List of best-selling PC games
Part of a series on: |
Video games |
---|
- This video game-related list is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. It is frequently updated to include new information. You can help by it with reliably sourced entries.
This is a list of PC games (including Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux) that have sold or shipped at least one million copies.
Subscription figures for massively multiplayer online games such as World of Warcraft or Lineage and number of accounts from free-to-play games such as Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft are not taken into account as they do not necessarily correspond to sales.
List
Notes
- ↑ Although Minecraft was first publicly available on 17 May 2009,[2] and the 1.0 version on 18 November 2011, the first version of Minecraft which required a paid account was first publicly available on 23 December 2009,[3] therefore it started accumulating sales on that year.
- ↑ Subscribers are not the same as sales; many Asian markets use a different business model that does not involve retail copies. As such subscriber figures do not equate to sales figures.
- ↑ This excludes the 1.2 million copies given away as part of Blizzard's World of Warcraft annual pass offer.
Older computers
This section lists the sales of video games released for older personal computer platforms, such as the Amiga, Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, BBC Micro, Commodore VIC-20, Commodore 64, FM-7, FM Towns, MSX, NEC PC-88, PC-98, Sharp X1 and X68000. The computer game industry was much smaller when these platforms were active, but gradually increasing; the best-selling computer game up until June 1982 sold 35,000 copies,[108] a major hit in 1983 would have sold around 50,000 copies, and a major hit in 1985 would have sold around 150,000 copies.[109] As such, the threshold is at least 35,000 sales for titles released up until 1982, 50,000 for titles released in 1983, and at least 100,000 sales for titles released from 1984 onwards.
Game | Release year | Copies sold | Sales as of |
---|---|---|---|
The Last Ninja | 1987 | 2 million[110] | 2008 |
Hydlide | 1984 | 1 million in Japan[111] | 2015 |
Thexder | 1985 | 1 million[112] | 1990 |
Dragon Slayer II: Xanadu | 1985 | 400,000 in Japan[113][114] | 1985 |
Sokoban | 1982 | 400,000 in Japan[115] | 1988 |
Zork I | 1980 | 378,987[116] | 1986 |
Skyfox | 1984 | 317,545[117] | 1986 |
The Bard's Tale | 1985 | 300,000[118] | 2003 |
Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar | 1985 | 300,000[119] | 1990 |
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy | 1984 | 254,249[116] | 1986 |
Out Run | 1987 | 250,000 in the UK[120] | 1987 |
Door Door | 1983 | 200,000 in Japan[121] | 1985 |
Gauntlet | 1986 | 200,000 in the UK[122] | 1987 |
Zork II | 1981 | 173,204[116] | 1986 |
Chessmaster 2000 | 1986 | 160,000[123] | 1987 |
The Black Onyx | 1984 | 150,000 in Japan[124] | 1986 |
The Seven Cities of Gold | 1984 | 150,000[125] | 2003 |
Deadline | 1982 | 140,719[116] | 1986 |
Zork III | 1982 | 129,232[116] | 1986 |
Ultima III: Exodus | 1983 | 120,000[126] | 2008 |
Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer | 1987 | 100,000[127] | 1987 |
Pac-Man | 1987 | 100,000 in the US[128] | 1987 |
Will: The Death Trap II | 1985 | 100,000 in Japan[129] | 1986 |
Suspended | 1983 | 99,956[116] | 1986 |
Starcross | 1982 | 90,315[116] | 1986 |
Mystery House | 1980 | 80,000[130] | 2003 |
Choplifter | 1982 | 60,000[131] | 1983 |
Wizard and the Princess | 1980 | 60,000[132] | 2010 |
Ultima I: The First Age of Darkness | 1981 | 50,000[133] | 1990 |
Ultima II: The Revenge of the Enchantress | 1982 | 50,000[134] | 1990 |
Temple of Apshai | 1979 | 40,000 in the US[114] | 1982 |
K-Razy Shoot-Out | 1982 | 35,000 in the US[108] | 1982 |
See also
References
- ↑ Mojang. "Minecraft Stats". www.minecraft.net. Mojang. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ↑ Persson, Markus (17 May 2009). "Minecraft 0.0.11a for public consumption : The Word of Notch". Tumblr. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
- ↑ Minecraft Wiki's contributors (19 January 2014). "Version history/Indev - Minecraft Wiki". Minecraft Wiki. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
- ↑ "Blizzard Entertainment Statistics". statisticbrain. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
- ↑ "Steam Store". 2015-09-18. Retrieved 2016-01-09.
