List of dimensionless quantities

A dimensionless quantity is any number or defined expression which is either unitless or has composite dimensions which cancel out to unity. These are found in numerous fields such as mathematics, physics, engineering, and economics. In contrast, quantities containing dimensions include length, time, mass, luminosity, and electric charge, and products of these fundamental quantities such as volume, speed, and voltage.

In mathematics, numbers do not have a dimension; this includes 1, $i$ , $π$ , $e$ , and others. Physics often uses dimensionless quantities to simplify the characterization of systems with multiple interacting physical phenomena. These may be found by applying the Buckingham π theorem or otherwise may emerge from making partial differential equations unitless by the process of nondimensionalization. Furthermore, dimensionless physical constants allow systems of units such as natural units to be constructed based on the known fundamental physical constants. Engineering, economics, and other fields often extend these ideas in design and analysis of the relevant systems.

List

All pure numbers are dimensionless quantities by definition. The list below shows many of the well known dimensionless quantities to illustrate their variety of forms and applications. The table does not include dimensionless units such as percentage (%) and dozen or dimensionless physical constants such as the proton-to-electron mass ratio; these topics are discussed in the article on dimensionless quantities.

Name	Standard symbol	Definition	Field of application
Abbe number	V	$V = \frac{ n_d - 1 }{ n_F - n_C }$	optics (dispersion in optical materials)
Activity coefficient	$\gamma$	$\gamma= \frac {{a}}{{x}}$	chemistry (Proportion of "active" molecules or atoms)
Albedo	$\alpha$	$\alpha= (1-D) \bar \alpha(\theta_i) + D \bar{ \bar \alpha}$	climatology, astronomy (reflectivity of surfaces or bodies)
Archimedes number	Ar	$\mathrm{Ar} = \frac{g L^3 \rho_\ell (\rho - \rho_\ell)}{\mu^2}$	fluid mechanics (motion of fluids due to density differences)
Arrhenius number	$\alpha$	$\alpha = \frac{E_a}{RT}$	chemistry (ratio of activation energy to thermal energy)^[1]
Atomic weight	M		chemistry (mass of atom over one atomic mass unit, u, where carbon-12 is exactly 12 u)
Atwood number	A	$\mathrm{A} = \frac{\rho_1 - \rho_2} {\rho_1 + \rho_2}$	fluid mechanics (onset of instabilities in fluid mixtures due to density differences)
Bagnold number	Ba	$\mathrm{Ba} = \frac{\rho d^2 \lambda^{1/2} \gamma}{\mu}$	fluid mechanics, geology (ratio of grain collision stresses to viscous fluid stresses in flow of a granular material such as grain and sand)^[2]
Bejan number (fluid mechanics)	Be	$\mathrm{Be} = \frac{\Delta P L^2} {\mu \alpha}$	fluid mechanics (dimensionless pressure drop along a channel)^[3]
Bejan number (thermodynamics)	Be	$\mathrm{Be} = \frac{\dot S'_{\mathrm{gen},\, \Delta T}}{\dot S'_{\mathrm{gen},\, \Delta T}+ \dot S'_{\mathrm{gen},\, \Delta p}}$	thermodynamics (ratio of heat transfer irreversibility to total irreversibility due to heat transfer and fluid friction)^[4]
Bingham number	Bm	$\mathrm{Bm} = \frac{ \tau_y L }{ \mu V }$	fluid mechanics, rheology (ratio of yield stress to viscous stress)^[1]
