List of battles by casualties

The following is a list of the casualty count in battles in world history. The list includes both sieges (not technically battles but usually yielding similar combat-related deaths) and civilian casualties during the battles. Large battle casualty counts are almost impossible to calculate precisely. Many of these figures are estimates, and, where possible, a range of estimates is presented. Figures display numbers of all types of casualties when available (killed, wounded, missing, and sick) but may only include number killed. Where possible, the list specifies whether or not prisoners are included in the count. This list does not include bombing runs (such as the attack on Pearl Harbor and atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) or massacres such as the Rape of Nanking, which, despite potentially massive casualties, are not typically classified as "battles," since they are usually one-sided engagements or the nation attacked upon is not officially at war with the attackers. Tactical or strategic strikes, however, may form part of larger engagements which are themselves battles.

Sieges and urban combat

This list includes sieges, as well as modern battles that were fought primarily in urban areas. Major military operations that included city fighting are listed below. Sieges and urban combat often include heavy civilian casualties, which are included in this list.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Siege Conflict Casualties Year
Siege of Sidon Phoenician rebellion against Persia Over 40,000[1] 343 BC
Siege of Jerusalem First Jewish–Roman War ~60,000 to 70,000[2] 70
Siege of Jerusalem Roman–Persian Wars ~70,000 to 90,000[3] 614
Siege of Baghdad (1258) Mongol conquests 250,000–2,100,000+ including civilians[4] 1258
Siege of Constantinople Arab–Byzantine wars 130,000–170,000[5] 717–718
Siege of Jerusalem First Crusade ~40,000[6] 1099
Siege of Baghdad Mongol invasions 80,000[7] 1258
Siege of Tenochtitlan Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire ~100,000 to 240,000[8][9] 1521
Siege of Rhodes Ottoman wars in Europe 55,200[10] 1522
Great Siege of Malta Ottoman wars in Europe 29,000[11]–40,000[12] 1565
Siege of Ulsan Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) 20,000[13] 1597
Siege of La Rochelle French Wars of Religion 18,600+[14] 1627–28
Sack of Magdeburg Thirty Years' War 20,000[15]–25,000+[16] 1630
Second Siege of Zaragoza Peninsular War 64,000[17] 1808–09
Siege of Vicksburg American Civil War 19,000[17] 1863
Siege of Petersburg American Civil War 70,000[18] 1864–65
Siege of Plevna Russo-Turkish War 37,000[19] 1877
Siege of Port Arthur Russo-Japanese War 100,000[20] 1904–05
Siege of Adrianople First Balkan War 93,282, including captured[21] 1912–13
Battle of Taiyuan Second Sino-Japanese War 130,000[22] 1937
Battle of Xinkou Second Sino-Japanese War 200,000[23] 1937
Battle of Shanghai Second Sino-Japanese War 400,000[24] 1937
Battle of Wuhan Second Sino-Japanese War 540,000[25] 1938
First Battle of Changsha Second Sino-Japanese War 80,000+[26] 1939
Battle of Nanchang Second Sino-Japanese War 75,328[27] 1939
Siege of Odessa World War II 133,813[28] 1941
Battle of South Shanxi Second Sino-Japanese War 120,000+[29] 1941
Third Battle of Changsha Second Sino-Japanese War 84,862 killed[30] 1942
Battle of Stalingrad World War II 1,250,000[31]–1,798,619[32] 1942–43
Battle of Changde Second Sino-Japanese War 100,000[33] 1943
Battle of West Hubei Second Sino-Japanese War 115,830[34] 1943
Siege of Leningrad World War II 1,117,000[35][36] – 4,500,000[37] 1941–44
Warsaw Uprising World War II 200,000+ killed[38] 1944
Siege of Budapest World War II 422,000[39] 1944–45
Battle of Berlin World War II 1,298,745[40][41] 1945
Siege of Changchun Chinese Civil War 425,000[42] 1948[43]
Battle of Kiev World War II 700,544[44] 1941
Battle of Manila World War II 100,000–500,000[45][46][47][48] 1945
Siege of Sarajevo Bosnian War 12,000 killed, with 50,000 wounded[49][50] 1992–96
Battle of Aleppo Syrian Civil War 26,000+ killed[51] 2012-ongoing

Major operations

This list includes major operations and prolonged battles or operations fought over a large area or for a long time. The duration of some operations, like the Battle of Moscow, are disputed so numbers found in various sources may differ for that reason alone.