- ↑ "Q4 Activison Blizzard summary" (PDF). Activision Blizzard. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "The Master of Online Mayhem". Forbes. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ Kris Graft (2009-02-11). "Blizzard Confirms One "Frontline Release" for '09". Edge. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ↑ Chalk, Andy (2016-01-04). "Garry's Mod breaks ten million copies sold". PC Gamer. Future plc. Retrieved 2016-01-04.
- ↑ Takahashi, Dean (12 October 2011). "EA's The Sims Social has stolen millions of players from Zynga". VentureBeat. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ↑ "Analysis: Valve's Lifetime Retail Sales For Half-Life, Counter-Strike Franchises". Gamasutra. 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ↑ Mike O’Brien (2015-08-21). "ArenaNet has revealed Guild Wars 2 has sold more than 5 million copies to-date.". www.guildwars2.com. Retrieved 2015-08-30.
- ↑ Mike O’Brien (2015-10-23). "The news comes two months after the announcement the core game would be embracing a free-to-play model". www.guildwars2.com. Retrieved 2015-08-30.
- ↑ "Guild Wars surpasses 6.5 million sales, sequel will be released 'when it's done'". GameDaily. 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
- ↑ Trey Walker. "The Sims overtakes Myst". GameSpot. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ "The Sims Franchise Celebrates Its Fifth Anniversary and Continues to Break Records" (Press release). Electronic Arts. 2005-02-07. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ↑ "Beyond the Myst". The Spokesman-Review. 2001-05-22. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ↑ "The Top 15 Best-Selling PC Games Of All Time: #4: The Sims 2". Tom's Hardware. 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
- ↑ "StarCraft 2: Heart of the Swarm launching in 'first half 2013'" (Press release). polygon.com. 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
- ↑ Orland, Kyle (April 16, 2014). "Introducing Steam Gauge: Ars reveals Steam’s most popular games". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
- ↑ Pham, Alex (2001-05-17). "Game Design; Adding Texture, Detail to Miller Brothers' Legacy". Los Angeles Times. p. T4.
- 1 2 "Diablo II: Lord of Destruction Shatters Sales Records Worldwide With Over 1 Million Copies Sold" (Press release). Blizzard Entertainment. 2001-08-29. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
- 1 2 3 "About Lionhead Studios". Lionhead Studios. Archived from the original on 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
- ↑ Ivan Sulic (2002-04-25). "Roller Coaster Tycoon II". IGN. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ↑ Chris Remo (2009-02-04). "THQ's Farrell: Focus On Fewer, Better Core Titles". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ↑ "That's Edutainment". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media) 107 (19): 91. 1995-05-01. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
- ↑ "John Carmack and iD Software's pineering development work in 3D game engines recognized with two technology Emmy Awards". Shacknews. 2007-01-09. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
- ↑ Matt Pritchard (2000-03-07). "Postmortem: Ensemble Studios’ Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ↑ "Recommendation of the Board of Directors to Reject Electronic Arts Inc.'s Tender Offer" (PDF). Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. 2008-03-26. pp. 12, 14, 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- ↑ Mallinson, Paul (May 31, 2002). "Games that changed the world: Command & Conquer". Computer & Video Games (Press release). Archived from the original on June 27, 2009.