Biot number	Bi	$\mathrm{Bi} = \frac{h L_C}{k_b}$	heat transfer (surface vs. volume conductivity of solids)
Blake number	Bl or B	$\mathrm{B} = \frac{u \rho}{\mu (1 - \epsilon) D}$	geology, fluid mechanics, porous media (inertial over viscous forces in fluid flow through porous media)
Bodenstein number	Bo or Bd	$\mathrm{Bo} = vL/\mathcal{D} = \mathrm{Re}\, \mathrm{Sc}$	chemistry (residence-time distribution; similar to the axial mass transfer Peclet number)^[5]
Bond number	Bo	$\mathrm{Bo} = \frac{\rho a L^2}{\gamma}$	geology, fluid mechanics, porous media (buoyant versus capillary forces, similar to the Eötvös number) ^[6]
Brinkman number	Br	$\mathrm{Br} = \frac {\mu U^2}{\kappa (T_w - T_0)}$	heat transfer, fluid mechanics (conduction from a wall to a viscous fluid)
Brownell–Katz number	N_BK	$\mathrm{N}_\mathrm{BK} = \frac{u \mu}{k_\mathrm{rw}\sigma}$	fluid mechanics (combination of capillary number and Bond number) ^[7]
Capillary number	Ca	$\mathrm{Ca} = \frac{\mu V}{\gamma}$	porous media, fluid mechanics (viscous forces versus surface tension)
Chandrasekhar number	Q	$\mathrm{Q} = \frac{{B_0}^2 d^2}{\mu_0 \rho \nu \lambda}$	magnetohydrodynamics (ratio of the Lorentz force to the viscosity in magnetic convection)
Colburn J factors	J_M, J_H, J_D		turbulence; heat, mass, and momentum transfer (dimensionless transfer coefficients)
Coefficient of kinetic friction	$\mu_k$		mechanics (friction of solid bodies in translational motion)
Coefficient of static friction	$\mu_s$		mechanics (friction of solid bodies at rest)
Coefficient of determination	$R^2$		statistics (proportion of variance explained by a statistical model)
Coefficient of variation	$\frac{\sigma}{\mu}$	$\frac{\sigma}{\mu}$	statistics (ratio of standard deviation to expectation)
Correlation	ρ or r	$\frac{{\mathbb E}[(X-\mu_X)(Y-\mu_Y)]}{\sigma_X \sigma_Y}$	statistics (measure of linear dependence)
Cost of transport	COT	$\mathrm{COT} = \frac{E}{mgd}$	energy efficiency, economics (ratio of energy input to kinetic motion)
Courant–Friedrich–Levy number	C or 𝜈	$C = \frac {u\,\Delta t} {\Delta x}$	mathematics (numerical solutions of hyperbolic PDEs)^[8]
Damkohler number	Da	$\mathrm{Da} = k \tau$	chemistry (reaction time scales vs. residence time)
Damping ratio	$\zeta$	$\zeta = \frac{c}{2 \sqrt{km}}$	mechanics (the level of damping in a system)
Darcy friction factor	C_f or f_D		fluid mechanics (fraction of pressure losses due to friction in a pipe; four times the Fanning friction factor)
Darcy number	Da	$\mathrm{Da} = \frac{K}{d^2}$	porous media (ratio of permeability to cross-sectional area)
Dean number	D	$\mathrm{D} = \frac{\rho V d}{\mu} \left( \frac{d}{2 R} \right)^{1/2}$	turbulent flow (vortices in curved ducts)
Deborah number	De	$\mathrm{De} = \frac{t_\mathrm{c}}{t_\mathrm{p}}$	rheology (viscoelastic fluids)
Decibel	dB		acoustics, electronics, control theory (ratio of two intensities or powers of a wave)
Drag coefficient	c_d	$c_\mathrm{d} = \dfrac{2 F_\mathrm{d}}{\rho v^2 A}\, ,$	aeronautics, fluid dynamics (resistance to fluid motion)
Dukhin number	Du	$\mathrm{Du} = \frac{\kappa^{\sigma}}{{\Kappa_m} a}$	colloid science (ratio of electric surface conductivity to the electric bulk conductivity in heterogeneous systems)