Operation Conflict Casualties Year
Six Days' Campaign War of the Sixth Coalition 80,000[52] 1814
Peninsula Campaign American Civil War 36,463[53] 1862
Battle of Chancellorsville American Civil War 30,000[54]–30,500[55] 1863
Overland Campaign American Civil War 87,000[56]–92,000[17] 1864
Appomattox Campaign American Civil War 16,500[18] 1865
Battle of Mukden Russo-Japanese War 160,000[57] 1905
Battle of Lule Burgas First Balkan War 42,162+[58] 1912
First Battle of Çatalca First Balkan War 22,000[59] 1912
Battle of Bregalnica Second Balkan War 36,620[21] 1913
The Rape of Belgium World War I 32,000[60] 1914
Battle of Tannenberg World War I 145,000[61]–160,000[62] 1914
First Battle of the Marne World War I 513,000[63] 1914
First Battle of Ypres World War I 210,000[64] 1914
Battle of Łódź World War I 130,000[65] 1914
Second Battle of Ypres World War I 104,208[66]–107,000[67] 1915
Gallipoli Campaign World War I 503,000[66]–552,000[68] 1915
Second Battle of Artois World War I 186,000[66] 1915
Second Battle of Champagne–Third Battle of Artois World War I 75,000[67]–440,000[66] 1915
Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive World War I 300,000[66] 1915
Serbian Campaign (1915) World War I 331,000, including prisoners[69] 1915
Battle of Verdun World War I 755,000[70]–976,000[66] 1916
Battle of Asiago World War I 250,000[66] 1916
Brusilov Offensive World War I 1,600,000[66] 1916
Battle of the Somme World War I 1,120,000[71]–1,215,000[66] 1916
Monastir Offensive World War I 111,000[72] 1916
Romanian Campaign World War I 240,000[66] 1916–1917
Nivelle Offensive World War I 354,000[73] 1917
Battle of Messines World War I 42,000[74][75] 1917
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo World War I 200,000[76] 1917
Third Battle of Ypres World War I Over 585,000[77] 1917
Battle of Caporetto World War I 60,000[78] 1917
Battle of Cambrai World War I 95,000[78] 1917
Spring Offensive World War I 900,000[79] 1918
Second Battle of the Marne World War I 288,000[79] 1918
Battle of Warsaw Polish–Soviet War About 130,000, not including prisoners[80] 1920
Invasion of Manchuria Second Sino-Japanese War 35,000[81] 1931
Battle of Guadalajara Spanish Civil War 12,000[82] 1937
Battle of Teruel Spanish Civil War 110,000, including prisoners[83] 1937–38
Battle of the Ebro Spanish Civil War 106,500[83] 1938
Battle of Xuzhou Second Sino-Japanese War 130,000[84] 1938
1938 Yellow River Flood Second Sino-Japanese War 800,000[85] 1938
Battles of Khalkhin Gol Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 42,000[86] 1939
Invasion of Poland World War II 310,000[87] 1939
Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang Second Sino-Japanese War 49,000[88] 1939
Winter War World War II 152,000[87]–225,000[89] 1939–40
Winter Offensive Second Sino-Japanese War 100,000+[90] 1939–1940
Operation Weserübung World War II 12,800[87] 1940
Battle of France World War II 469,000[91] 1940
Hundred Regiments Offensive Second Sino-Japanese War 62,900[92] 1940
Greco-Italian War World War II 100,000 dead[93] 1940–41
Battle of Keren World War II 34,000 including over 12,600 killed 1941
Battle of Greece World War II 46,295 dead[94] 1941
Battle of Shanggao Second Sino-Japanese War 42,000[95] 1941
Battle of Crete World War II 16,007 dead [96] 1941
Operation Barbarossa World War II 1,400,000[97]–5,000,000[98] 1941
Battle of Moscow World War II 1,000,000[97] 1941
Battle of Hong Kong World War II 18,000 including prisoners[99] 1941
Battle of Malaya/Battle of Singapore World War II 143,800, and 60,000 prisoners[100] 1941–42
Battle of Bataan/Battle of Corregidor World War II 30,000 killed[101] 1942
Battle of the Kerch Peninsula World War II Over 176,000[102] 1942
Second Battle of Kharkov World War II 300,000[102] 1942
Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign Second Sino-Japanese War 356,000[103] 1942
Battle of Gazala World War II 148,000[104] 1942
Guadalcanal Campaign World War II 29,100[105]–31,100[106] 1942–43
Second Battle of El Alamein World War II 39,400[104]–82,500[107] 1942
Operation Iskra World War II 129,332[108] 1943
Battle of Kursk World War II 257,125[109]–388,000[110] 1943
Dnieper Campaign World War II 1,582,000 (lowest est.) – 2,480,000 (highest est.) 1943
Allied invasion of Sicily World War II At least 36,000 killed, and over 100,000 Italian POWs[111] 1943