- 1 2 "Westwood Studios Ships More Than 1 Million Copies of Red Alert 2" (Press release). Electronic Arts. 2000-11-02. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- 1 2 3 Avni Yerli (2010-05-26). "CryEngine 3 - The next generation of interactive entertainment and real-time 3D technologies" (PDF). Crytek. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ↑ "3,000,000 Survivors have arrived in DayZ". Bohemia Interactive site. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
- ↑ "Warcraft III Shatters Sales Records". 2002-07-22. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
- 1 2 Chris Remo (2008-12-03). "Analysis: Valve's Lifetime Retail Sales For Half-Life, Counter-Strike Franchises". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- 1 2 "Now What Was That GT and Hasbro Were Saying About American Game Purchasers Being a Group of 17-28 Year Olds Only Interested in Bloody Games?". Just Adventure. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ Dumitrescu, Andrei (25 June 2014). "Paradox: Magicka 2 on PlayStation 4 Is a Risk". Softpedia. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
- ↑ "Age of Empires 3: The Asian Dynasties". Gamearena. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ↑ Wolfgang Duhr (2002-11-16). "1503 A.D. - The New World: Volume 6 (PC)". GameSpy. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
- ↑ "ANNO 1602 ist auch nach vier Jahren noch die Nr. 1 in den Jahrescharts!" (in German). Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software. 2003-02-13. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ↑ "Cossacks II: Napoleonic Wars is Gold". Softpedia. 2005-04-13. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ↑ "Sales Figures | Facepunch". Facepunch. 2015-01-20. Retrieved 2015-01-20.
- 1 2 "2006 interim report January–June". Digital Illusions CE. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-13. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ↑ R, Jackie (2013-01-13). "The Witcher 2 Has Sold Over 2.2 Million Units". http://thenexusnews.com/. Retrieved 2013-02-19. External link in
|publisher=
(help) - ↑ "CD Projekt Red's CEO On Being Poland's Number 1, The Witcher 2 And Mass Effect 3".
- ↑ Geoff Keighley. "Haunted Glory: The Rise and Fall of Trilobyte". GameSpot. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
- ↑ ""Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings" Crowned No. 1 On Holiday Sales Charts Around the World". Microsoft. 2000-01-27. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ↑ "The Binding of Isaac broke two million sales". Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ "All Time Top 20 Best Selling Games". 2003-05-21. Archived from the original on 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
- ↑ "What id is". id Software. December 1998. Archived from the original on 1999-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
- ↑ Avdejev, Viktor. "Gamescom is almost here". Blog SCS Software. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ↑ "Surprise, 'GTA 5' Is Also A Massive Hit On PC". 2015-04-14.
- ↑ "2K Games Announces Mafia 2". 2K Games. 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
- ↑ Tal Blevins (2004-08-06). "Neverwinter Nights 2 (PC)". The History of Dungeons & Dragons. GameSpy. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ↑ "SimCity has sold over 1.6 million units". Gamespot. 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
- ↑ John (October 11, 2009). "The Open Source Future". The Metropolis Project. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
- ↑ "EA Reports Second Quarter Fiscal Year 2009 Results" (Press release). Electronic Arts. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ↑ "Fireflyworlds Stronghold Crusader 2". Firefly Studios. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ "Warcraft II: Battle.Net Edition goes gold". Blizzard Entertainment. 1999-10-01. Archived from the original on 1999-10-12. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
- ↑ "Sacred 2 - Fallen Angel to Have Multiplayer Arena at Games Convention" (Press release). Ascaron. 2007-08-02. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
- ↑ Typpö, Juho (December 25, 2015). "Cities: Skylines on vuoden suomalainen videopeli-ilmiö, ja tämä nainen on sen takana". Nyt. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
- ↑ "D.I.C.E.(R) Summit Goes Global" (Press release). GCA Games Convention Asia. 2009-07-28. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ↑ "EA announces Alice and more at CA Showcase – first Alice trailer included". VG247. 2010-07-21. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
- ↑ Rade Stojsavljevic (2000-04-04). "Postmortem:Westwood Studios' Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun". Gamasutra. p. 4. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
- ↑ Paul Hyman (2005-06-13). "Digital distribution: Keep the money and run?". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
- ↑ "LucasArts Announces Star Wars Galaxies: The Starter Kit -- Everything You Need To Visit A Galaxy Far, Far Away -- Eventually!". LucasArts. 2005-11-08. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
- ↑ "Stronghold 2 Announced". IGN. 2004-08-24. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ↑ "New Total Annihilation title announced". gamershell. 2002-05-16. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- 1 2 Joe Keiser (2006-08-25). "The top 100 PC games of the 21st Century". Next-Gen.biz. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
- ↑ "Chinese Paladin5" (in Chinese). SinaGame. 2014-06-27.