Eckert number	Ec	$\mathrm{Ec} = \frac{V^2}{c_p\Delta T}$	convective heat transfer (characterizes dissipation of energy; ratio of kinetic energy to enthalpy)
Ekman number	Ek	$\mathrm{Ek} = \frac{\nu}{2D^2\Omega\sin\varphi}$	geophysics (viscous versus Coriolis forces)
Elasticity (economics)	E	$E_{x,y} = \frac{\partial \ln(x)}{\partial \ln(y)} = \frac{\partial x}{\partial y}\frac{y}{x}$	economics (response of demand or supply to price changes)
Eötvös number	Eo	$\mathrm{Eo}=\frac{\Delta\rho \,g \,L^2}{\sigma}$	fluid mechanics (shape of bubbles or drops)
Ericksen number	Er	$\mathrm{Er}=\frac{\mu v L}{K}$	fluid dynamics (liquid crystal flow behavior; viscous over elastic forces)
Euler number	Eu	$\mathrm{Eu}=\frac{\Delta{}p}{\rho V^2}$	hydrodynamics (stream pressure versus inertia forces)
Euler's number	e	$e = \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{ \infty} \dfrac{1}{n!} \approx 2.71828$	mathematics (base of the natural logarithm)
Excess temperature coefficient	$\Theta_r$	$\Theta_r = \frac{c_p (T-T_e)}{U_e^2/2}$	heat transfer, fluid dynamics (change in internal energy versus kinetic energy)^[9]
Fanning friction factor	f		fluid mechanics (fraction of pressure losses due to friction in a pipe; 1/4th the Darcy friction factor)^[10]
Feigenbaum constants	$\alpha$ , $\delta$	$\alpha \approx 2.50290,$ $\ \delta \approx 4.66920$	chaos theory (period doubling)^[11]
Fine structure constant	$\alpha$	$\alpha = \frac{e^2}{2\varepsilon_0 hc}$	quantum electrodynamics (QED) (coupling constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction)
f-number	f	$f = \frac {{\ell}}{{D}}$	optics, photography (ratio of focal length to diameter of aperture)
Föppl–von Kármán number	$\gamma$	$\gamma = \frac{Y r^2}{\kappa}$	virology, solid mechanics (thin-shell buckling)
Fourier number	Fo	$\mathrm{Fo} = \frac{\alpha t}{L^2}$	heat transfer, mass transfer (ratio of diffusive rate versus storage rate)
Fresnel number	F	$\mathit{F} = \frac{a^{2}}{L \lambda}$	optics (slit diffraction)^[12]
Froude number	Fr	$\mathrm{Fr} = \frac{v}{\sqrt{g\ell}}$	fluid mechanics (wave and surface behaviour; ratio of a body's inertia to gravitational forces)
Gain	–		electronics (signal output to signal input)
Gain ratio	–		bicycling (system of representing gearing; length traveled over length pedaled)^[13]
Galilei number	Ga	$\mathrm{Ga} = \frac{g\, L^3}{\nu^2}$	fluid mechanics (gravitational over viscous forces)
Golden ratio	$\varphi$	$\varphi = \frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} \approx 1.61803$	mathematics, aesthetics (long side length of self-similar rectangle)
Görtler number	G	$\mathrm{G} = \frac{U_e \theta}{\nu} \left( \frac{\theta}{R} \right)^{1/2}$	fluid dynamics (boundary layer flow along a concave wall)
Graetz number	Gz	$\mathrm{Gz} = {D_H \over L} \mathrm{Re}\, \mathrm{Pr}$	heat transfer, fluid mechanics (laminar flow through a conduit; also used in mass transfer)
Grashof number	Gr	$\mathrm{Gr}_L = \frac{g \beta (T_s - T_\infty ) L^3}{\nu ^2}$	heat transfer, natural convection (ratio of the buoyancy to viscous force)
Gravitational coupling constant	$\alpha_G$	$\alpha_G=\frac{Gm_e^2}{\hbar c}$	gravitation (attraction between two massy elementary particles; analogous to the Fine structure constant)
