Jonás (2010). "Agrupaciones liberales y Antirreeleccionistas" (in Spanish). Government of Hidalgo. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  30. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 24.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Martini, Mario (29 May 2009). "Instituto Nacional de Periodistas". Noroeste (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  32. ↑ "José Cayetano Valadés" (in Spanish). Government of Sinaloa. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  33. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 23-26.
  34. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 32.
  35. ↑ Piñera Ramírez, David (1994). Visión histórica de la frontera norte de México: De la revolución a la Segunda Guerra Mundial (in Spanish) (2 ed.). Autonomous University of Baja California. p. 82. ISBN 9687326069. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  36. ↑ Estrada, Genaro (1988). Obras completas, Volume 2 (in Spanish). Siglo XXI. p. 371. ISBN 9682314410.
  37. 1 2 3 Lombardo García, Irma. "Reporteros en trincheras, 1910-1911. Ignacio Herrerías, corresponsal de guerra de El Tiempo" (in Spanish). National Autonomous University of Mexico. p. 84. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  38. ↑ "TABASCO: Historia". Government of Tabasco (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  39. ↑ Fronteras, Issues 1-4 (in Spanish). University of Texas at Austin: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes. 1996. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 42.
  41. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 39.
  42. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 40.
  43. ↑ Labastida, Horacio (1 January 2002). Belisario Domâinguez y el estado criminal, 1913-1914 (in Spanish). Siglo XXI. p. 132. ISBN 9682323851. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  44. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 51.
  45. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 42-43.
  46. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 48-49.
  47. ↑ Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas (1999). Chiapas 7 (in Spanish). Ediciones Era. p. 215. ISBN 9684114478. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  48. ↑ Sariego Rodríguez, Juan Luis (1998). Enclaves y Minerales en el Norte de México: Historia Social de Los Mineros de Cananea y Nueva Rosita, 1900-1970 (in Spanish). Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. p. 159. ISBN 9684961383. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  49. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 43.
  50. ↑ Bulnes, Pepe (1979). Gobernantes de Tabasco 1914-1979: 65 años de episodios nacionales. Original form at the University of Texas at Austin: Bulnes. p. 164.
  51. 1 2 Moncada 1991, p. 61.
  52. ↑ Trujillo Bretón, Jorge Alberto (2008). "Tinta de sangre: ¿Quién asesinó al periodista?". El Informador (Mexico) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  53. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 58-59.
  54. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 45.
  55. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 60-71.
  56. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 48.
  57. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 59.
  58. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 54-55.
  59. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 59-60.
  60. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 45.
  61. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 58.
  62. ↑ Jiménez Ramírez, Arnold Omar (2005). "Las obras del Maistro". Semanario (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  63. ↑ "Papa beatificará a 13 mártires de la Guerra Cristera de 1926". El Universo (in Spanish). 23 June 2004. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  64. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 60.
  65. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 59.
  66. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 60.
  67. 1 2 Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 84.
  68. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 67.
  69. ↑ Quintana, Alejandro (2007). The President that Never Was: Maximino Avila Camacho and the Taming of Caudillismo in Early Post-revolutionary Mexico. ProQuest. p. 127. ISBN 0549269118. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  70. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 76.
  71. 1 2 Moncada 1991, p. 81.
  72. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 69-70.
  73. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 75.
  74. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 71.
  75. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 87.
  76. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 89.
  77. ↑ Ortiz Marín, Manuel (2006). Los Medios de Comunicación en Baja California (in Spanish). Autonomous University of Baja California. p. 305. ISBN 970701735X.
  78. 1 2 3 Estrada Barrera, Enrique (7 June 2000). "Día de la Libertad de Expresión". Periodistas en Línea (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  79. ↑ Moncada Ochoa 2012, p. 87-88.
  80. ↑ "¿Qué más falta, Gobernador?". Marcha Agencia de Noticias (in Spanish). 23 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  81. ↑ Bernal, Natalio (June 2005). "Saldo de Impunidad". Veracruz Contralínea (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  82. ↑ Salazar, Ruben (1998). Border Correspondent: Selected Writings, 1955–1970. University of California Press. p. 304. ISBN 0520213858.
  83. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 120.
  84. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 119.
  85. ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 151.
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Bibliography

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