- ↑ Jim Dunnigan (2000-03-22). "Wargames Handbook".
- ↑ Purchese, Robert (2015-09-30). "Prison Architect earns $19m from 1.25m sales - but what's next?". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
- ↑ "EA Reports Second Quarter Fiscal Year 2009 Results" (Press release). Electronic Arts. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ↑ McWhertor, Michael (21 March 2013). "StarCraft 2: Heart of the Swarm sells 1.1 million copies in two days". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ↑ "Crusader Kings 2 has sold 1.1 million copies and over 2.5 million expansion copies". GamersParadise. 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2015-02-13.
- ↑ "Killing Floor has sold a million! - Killing Floor Co-Op Survival Horror". Killingfloorthegame.com. 2012-02-14. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
- ↑ ""Age of Mythology" Goes Platinum With More Than 1 Million Units Sold". Microsoft. 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
- ↑ "Ark: Survival Evolved Hits 1 Million Early Access Sales". IGN. 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2015-07-21.
- ↑ Purchese, Robert (29 May 2014). "Arma 3 sales pass the 1m mark". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ↑ "NVIDIA's Roy Taylor PC Interview". Eurogamer. 2008-06-10.
- ↑ Chris Woodard (2006-05-12). "E3 Workshop: The Inner Game: What Goes Into The Industry's Best-Selling Titles". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
- ↑ "C&C3 PC Sold 128,000 in U.S.A. In First Week (1M Worldwide So Far)". IGN Entertainment. 2007-05-11. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
- ↑ Jim Napier (2000-03-06). "Postmortem: Sierra's SWAT3 Close Quarters Battle". Gamasutra. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
- ↑ J. C. Herz (1998-12-17). "Game Theory; On Deer Hunter's Trail, Rivals and a Spoof". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
- ↑ Lauren Loveday (2007-11-24). "Dungeon Lords 2 and Dungeon Lords Expansion Announced". RPGamer. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
- ↑ "Sierra Announces Development of Empire Earth: The Art of Conquest". Sierra Entertainment. 2002-05-16. Archived from the original on 2003-02-12. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
- ↑ Reidy, Chris (March 17, 1998). "Hasbro Unit Pays $5m for Atari Arcade Game Rights Plans Include New Versions for Users of PCs, Playstation". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Just before the holidays, Hasbro Interactive introduced a PC version of Frogger; in less than four months, it has sold nearly one million units
- ↑ "Tim Schafer Interview". Edge. August 2009. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
- ↑ Martin Korda (2008-02-25). "Imperium Romanum Review". Computer and Video Games. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- 1 2 3 4 Tom Kim (2007-11-14). "The Strange History Of Gamecock's Mike Wilson". Gamasutra. p. 6. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
- ↑ "Hidden & Dangerous 2: Sabre Squadron Screens". GamersHell. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ↑ "SouthPeak Interactive Corporation’s Hotel Giant 2 for PC Now Open for Business" (Press release). SouthPeak Interactive Corporation. 2010-01-28.