Hatta number	Ha	$\mathrm{Ha} = \frac{N_{\mathrm{A}0}}{N_{\mathrm{A}0}^{\mathrm{phys}}}$	chemical engineering (adsorption enhancement due to chemical reaction)
Hagen number	Hg	$\mathrm{Hg} = -\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\mathrm{d} p}{\mathrm{d} x}\frac{L^3}{\nu^2}$	heat transfer (ratio of the buoyancy to viscous force in forced convection)
Hydraulic gradient	i	$i = \frac{\mathrm{d}h}{\mathrm{d}l} = \frac{h_2 - h_1}{\mathrm{length}}$	fluid mechanics, groundwater flow (pressure head over distance)
Iribarren number	Ir	$\mathrm{Ir} = \frac{\tan \alpha}{\sqrt{H/L_0}}$	wave mechanics (breaking surface gravity waves on a slope)
Jakob number	Ja	$\mathrm{Ja} = \frac{c_p (T_\mathrm{s} - T_\mathrm{sat}) }{\Delta H_{\mathrm{f}} }$	chemistry (ratio of sensible to latent energy absorbed during liquid-vapor phase change)^[14]
Karlovitz number	Ka	$\mathrm{Ka} = k t_c$	turbulent combustion (characteristic flow time times flame stretch rate)
Keulegan–Carpenter number	K_C	$\mathrm{K_C} = \frac{V\,T}{L}$	fluid dynamics (ratio of drag force to inertia for a bluff object in oscillatory fluid flow)
Knudsen number	Kn	$\mathrm{Kn} = \frac {\lambda}{L}$	gas dynamics (ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale)
Kt/V	Kt/V		medicine (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis treatment; dimensionless time)
Kutateladze number	Ku	$\mathrm{Ku} = \frac{U_h \rho_g^{1/2}}{\left({\sigma g (\rho_l - \rho_g)}\right)^{1/4}}$	fluid mechanics (counter-current two-phase flow)^[15]
Laplace number	La	$\mathrm{La} = \frac{\sigma \rho L}{\mu^2}$	fluid dynamics (free convection within immiscible fluids; ratio of surface tension to momentum-transport)
Lewis number	Le	$\mathrm{Le} = \frac{\alpha}{D} = \frac{\mathrm{Sc}}{\mathrm{Pr}}$	heat and mass transfer (ratio of thermal to mass diffusivity)
Lift coefficient	C_L	$C_\mathrm{L} = \frac{L}{q\,S}$	aerodynamics (lift available from an airfoil at a given angle of attack)
Lockhart–Martinelli parameter	$\chi$	$\chi = \frac{m_\ell}{m_g} \sqrt{\frac{\rho_g}{\rho_\ell}}$	two-phase flow (flow of wet gases; liquid fraction)^[16]
Love numbers	h, k, l		geophysics (solidity of earth and other planets)
Lundquist number	S	$S = \frac{\mu_0LV_A}{\eta}$	plasma physics (ratio of a resistive time to an Alfvén wave crossing time in a plasma)
Mach number	M or Ma	$\mathrm{M} = \frac{{v}}{{v_\mathrm{sound}}}$	gas dynamics (compressible flow; dimensionless velocity)
Magnetic Reynolds number	R_m	$\mathrm{R}_\mathrm{m} = \frac{U L}{\eta}$	magnetohydrodynamics (ratio of magnetic advection to magnetic diffusion)
Manning roughness coefficient	n		open channel flow (flow driven by gravity)^[17]
Marangoni number	Mg	$\mathrm{Mg} = - {\frac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{\mathrm{d}T}}\frac{L \Delta T}{\eta \alpha}$	fluid mechanics (Marangoni flow; thermal surface tension forces over viscous forces)
Morton number	Mo	$\mathrm{Mo} = \frac{g \mu_c^4 \, \Delta \rho}{\rho_c^2 \sigma^3}$	fluid dynamics (determination of bubble/drop shape)
Nusselt number	Nu	$\mathrm{Nu} =\frac{hd}{k}$	heat transfer (forced convection; ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer)