Allied invasion of Italy World War II 17,092 killed[112] 1943
Bougainville Campaign World War II 21,929 killed, and 23,571 Japanese prisoners[113] 1943–45
Battle of Monte Cassino World War II 185,000[114] 1944
Battle of Narva World War II 550,000 all causes[115] 1944
Operation Shingle World War II 52,200 killed[116] 1944
Ichi-Go Second Sino-Japanese War 1,300,000+[117] 1944
Normandy landings World War II 14,000–19,000[118] 1944
First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive World War II 195,000[119] 1944
Battle of Saipan World War II 43,500 killed, including mass suicides[120] 1944
Operation Bagration World War II 528,000[39]–1,430,000[121] 1944
Falaise pocket World War II 140,000[122] 1944
Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive World War II 485,424, including prisoners[123][124] 1944
Operation Market Garden World War II 27,200[125] 1944
Battle of Hürtgen Forest World War II 63,000[126] 1944–45
Battle of Leyte Gulf World War II 12,000 killed[127] 1944
Battle of the Bulge World War II 186,369[128] 1944–45
Battle of Luzon World War II 332,330–345,330, including sick[129] 1945
Battle of the Rhineland World War II 82,000 and 250,000 prisoners[130] 1945
Battle of Iwo Jima World War II 44,821[131]–48,700[132] 1945
Battle of Okinawa World War II 113,920[133]–158,400[134] 1945
Burma Campaigns World War II 700,000[135] 1942–45
Battle of West Hunan Second Sino-Japanese War 50,000[136] 1945
Second Guangxi Campaign Second Sino-Japanese War 1,000,000[137] 1945
Arab–Israeli War Arab–Israeli conflict 12,000–19,000[138] 1948–49
Liaoshen Campaign Chinese Civil War 542,000, including captured[139] 1948
Huaihai Campaign Chinese Civil War 689,000, including captured[140] 1948
Pingjin Campaign Chinese Civil War 560,000, including captured[141] 1948–49
Shanghai Campaign Chinese Civil War 213,073[142] 1949
Battle of Inchon Korean War 17,429[143] 1950
Invasion of North Korea Korean War 51,700[144] 1950
Battle of Dien Bien Phu First Indochina War 31,500, not including prisoners[145] 1954
Tet Offensive Vietnam War 65,000[146] 1968
Operation OAU Nigerian Civil War 30,000[146] 1968
Easter Offensive Vietnam War 150,000[146] 1972
Yom Kippur War Arab–Israeli conflict 21,688, not including prisoners[147] 1973
Falklands War Falklands War Under 1000, not including prisoners 1982
1982 Lebanon War Israeli–Lebanese conflict 18,500[147] 1982–85
Gulf War Gulf War 25,678[148] 1991
Invasion of Iraq Iraq War 34,543[149] 2003

Classical formation battles

These refer to battles in which armies met on a single field of battle and fought each other for anywhere from one to several days. With more advanced weapons, military formations lost their impact and use of this type of battle died out in favor of grander military operations. Many of these battles are ancient, and in several cases, the few extant historical records differ, sometimes wildly, on casualties. Entries here use modern figures when available.

This list is sortable. Click a column heading to sort by that criterion.

Battle Conflict Casualties Year
Assyrian Conquest of Syria Assyrian Conquest of Syria Approximately 14,000[150] 853 BC
Battle of Thymbra Lydian–Persian War Approximately 100,000[150] 547 BC
Battle of Thermopylae Greco-Persian Wars 22,300[151]–22,500[152] 480 BC
Battle of Plataea Greco-Persian Wars 51,500[152]–257,000[151] 479 BC
Battle of Chaeronea Rise of Macedon 20,000 or more[153] 338 BC
Battle of the Granicus Wars of Alexander the Great 15,000 or more[153] 334 BC
Battle of Issus Wars of Alexander the Great 50,450[154] 333 BC
Battle of Gaugamela Wars of Alexander the Great 53,500[155] 331 BC
Battle of the Hydaspes Wars of Alexander the Great 23,310[155] 326 BC
Battle of Sentinum Third Samnite War 33,500[156] 295 BC
Battle of Heraclea Pyrrhic War 11,000–26,000[156] 280 BC
Battle of Kalinga Kalinga-Maurya Empire 150,000[157]–200,000[158][159] (including civilians) 262 BC
Battle of Changping Qin's wars of unification 700,000 (doubtful, according to ancient sources) 260 BC
Battle of the Trebia Second Punic War 35,000[160] 218 BC
Battle of Lake Trasimene Second Punic War Approximately 30,000[160] 217 BC
Battle of Cannae Second Punic War 56,000[161]–92,000 or more[162] 216 BC
Battle of the Metaurus Second Punic War 12,000[163] 207 BC
Battle of Zama Second Punic War 21,500[163] 202 BC
Battle of Magnesia Roman–Syrian War 53,350[164] 190 BC
