List of entheogenic/hallucinogenic species

This is a list of species and genera that are used as entheogens or are used in an entheogenic concoction (such as ayahuasca). For recreational use they may be classified as hallucinogens. The active principals and historical significance of each is also listed to illustrate the requirements necessary to be categorized as an entheogen.

Fauna

Common name Binomial nomenclature for species or genus Psychoactive constituent(s) Regions/Cultures of use
Colorado River toadBufo alvarius5-MeO-DMT and bufoteninControversial interpretation of Mesoamerican art.
Bullet antParaponera clavataPoneratoxinUsed by the Satere-Mawe people in their initiation rites.
Hallucinogenic fishPrimary Siganus spp.Unknown

Flora

Common nameBinomial nomenclature for species or genusPsychoactive constituent(s) Regions/Cultures of use
African dream rootSilene capensisPossibly triterpenoid saponinsXhosa people of South Africa.
AyahuascaBanisteriopsis caapi' 'Psychotria ViridisHarmala alkaloidsSouth America; people of the Amazon Rainforest. UDV of Brazil and United States. Both plants are used in order to create ayahuasca.
Blue lilyNymphaea caeruleaNuciferine and aporphinePossibly ancient Egypt and South America.
Bolivian torch cactusEchinopsis lageniformis syn. Trichocereus bridgesiiMescalineSouth America
CannabisCannabis spp.THC and other cannabinoidsSadhus of India. See also: religious and spiritual use of cannabis.
ChalipongaDiplopterys cabreranaDMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufoteninBrazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of ayahuasca.
HarmalPeganum harmalaHarmala alkaloidsTurkey and the Middle East.
Hawaiian baby woodroseArgyreia nervosaErgoline alkaloidsPsychoactive, but may not have been used as an entheogen. Native to India. Traditional usage possible but mainly undocumented.
HenbaneHyoscyamus nigerTropane alkaloidsAncient Greece.
Peruvian torch cactusEchinopsis peruviana syn. Trichocereus peruvianusMescalinePre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru.
IbogaTabernanthe ibogaIbogaineBwiti religion of West Central Africa. Used by Western nations to treat opioid addiction.
Morning gloryIpomoea tricolorErgoline alkaloidsAztecs
Morning gloryIpomoea violaceaErgoline alkaloidsMazatec[1]
Jimson weedDatura stramoniumTropane alkaloidsNative Americans: Algonquian and Luiseño. Sadhus of India. Táltos of the Magyar (Hungary).
MapachoNicotiana rusticaNicotine and harmala alkaloidsSouth America
JuremaMimosa tenuiflora syn. M. hostilisDMT and harmala alkaloids-ott claims to have taken bark alone and is activeNortheastern Brazil
PeyoteLophophora williamsiiMescalineOshara Tradition
ChacrunaPsychotria viridisDMTUDV of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and the Brazilian church. Santo Daime have used it as part of ayahuasca.
Ska María PastoraSalvia divinorumSalvinorin AMazatec
San Pedro cactusEchinopsis pachanoi syn. Trichocereus pachanoiMescalineSouth America
Christmas vineTurbina corymbosa syn. Rivea corymbosaErgoline alkaloidsMazatec[1]
VirolaVirola spp.DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufoteninSouth America
VilcaAnadenanthera colubrinaDMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufoteninSouth America
YopoAnadenanthera peregrinaDMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufoteninSouth America

Fungi

Common name Binomial nomenclature for species or genus Psychoactive constituent(s) Regions/Cultures of use
Fly agaricAmanita muscaria[2]Ibotenic acid and muscimolSiberian shamans. Scandinavia. Possibly the Soma drink of India.
Magic mushroomsprimarily Psilocybe spp.Psilocybin and psilocin; baeocystin and norbaeocystin (some species)Mazatec

See also

References

  1. 1 2 http://www.sagewisdom.org/shepherdess.html
  2. ↑ Heinrich, C (1995). Strange Fruit: Alchemy and Religion- The Hidden Truth. London : Bloomsbury. Referenced throughout ISBN 978-0-7475-1548-7
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