Ohnesorge number	Oh	$\mathrm{Oh} = \frac{ \mu}{ \sqrt{\rho \sigma L }} = \frac{\sqrt{\mathrm{We}}}{\mathrm{Re}}$	fluid dynamics (atomization of liquids, Marangoni flow)
Péclet number	Pe	$\mathrm{Pe} = \frac{du\rho c_p}{k} = \mathrm{Re}\, \mathrm{Pr}$	heat transfer (advection–diffusion problems; total momentum transfer to molecular heat transfer)
Peel number	N_P	$N_\mathrm{P} = \frac{\text{Restoring force}}{\text{Adhesive force}}$	coating (adhesion of microstructures with substrate)^[18]
Perveance	K	${K} = \frac{{I}}{{I_0}}\,\frac{{2}}{{\beta}^3{\gamma}^3} (1-\gamma^2f_e)$	charged particle transport (measure of the strength of space charge in a charged particle beam)
pH	$\mathrm{pH}$	$\mathrm{pH} = - \log_{10}(a_{\textrm{H}^+})$	chemistry (the measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution)
Pi	$\pi$	$\pi = \frac{C}{d} \approx 3.14159$	mathematics (ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter)
Pierce parameter	$C$	$C^3=\frac{Z_c I_K}{4 V_K}$	Traveling wave tube
Pixel	px		digital imaging (smallest addressable unit)
Poisson's ratio	$\nu$	$\nu = -\frac{\mathrm{d}\varepsilon_\mathrm{trans}}{\mathrm{d}\varepsilon_\mathrm{axial}}$	elasticity (load in transverse and longitudinal direction)
Porosity	$\phi$	$\phi = \frac{V_\mathrm{V}}{V_\mathrm{T}}$	geology, porous media (void fraction of the medium)
Power factor	P/S		electronics (real power to apparent power)
Power number	N_p	$N_p = {P\over \rho n^3 d^5}$	electronics (power consumption by agitators; resistance force versus inertia force)
Prandtl number	Pr	$\mathrm{Pr} = \frac{\nu}{\alpha} = \frac{c_p \mu}{k}$	heat transfer (ratio of viscous diffusion rate over thermal diffusion rate)
Prater number	β	$\beta = \frac{-\Delta H_r D_{TA}^e C_{AS}}{\lambda^e T_s}$	reaction engineering (ratio of heat evolution to heat conduction within a catalyst pellet)^[19]
Pressure coefficient	C_P	$C_p = {p - p_\infty \over \frac{1}{2} \rho_\infty V_\infty^2}$	aerodynamics, hydrodynamics (pressure experienced at a point on an airfoil; dimensionless pressure variable)
Q factor	Q	$Q = 2 \pi f_r \frac{\text{Energy Stored}}{\text{Power Loss}}$	physics, engineering (damping of oscillator or resonator; energy stored versus energy lost)
Radian measure	rad	$\text{arc length}/\text{radius}$	mathematics (measurement of planar angles, 1 radian = 180/π degrees)
Rayleigh number	Ra	$\mathrm{Ra}_{x} = \frac{g \beta} {\nu \alpha} (T_s - T_\infin) x^3$	heat transfer (buoyancy versus viscous forces in free convection)
Refractive index	n	$n=\frac{c}{v}$	electromagnetism, optics (speed of light in a vacuum over speed of light in a material)
Relative density	RD	$RD = \frac{\rho_\mathrm{substance}}{\rho_\mathrm{reference}}$	hydrometers, material comparisons (ratio of density of a material to a reference material—usually water)
Relative permeability	$\mu_r$	$\mu_r = \frac{\mu}{\mu_0}$	magnetostatics (ratio of the permeability of a specific medium to free space)
Relative permittivity	$\varepsilon_r$	$\varepsilon_{r} = \frac{C_{x}} {C_{0}}$	electrostatics (ratio of capacitance of test capacitor with dielectric material versus vacuum)
Reynolds number	Re	$\mathrm{Re} = \frac{vL\rho}{\mu}$	fluid mechanics (ratio of fluid inertial and viscous forces)^[1]