Battle of Pydna Third Macedonian War 21,000[164] 168 BC
Battle of Arausio Germanic Wars (Cimbrian War) 84,000[165][166][167] 105 BC
Battle of Carrhae Roman–Persian Wars 24,000[168] 53 BC
Battle of Pharsalus Caesar's Civil War 17,000[169] 48 BC
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest Roman–Germanic wars 20,000[170] 9 AD
Battle of Watling Street Iceni Revolt 80,400[171] 61 AD
Battle of Mons Graupius Roman conquest of Britain 10,360[172] 84 AD
Battle of Red Cliffs Three Kingdoms Approximately 100,000[173] 208
Battle of Adrianople Gothic War 40,000 or more[174] 378
Battle of Fei River Wu Hu Era 150,000 or more [175] 383
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains Hunnic Invasion 165,000 (doubtful, according to one ancient source)[176] 451
Battle of Salsu Goguryeo–Sui Wars 302,300[177] 612
Battle of al-Qādisiyyah Muslim conquest of Persia 31,000[178] 636
Battle of Muzayyah Muslim conquest of Persia 10,000 633
Battle of Ullais Muslim conquest of Persia 35,000[179] 633
Battle of River Muslim conquest of Persia more than 15,000[180] 633
Battle of Walaja Muslim conquest of Persia 22,000[181] 636
Battle of Saniyy Muslim conquest of Persia 5,000 633
Battle of Nahāvand Muslim conquest of Persia 28,500[182] 642
Battle of Yarmouk Arab–Byzantine wars 70,000 circa[5] 636
Battle of Didgori Georgian–Seljuk wars Approximately 210,000 [183] 1121
Battle of Hattin Ayyubid–Crusader War 17,000–20,000[184] 1187
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa Reconquista Approximately 60,000[185] 1212
Battle of the Kalka River Mongol invasion of Rus' 20,000 or more[186] 1223
Battle of Legnica Mongol invasion of Poland Approximately 30,000[187] 1241
Battle of Mohi Mongol invasion of Europe Approximately 15,000[188] 1241
Battle of Yamen Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty Approximately 100,000 1279
Battle of Bannockburn First War of Scottish Independence Approximately 19,000[189] 1314
Battle of Kulikovo List of Mongol and Tatar raids against Rus' Approximately 136,000 1380
Battle of the Terek River Tokhtamysh–Timur war Approximately 100,000[190] 1395
Conquest of Delhi Timur's Indian campaign Approximately 100,000[191][192] 1398
Battle of Ankara Ottoman–Timur War 15,000 or more[193] 1402
Battle of Grunwald Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War Approximately 13,000[194] 1410
Tumu Crisis Ming–Mongol War 200,000 or more 1449
Battle of Towton Wars of the Roses 28,000[195] 1461
Battle of Kabul Campaigns of Babur 20,000 or more[196] 1504
Battle of Ravenna War of the League of Cambrai 13,500[197] 1512
Battle of Marignano War of the League of Cambrai 11,000–15,000[198] 1515
Battle of Ridaniya Ottoman wars in the Near East 13,000[10] 1517
First Battle of Panipat Mughal Conquest 20,000–50,000[199] 1526
Battle of Mohács Ottoman–Hungarian Wars Probably 30,000[200] 1526
Battle of Ghaghra Mughal Conquest Approximately 13,000[201] 1529
Battle of Lepanto Ottoman–Venetian Wars 22,566–27,566[202] 1571
Battle of Chungju Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) 100,000[203][204] 1592
Battle of Byeokjegwan Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) 6,000[205] 1593
Battle of Sacheon (1598) Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) 30,000[206] 1598
Battle of Sekigahara Sengoku period 60,000 or less[207] 1600
First Battle of Breitenfeld Thirty Years' War 20,000 or more[208] 1631
Battle of Lützen Thirty Years' War 11,000–14,000[208] 1632
Battle of Nördlingen Thirty Years' War 17,000[209] 1634
Battle of the Downs Eighty Years' War 15,000 or more[14] 1639
Battle of Berestechko Khmelnytsky Uprising 30,000–40,000[210] 1651
Battle of Samugarh Mughal Conquest 32,000[14] 1658
Battle of Khajwa Mughal Conquest 20,000[14] 1659
Battle of Vienna Ottoman–Habsburg wars 19,500[211] 1683
Battle of Bijapur Mughal Conquest 17,000[212] 1686
Battle of Landen War of the Grand Alliance 28,000[212] 1693
Battle of Zenta Ottoman–Habsburg wars 30,300[11] 1697
Battle of Jinji Mughal Conquest 16,000[212] 1698
Battle of Blenheim War of the Spanish Succession 32,000[212] 1704
Battle of Ramillies War of the Spanish Succession 15,600[213] 1706
Battle of Malplaquet War of the Spanish Succession 95,000[213] 1709
Battle of Fontenoy War of the Austrian Succession 14,000[214] 1745
Battle of Leuthen Seven Years' War 11,800[215] 1757