- ↑ "Imperivm hits 1,000,000 and becomes Platinum.". FX Interactive. 2006-05-11. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ↑ "Softstar Entertainment" (in Chinese). 2006-02-09. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
- ↑ TomM_GScom (2009-01-23). "Confirmed: Microsoft Flight Sim studio closing". GameSpot. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ↑ "Codemasters launches Operation Flashpoint: Game of the Year edition" (Press release). Codemasters. 2002-08-29. Archived from the original on March 22, 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ↑ "1.000.000 de aficionados a la estrategia ya disfrutan de la saga Patrician en todo el mundo. Únete a ellos." (in Spanish). FX Interactive. 2006-03-23. Archived from the original on 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ↑ Randy Sluganski (March 1999). "Roberta Williams Speaks Out ...". Just Adventure+. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
- 1 2 "id history". id Software. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
- ↑ "Activision Inc /NY Form:10-K Filing Date:7/8/1996". EDGAR. 1996-08-07. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
- ↑ "Runaway (DS) - Exclusive Featurette". GameTrailers. 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ↑ Rosa Marek. "space engineers - one million copies sold!". Space Engineers Website. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ "Lucas Arts Milestones". Archived from the original on 2007-02-04. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
- ↑ Menne, Tanja (2008-06-06). "Space Siege Interview" (in German). Eurogamer. p. 2. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- 1 2 "Gearbox Software licenses Unreal Engine 3". Gearbox Software. 2005-09-22. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
- ↑ "Millionaire Tops One Million! 1 Million Units of WhoWants to be a Millionaire CD-ROM Shipped in First Four Weeks". Business Wire. 1999-12-20. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ↑ "Although initially there were major concerns about a published only on CD-ROM title, the title sold over one million copies It was EA's first CD-ROM exclusive million-seller.". Business Wire. 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
- 1 2 "List of Top Sellers". Computer Gaming World 2 (5): 2. September–October 1982.
- ↑ Katz, Arnie (January 1985). "1984: The Year That Shook Electronic Gaming". Electronic Games 3 (35): 30–31 [30]. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- ↑ Rosenberg, Adam (June 4, 2008). "Ninjas in Games". UGO Networks. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ↑ John Szczepaniak, History of Japanese Video Games, Kinephanos, ISSN 1916-985X
- ↑ "Back Cover", Fire Hawk: Thexder The Second Contact (Game Arts & Sierra On-Line), 1990, retrieved 2012-02-10
- ↑ "Xanadu Next home page". Retrieved 2008-09-08. (Translation)
- 1 2 Hendricks, Fayyaad (22 December 2011). "A complete history of role-playing videogames: Part 2". EL33TONLINE. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ↑ Green, W., ed. (1988). "Made in Japan". InCider 6: 158. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Great Scott: Infocom's All-Time Sales Numbers Revealed". GameSetWatch. Think Services. 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
- ↑ "Skyfox". Ray Tobey. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ↑ Wilson, Rusel DeMaria; Johnny L. (2003). High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games (2. ed.). New York [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. p. 209. ISBN 0-07-223172-6.
- ↑ The Official Book of Ultima, second edition, by Shay Addams, page 56
- ↑ "License To Thrill?". ACE (10): 31. July 1988. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ↑ Fujii, Daiji (2003). "Entrepreneurial Choices of Strategic Options in Japan's RPG Development" (PDF). p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2006-08-12.
- ↑ "Out Run". Crash (49): 22–23. February 1988. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ↑ "Games That Grownups Play". Time 130: 196. 1987. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ↑ Edge Staff (2008-03-06). "THE MAKING OF... Japan's First RPG". nex-gen.biz. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
- ↑ Wilson, Rusel DeMaria; Johnny L. (2003). High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games (2. ed.). New York [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. p. 176. ISBN 0-07-223172-6.
- ↑ Barton, Matt (May 26, 2008). "Book Extract: Dungeons and Desktops: 'The Silver Age'". Gamasutra. p. 4. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ↑ "Yeager Leads Video Games Resurgence". Press-Courier. December 13, 1987. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ↑ J.F. Archibald, J. Haynes, ed. (1988). "Video Games Are Back". The Bulletin (5609-5616): 134. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
Mindscape, a software company based in Northbrook, sold more than 100,000 copies of Pac Man for the PC last December alone.
- ↑ Fujii, Daiji (2003). "Entrepreneurial Choices of Strategic Options in Japan's RPG Development" (PDF). p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2006-08-12.
- ↑ Wilson, Rusel DeMaria; Johnny L. (2003). High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games (2. ed.). New York [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. p. 135. ISBN 0-07-223172-6.
- ↑ "Games". InfoWorld 5 (14): 4. 4 April 1983. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ↑ Steven Levy (2010). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (1st ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. p. 259. ISBN 1-4493-8839-6. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ↑ The Official Book of Ultima, second edition, by Shay Addams, page 16
- ↑ The Official Book of Ultima, second edition, by Shay Addams, page 23