Richardson number	Ri	$\mathrm{Ri} = \frac{gh}{u^2} = \frac{1}{\mathrm{Fr}^2}$	fluid dynamics (effect of buoyancy on flow stability; ratio of potential over kinetic energy)^[20]
Rockwell scale	–		mechanical hardness (indentation hardness of a material)
Rolling resistance coefficient	C_rr	$C_{rr} = \frac{F}{N_f}$	vehicle dynamics (ratio of force needed for motion of a wheel over the normal force)
Roshko number	Ro	$\mathrm{Ro} = {f L^{2}\over \nu} =\mathrm{St}\,\mathrm{Re}$	fluid dynamics (oscillating flow, vortex shedding)
Rossby number	Ro	$\mathrm{Ro}=\frac{U}{Lf}$	geophysics (ratio of inertial to Coriolis force)
Rouse number	P or Z	$\mathrm{P} = \frac{w_s}{\kappa u_*}$	sediment transport (ratio of the sediment fall velocity and the upwards velocity of grain)
Schmidt number	Sc	$\mathrm{Sc} = \frac{\nu}{D}$	mass transfer (viscous over molecular diffusion rate)^[21]
Shape factor	H	$H = \frac {\delta^*}{\theta}$	boundary layer flow (ratio of displacement thickness to momentum thickness)
Sherwood number	Sh	$\mathrm{Sh} = \frac{K L}{D}$	mass transfer (forced convection; ratio of convective to diffusive mass transport)
Shields parameter	$\tau_*$ or $\theta$	$\tau_{\ast} = \frac{\tau}{(\rho_s - \rho) g D}$	sediment transport (threshold of sediment movement due to fluid motion; dimensionless shear stress)
Sommerfeld number	S	$\mathrm{S} = \left( \frac{r}{c} \right)^2 \frac {\mu N}{P}$	hydrodynamic lubrication (boundary lubrication)^[22]
Specific gravity	SG		(same as Relative density)
Stanton number	St	$\mathrm{St} = \frac{h}{c_p \rho V} = \frac{\mathrm{Nu}}{\mathrm{Re}\,\mathrm{Pr}}$	heat transfer and fluid dynamics (forced convection)
Stefan number	Ste	$\mathrm{Ste} = \frac{c_p \Delta T}{L}$	phase change, thermodynamics (ratio of sensible heat to latent heat)
Stokes number	Stk or S_k	$\mathrm{Stk} = \frac{\tau U_o}{d_c}$	particles suspensions (ratio of characteristic time of particle to time of flow)
Strain	$\epsilon$	$\epsilon = \cfrac{\partial{F}}{\partial{X}} - 1$	materials science, elasticity (displacement between particles in the body relative to a reference length)
Strouhal number	St or Sr	$\mathrm{St} = {\omega L\over v}$	fluid dynamics (continuous and pulsating flow; nondimensional frequency)^[23]
Stuart number	N	$\mathrm{N} = \frac {B^2 L_{c} \sigma}{\rho U} = \frac{\mathrm{Ha}^2}{\mathrm{Re}}$	magnetohydrodynamics (ratio of electromagnetic to inertial forces)
Taylor number	Ta	$\mathrm{Ta} = \frac{4\Omega^2 R^4}{\nu^2}$	fluid dynamics (rotating fluid flows; inertial forces due to rotation of a fluid versus viscous forces)
Transmittance	T	$T = \frac{I}{I_0}$	optics, spectroscopy (the ratio of the intensities of radiation exiting through and incident on a sample)
Ursell number	U	$\mathrm{U} = \frac{H\, \lambda^2}{h^3}$	wave mechanics (nonlinearity of surface gravity waves on a shallow fluid layer)
Vadasz number	Va	$\mathrm{Va} = \frac{\phi\, \mathrm{Pr}}{\mathrm{Da}}$	porous media (governs the effects of porosity $\phi$ , the Prandtl number and the Darcy number on flow in a porous medium) ^[24]
van 't Hoff factor	i	$i = 1 + \alpha (n - 1)$	quantitative analysis (K_f and K_b)
Wallis parameter	j^*	$j^* = R \left( \frac{\omega \rho}{\mu} \right)^\frac{1}{2}$	multiphase flows (nondimensional superficial velocity)^[25]