Battle of Zorndorf Seven Years' War 30,000 1758
Third Battle of Panipat Marathas and Afghans Approximately 100,000; up to 200,000 (including civilian camp followers)[216][217] 1761
Battle of Arcole War of the First Coalition 11,000[218] 1796
Battle of Marengo War of the Second Coalition 16,400[219] 1800
Ulm Campaign War of the Third Coalition 11,500[219] 1805
Battle of Austerlitz War of the Third Coalition 24,300[220] 1805
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt War of the Fourth Coalition 52,000 including prisoners later killed[221] 1806
Battle of Eylau War of the Fourth Coalition 40,000[221] 1807
Battle of Wagram War of the Fifth Coalition 77,000[221]–79,000[222] 1809
Battle of Talavera Peninsular War 13,900[223] 1809
Battle of Salamanca Peninsular War 18,800[224] 1812
Battle of Borodino French invasion of Russia 74,000[225] 1812
Battle of Berezina French invasion of Russia 60,000[225] 1812
Battle of Vitoria Peninsular War 13,000[224] 1813
Battle of Leipzig War of the Sixth Coalition 124,000[52] 1813
Battle of Ligny Hundred Days 28,000[226] 1815
Battle of Waterloo Hundred Days 47,000 or more (not including prisoners and missing)[227][228] 1815
Battle of Blood River Zulu purge of Voortrekkers 3,000 or more to Zulu side only (not including wounded)[229] 1838
Battle of Inkerman Crimean War 15,857[230] 1854
Battle of Shiloh American Civil War 24,000[231] 1862
Battle of Antietam American Civil War 23,000[55]–26,193[232] 1862
Battle of Fredericksburg American Civil War 17,300[55]–17,962[233] 1862
Battle of Gettysburg American Civil War 51,000[234][235] 1863
Battle of Chickamauga American Civil War Approximately 34,000[236] 1863
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House American Civil War Approximately 30,000[237] 1864
Battle of Stones River American Civil War Approximately 24,000[238] 1862 – 1863
Battle of Königgrätz Austro-Prussian War 47,500[239] 1866
Battle of Tuyutí Paraguayan War 7,000–16,000[240] 1866
Battle of Mars-la-Tour/Battle of Gravelotte Franco-Prussian War 34,000[239] 1870
Battle of Sedan Franco-Prussian War 26,000[241] 1870
Battle of Adwa First Italo-Ethiopian War 17,300[242] 1896
Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican Philippine Revolutionary War 2,000–15,000[243] 1896
Battle of Omdurman Mahdist War 20,430[244] 1898
Battle of Mons/Battle of Le Cateau World War I 18,000[60] 1914
Battle of Sakarya Greco–Turkish War of 1919–22 61,000[245][246] 1921

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Artaxerxes III Ochus (358 BCE to 338 BCE)". Retrieved 2 March 2008.
  2. ↑ Josephus, The Wars of the Jews VI.9.3
  3. ↑ Antiochus Strategos, "The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD", F. C. Conybeare, English Historical Review 25 (1910) pp. 502–517.
  4. ↑ Saunders, J.J. 2001. The History of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  5. 1 2 Grant, p. 74
  6. ↑ Paul Tobin http://web.archive.org/web/20091027110712/http://geocities.com/paulntobin/crusades.html
  7. ↑ Grant, p. 93
  8. ↑ Mann, p. 143
  9. ↑ Hassig
  10. 1 2 Grant, p. 129
  11. 1 2 Grant, p. 133
  12. ↑ Arnold Cassola, The 1565 Ottoman Malta Campaign Register, (Publishers Enterprise Group: Malta, 1998), p. 111.
  13. ↑ https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7320 History of the Ming chapter 320 士卒物故者二萬
  14. 1 2 3 4 Grant, p. 149.
  15. ↑ Grant, p. 150
  16. ↑ Firoozi, Edith, and Ira N. Klein. Universal History of the World: The Age of Great Kings. Vol. 9. New York: Golden Press, 1966. pp. 738–739.
  17. 1 2 3 Grant, p. 230
  18. 1 2 Grant, p. 231
  19. ↑ Grant, p. 263
  20. ↑ Grant, p. 252
  21. 1 2 Hall, p. 112
  22. ↑ 太原大会战. ISBN 978-7221096166.
  23. ↑ "忻口会战_互动百科". www.hudong.com. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  24. ↑ "Second Battle of Shanghai". WW2DB. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
  25. ↑ "Battle of Wuhan". WW2DB. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
  26. ↑ "First Battle of Changsha". WW2DB. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  27. ↑ "Battle of Nanchang". WW2DB. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  28. ↑ Glantz (1995), p. 293
  29. ↑ "Battle of South Shanxi". WW2DB. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  30. ↑ Hsiung, James. China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945. p. 158.