Weaver flame speed number	Wea	$\mathrm{Wea} = \frac{w}{w_\mathrm{H}} 100$	combustion (laminar burning velocity relative to hydrogen gas)^[26]
Weber number	We	$\mathrm{We} = \frac{\rho v^2 l}{\sigma}$	multiphase flow (strongly curved surfaces; ratio of inertia to surface tension)
Weissenberg number	Wi	$\mathrm{Wi} = \dot{\gamma} \lambda$	viscoelastic flows (shear rate times the relaxation time)^[27]
Womersley number	$\alpha$	$\alpha = R \left( \frac{\omega \rho}{\mu} \right)^\frac{1}{2}$	biofluid mechanics (continuous and pulsating flows; ratio of pulsatile flow frequency to viscous effects)^[28]

References

1 2 3 "Table of Dimensionless Numbers" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-11-05.
↑ Bagnold number
↑ Bhattacharjee S., Grosshandler W.L. (1988). "The formation of wall jet near a high temperature wall under microgravity environment". ASME MTD 96: 711–6.
↑ Paoletti S., Rispoli F., Sciubba E. (1989). "Calculation of exergetic losses in compact heat exchanger passager". ASME AES 10 (2): 21–9.
↑ Becker, A.; Hüttinger, K. J. (1998). "Chemistry and kinetics of chemical vapor deposition of pyrocarbon—II pyrocarbon deposition from ethylene, acetylene and 1,3-butadiene in the low temperature regime". Carbon 36 (3): 177. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223(97)00175-9.
↑ Bond number
↑ "Home". OnePetro. 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
↑ Courant–Friedrich–Levy number
↑ Schetz, Joseph A. (1993). Boundary Layer Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 132–134. ISBN 0-13-086885-X.
↑ Fanning friction factor
↑ Feigenbaum constants
↑ Fresnel number
↑ Gain Ratio – Sheldon Brown
↑ Incropera, Frank P. (2007). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 376.
↑ Tan, R. B. H.; Sundar, R. (2001). "On the froth–spray transition at multiple orifices". Chemical Engineering Science 56 (21–22): 6337. doi:10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00247-0.
↑ Lockhart–Martinelli parameter
↑ Manning coefficient PDF (109 KB)
↑ Van Spengen, W. M.; Puers, R.; De Wolf, I. (2003). "The prediction of stiction failures in MEMS". IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability 3 (4): 167. doi:10.1109/TDMR.2003.820295.
↑ Davis, Mark E.; Davis, Robert J. (2012). Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering. Dover. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-486-48855-4.
↑ Richardson number
↑ Schmidt number
↑ Sommerfeld number
↑ Strouhal number, Engineering Toolbox
↑ Straughan, B. (2001). "A sharp nonlinear stability threshold in rotating porous convection". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 457 (2005): 87–88. Bibcode:2001RSPSA.457...87S. doi:10.1098/rspa.2000.0657.
↑ Petritsch, G.; Mewes, D. (1999). "Experimental investigations of the flow patterns in the hot leg of a pressurized water reactor". Nuclear Engineering and Design 188: 75. doi:10.1016/S0029-5493(99)00005-9.
↑ Kuneš, J. (2012). "Technology and Mechanical Engineering". Dimensionless Physical Quantities in Science and Engineering. pp. 353–390. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416013-2.00008-7. ISBN 978-0-12-416013-2.
↑ Weissenberg number
↑ Womersley number

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