  31. ↑ Grant, p. 308
  32. ↑ Wagner, p. 528
  33. ↑ China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan 1937-1945. p. 161.
  34. ↑ Tuchman, Barbara. Stilwell and the American Experience in China.
  35. ↑ Сведения городской комиссии по установлению и расследованию злодеяний немецко-фашистских захватчиков и их сообщников о числе погибшего в Ленинграде населения ЦГА СПб, Ф.8357. Оп.6. Д. 1108 Л. 46–47
  36. ↑ Harrison Evans Salisbury (1969). The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad. Da Capo Press. p. 590.
  37. ↑ Glantz, David (2001), The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror, Zenith Press, Osceola, WI, ISBN 0-7603-0941-8. p. 220
  38. ↑ World War 2: Warsaw Uprising :: FAQ
  39. 1 2 Grant, p. 318
  40. ↑ Glantz, p. 271
  41. ↑ Krivosheev, pp. 219–220
  42. ↑ Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon. 2006. Mao: The Unknown Story. London: Vintage Books. p383.
  43. ↑ ANDREW JACOBS (2009-10-02). "China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
  44. ↑ Glantz (1995), p. 293
  45. ↑ Connaughton, R., Pimlott, J., and Anderson, D., 1995, The Battle for Manila, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 0891415785
  46. ↑ Khalifa, Hodieb. Nein.
  47. ↑ Dauria, Tom. Within a Presumption of Godlessness.
  48. ↑ http://battleofmanila.org/Huber/htm/huber_06.htm
  49. ↑
  50. ↑ "From Sarajevo to Hollywood: Life under siege". The Independent (London). 1 September 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  51. ↑
  52. 1 2 Grant, p. 213
  53. ↑ Brewer, p. 33
  54. ↑ Brewer, p. 42
  55. 1 2 3 Grant, p. 227
  56. ↑ Brewer, p. 53
  57. ↑ Grant, p. 253
  58. ↑ Hall, p. 31
  59. ↑ Hall, p. 36
  60. 1 2 Grant, p. 270
  61. ↑ Brewer, p. 99
  62. ↑ Grant, p. 271
  63. ↑ Brewer, p. 100
  64. ↑ Grant, p. 272
  65. ↑ Brewer, p. 110
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Brewer, p. 142
  67. 1 2 Grant, p. 273
  68. ↑ Grant, p. 282
  69. ↑ Spencer Tucker, "Encyclopedia of World War I"(2005) pg 1077, ISBN 1851094202
  70. ↑ Grant, p. 276
  71. ↑ Grant, p. 279
  72. ↑ Tucker, 810
  73. ↑ Grant, p. 277
  74. ↑ Brewer, p. 150
  75. ↑ Grant, p. 280
  76. ↑ Brewer, p. 151
  77. ↑ Brewer, p. 152
  78. 1 2 Grant, p. 281
  79. 1 2 Grant, p. 286
  80. ↑ Grant, p. 292
  81. ↑ "RESISTANCE WARS -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China". www.republicanchina.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
  82. ↑ Grant, p. 294
  83. 1 2 Grant, p. 295
  84. ↑ "Victory at Tai’erzhuang in the Battle of Xuzhou (12) – Xinhua | English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09. line feed character in |title= at position 53 (help)
  85. ↑ Lary, Diana (2001-04-01). "Drowned Earth: The Strategic Breaching of the Yellow River Dyke, 1938". War in History 8 (2): 191–207. doi:10.1177/096834450100800204. ISSN 0968-3445.
  86. ↑ Grant, p. 293
  87. 1 2 3 Grant, p. 298
  88. ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlbcZcB2H-g&feature=related, retrieved 2015-11-09 Missing or empty |title= (help)
  89. ↑ Wagner, p. 437
  90. ↑ http://www.chinamil.com.cn/site1/historymil/2004-10/29/content_1143438.htm. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  91. ↑ Grant, p. 299
  92. ↑ Garber, John. Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945. p. 120.
  93. ↑ Wagner, p. 462
  94. ↑ Wagner, p. 474
  95. ↑ "上高会战——痛歼日寇彪炳史册". www.huaxia.com. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
  96. ↑ Wagner, p. 479
  97. 1 2 Grant, p. 306
  98. ↑ Wagner, p. 480
  99. ↑ Grant, p. 323
  100. ↑ Wagner, p. 502
  101. ↑ Wagner, p. 499
  102. 1 2 Erickson, p. 90
  103. ↑ "Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign". WW2DB. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  104. 1 2 Grant, p. 302
  105. ↑ Wagner, p. 522
  106. ↑ Grant, p. 326
  107. ↑ Wagner, p. 531
  108. ↑ Erickson, p. 138
  109. ↑ Wagner, p. 547
  110. ↑ Grant, p. 307
  111. ↑ Wagner, p. 550
  112. ↑ Wagner, p. 555
  113. ↑ Wagner, p. 560
  114. ↑ Grant, p. 303
  115. ↑ Mart Laar (2006). Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis (Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia) (in Estonian). Tallinn: Varrak.
  116. ↑ Wagner, p. 567
  117. ↑ Pike, Francis (2015-06-18). Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472596727.
  118. ↑ Wagner, p. 580
  119. ↑ Glantz, p. 381
  120. ↑ Wagner, p. 587
  121. ↑ Brewer, p. 306
  122. ↑ Grant, p. 316
  123. ↑ Pat McTaggart: Red Storm in Romania
  124. ↑ Krivosheev, Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, ISBN 1-85367-280-7, Greenhill Books, 1997; (chapter on the Jassy-Kishinev operation in Russian)
  125. ↑ Wagner, p. 592
  126. ↑ Wagner, p. 594
  127. ↑ Wagner, p. 596
  128. ↑ Wagner, p. 600
  129. ↑ Wagner, p. 606
  130. ↑ Grant, p. 317
  131. ↑ Wagner, p. 608
  132. ↑ Grant, p. 328
  133. ↑ Wagner, p. 612
  134. ↑ Grant, p. 329
  135. ↑ McLynn. The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945. p. 1.
  136. ↑ "湘西会战：历时两月 最终以日军彻底溃败而告终".
  137. ↑ "Articles on 1945 in China, Including: Battle of West Hunan, Battle of West Henan North Hubei, Second Guangxi Campaign, Shangdang Campaign, Handan Cam (English) – Buy Articles on 1945 in China, Including: Battle of West Hunan, Battle of West Henan North Hubei, Second Guangxi Campaign, Shangdang Campaign, Handan Cam (English) by Books, Hephaestus|author; Online at Best Prices in India - Flipkart.com". Flipkart.com. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
  138. ↑ Grant, p. 344
  139. ↑ Liaoning-Shenyang Campaign
  140. ↑ Yu and Huaihai Campaign, p.5
  141. ↑ Pingjin rewrite history? ? Tianjin Campaign
  142. ↑ "Chinese Civil War, 1945–1949 – Military History – Oxford Bibliographies – obo". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  143. ↑ Grant, p. 334
  144. ↑ Grant, p. 335
  145. ↑ Grant, p. 338
  146. 1 2 3 Grant, p. 341
  147. 1 2 Grant, p. 345
  148. ↑ Grant, p. 351
  149. ↑ Grant, p. 353
  150. 1 2 Grant, p. 17
  151. 1 2 Herodotus (440 BC). Histories.
  152. 1 2 Grant, p. 23
  153. 1 2 Grant, p. 26
  154. ↑ Grant, p. 28
  155. 1 2 Grant, p. 27
  156. 1 2 Grant, p. 37
  157. ↑ Grant, p. 56
  158. ↑ Ashoka the Great (r. 272–231 BC), Edicts of Ashoka, Major Rock Edict 13.
  159. ↑ Radhakumud Mookerji (1988). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 81-208-0405-8.
  160. 1 2 Grant, p. 39
  161. ↑ Grant, p. 40
  162. ↑ Leonard Cottrell (1965). Enemy of Rome. Evans Bros. ISBN 0-237-44320-1.
  163. 1 2 Grant, p. 41
  164. 1 2 Grant, p. 31
  165. ↑ Valerius Antias (1st century BC). Manubiae.
  166. ↑ Albert A. Howard (1906). "Valerius Antias and Livy", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 17, p. 161–182.
  167. ↑ Canon Rawlinson (1877). "On the Ethnography of the Cimbri", The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 6, p. 150–158.
  168. ↑ Grant, p. 43
  169. ↑ Grant, p. 47
  170. ↑ Wells, Peter S. The Battle that stopped Rome. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2003, p. 187. ISBN 0-393-32643-8.
  171. ↑ http://www.search.com/reference/Battle_of_Watling_Street
  172. ↑ Grant, p. 49
  173. ↑ Records of Three Kingdoms,
  174. ↑ Grant, p. 51
  175. ↑ Book of Jin,
  176. ↑ Jordanes (22 April 1997). "The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, chapter XLI". Translated by Charles C. Mierow.
  177. ↑ Book of Sui, Vol. 60.
  178. ↑ The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History By Ibn Khaldūn, Franz Rosenthal, N. J.. Dawood pg, 12.
  179. ↑ "The Sword of Allah", Chapter 22, by Lieutenant-General Agha Ibrahim Akram, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) ISBN 978-0-7101-0104-4.
  180. ↑ A.I.Akram, Sword of Allah, Khalid ibn Walid, ch.13th, pg.137
  181. ↑ A. I. Akram (1970). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. National Publishing House, Rawalpindi. ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.
  182. ↑ http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii
  183. ↑
  184. ↑ Jonathan Riley-Smith, the Crusades, 2005, p. 109
  185. ↑ Grant, p. 89
  186. ↑ Jackson, Peter (2005). The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410. Pearson Education Limited.
  187. ↑ Grant, p. 92
  188. ↑ Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124
  189. ↑ Grant, p. 118
  190. ↑ Grant, p. 94
  191. ↑ B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam.
  192. ↑ Volume III: To the Year A.D. 1398, Chapter: XVIII. Malfúzát-i Tímúrí, or Túzak-i Tímúrí: The Autobiography or Memoirs of Emperor Tímúr (Taimur the lame). Page 389. 1. Online copy, 2. Online copy from: Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877.
  193. ↑ Grant, p. 95
  194. ↑ Grant, p. 121
  195. ↑ The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses Philip A. Haigh (Chap. 8)
  196. ↑ David, Saul: War, 2009
  197. ↑ Grant, p. 144
  198. ↑ Grant, p. 145
  199. ↑ Grant, p. 136
  200. ↑ Grant, p. 132
  201. ↑ A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun By William Erskine Published by Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1854
  202. ↑ Grant, p. 134
  203. ↑ "十萬精兵, 一敗塗地" Annals of the Joseon Dynasty http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=wna_12901024_003&tabid=w
  204. ↑ http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=kna_12901024_003&tabid=k&mTree=0&inResult=0&indextype=1
  205. ↑ Turnbull, Stephen; Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98. London: Cassell & Co, 2002, p.148.
  206. ↑ Turnbull, Stephen; Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98. London: Cassell & Co, 2002, p.222
  207. ↑ Grant, p. 175
  208. 1 2 Grant, p. 151
  209. ↑ Grant, p. 152
  210. ↑ Romuald Romański. Książę Jeremi Wiśniowiecki. Warszawa: Bellona. 2009, p. 338. ISBN 978-83-11-11524-8
  211. ↑ Tucker, Spencer (2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0.
  212. 1 2 3 4 Grant 1911 p. 159.
  213. 1 2 Grant, p. 160
  214. ↑ Grant, p. 161
  215. ↑ Grant, p. 186
  216. ↑ Duff, ch. V, p. 110
  217. ↑ Rawlinson, p. 40
  218. ↑ Grant, p. 199
  219. 1 2 Grant, p. 201
  220. ↑ Grant, p. 202
  221. 1 2 3 Grant, p. 205
  222. ↑ Castle, I. Aspern/Wagram (1809), Osprey (1990)
  223. ↑ Grant, p. 208
  224. 1 2 Grant, p. 209
  225. 1 2 Grant, p. 212
  226. ↑ Grant, p. 214
  227. ↑ Barbero, pp 419–420 Barbero, Alessandro (2005). The Battle: A New History of Waterloo. Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-310-9
  228. ↑ Grant, p. 215
  229. ↑ NOD, pp 1–5 Prof AWG Raath (2013).
  230. ↑ Grant, p. 260
  231. ↑ Grant, p. 226
  232. ↑ Brewer, p. 36
  233. ↑ Brewer, p. 38
  234. ↑ Brewer, p. 46
  235. ↑ Grant, p. 228
  236. ↑ Brewer, p. 48
  237. ↑ Brewer, p. 52
  238. ↑ http://www.nps.gov/stri/faqs.htm|1838
  239. 1 2 Grant, p. 258
  240. ↑ The Paraguayan War by William Henry Koebel
  241. ↑ Grant, p. 259
  242. ↑ Grant, p. 240
  243. ↑ Davis, George W. (1903), Annual report of Major General George W. Davis, United States Army commanding Division of the Philippines from October 1, 1902 to July 26, 1903 (PDF), Manila, P.I.. Archived on Internet Archive
  244. ↑ Grant, p. 241
  245. ↑ Zeki Sarıhan: Kurtuluş Savaşı günlüğü: açıklamalı kronoloji. Sakarya savaşı'ndan Lozan'ın açılışına (23 Ağustos 1921-20 Kasım 1922) (engl.:Diary of the independence war: commented chronology. From battle of Sakarya to the opening of Lausanne (23 August 1921–20 November 1922)), Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınları (publishing house), 1996, ISBN 975-16-0517-2, page 62. (Turkish)
  246. ↑ Σαγγάριος 1921, Η επική μάχη που σφράγησε την τύχη του Μικρασιατικού Ελληνισμού, Εκδόσεις Περισκόπιο, Ιούλιος 2008, ISBN 978-960-6740-45-9, page 32 (in Greek)

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, February 11, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.