List of attacks attributed to Abu Nidal

Abu Nidal (Sabri al-Banna) was regarded as the most dangerous of the Palestinian political leaders.^[1] Abu Nidal, whose pseudonym means "father of struggle" (Abu meaning father and Nidal, a secular term, meaning "struggle" or "effort" in Arabic) was primarily active in the 1970s and 1980s in the left-wing of the Palestine Liberation Organization and later the secular/rejectionist front, and was accused by Western and Arab sources of acting as a mercenary for various Arab governments. Most of its targets were Arab politicians, rivals, and activists they felt were soft on the Israeli issue, but Jews, as well as political representatives of Western nations were also targets, especially those involved in the peace process in the Middle East. Notably, ANO enacted a drastically violent policy towards its own members - executing some 600 members and their families in 1987.

List of attacks attributed to Abu Nidal

The following list has been compiled from a variety of sources. It is not complete and may contain errors. Some of these attacks have been claimed by several groups, some of them by no group, and others may have been falsely claimed by or attributed to Abu Nidal's organization. Especially noteworthy attacks have been marked in bold type.

See the references section for more details.

1972

• September 5, 1972: Abu Nidal is believed to have been involved in the planning of the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics.^[2]

1973

• September 5, 1973: Occupation of the Saudi embassy in Paris, in order to gain the release of Abu Daoud, then imprisoned in Jordan.
• November 25, 1973: KLM flight from Beirut to New York and Tokyo hijacked over Iraqi airspace and diverted to Nicosia, Cyprus, then Valletta, Malta. Passengers and crew released. Claimed by the Arab Nationalist Youth Organization.

1974

• September 8, 1974: Bombing of TWA Flight 841. All 79 passengers died.
• October 1974: Aborted assassination attempt on Yasser Arafat and Mahmoud Abbas. Following this he is sentenced to death in absentia by the PLO council. It is at this point that he founds the independent Abu Nidal Organisation.^[2]
• November 22, 1974: British Airways Vickers VC-10 flight from London to the Far East hijacked in Dubai and diverted to Tunis. One passenger was killed. The hijackers were allowed to fly to Libya.

1976

• September 1976: Attack and takeover of the Semiramis Hotel, Damascus, Syria. Three of the captured attackers were later hanged in public.^[3]
• October 11, 1976: Attacks on the Syrian embassies in Islamabad, Pakistan, and Rome, Italy.^[4]
• November 17, 1976: ANO fighters stormed the Intercontinental Hotel in Amman, Jordan, taking several hostages. The hotel was stormed in turn by Jordanaian security forces, and three gunmen, two soldiers and two civilians were killed. The remaining attackers were executed shortly afterwards.^[5]
• December 1, 1976: Syrian foreign minister Abdul Halim Khaddam is shot and wounded in an attack on his car in Damascus.^[6]
• December 13, 1976: Foiled attack on the Syrian embassy in Istanbul.

1977

• October 1977: Second assassination attempt on Khaddam at Abu Dhabi airport, during which the foreign minister of the United Arab Emirates is killed by accident.
• November 15, 1977: Assassination of the director of the Arab Library, Paris.

1978

• January 4, 1978: Assassination of Said Hammami, PLO representative in London, Great Britain
• February 18, 1978: Egyptian journalist Youssef al-Seba'i killed whilst acting as president of the Conference of the Organization for the Solidarity with the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America.
• 1978: Assassination of PLO representative in Brussels, Belgium.

• June 15, 1978: Assassination of Ali Yassin, PLO representative in Kuwait.
• August 3, 1978: Izz al-Din al-Kalak, PLO representative to Paris, France is assassinated along with an assistant.^[7]
• August 5, 1978: PLO offices in Islamabad, Pakistan are attacked.
• 1978: Assassination of PLO representative in Rome, Italy.
• 1978: Assassination of PLO representative in Madrid.

1979

1980

• January 17, 1980: Yussouf Mubarak, director of the Palestinian library-shop, is assassinated in Paris, France.^[7]
• July 27, 1980: Attack with 2 hand grenades on Jewish group of boys going to Aguda Holiday Camp Antwerp, Belgium. (Killing one 14-year-old and wounding over 20 boys)
• July 27, 1980: Claims responsibility for murder of Israeli commercial attaché in Brussels.

1981

• February 6, 1981: Hisham Muheissen, the Jordanian charge d'affairs in Beirut was kidnapped and three of his bodyguards killed by unidentified attackers, later believed to be ANO. Mulheissen was released unharmed 67 days later.^[8]
• May 1, 1981: Assassination of councilman Heinz Nittel in Vienna, Austria. Nittel was President of the Austrian-Israeli Friendship Association and had been involved in the peace process in Israel.^[9]
• June 1, 1981: Killing of Naim Khader, the PLO's representative in Belgium.
• August 1, 1981 A series of bombings damage several French banks and businesses, the Air France office and the Saudi Arabian embassy in Beirut, but no one is seriously hurt.^[10][11]
• August 29, 1981: 1981 Vienna synagogue attack Three men attacked a Vienna synagogue with machine guns. Two civilians were killed and 23 wounded, including 3 policemen. The attackers were arrested and imprisoned.^[12]
• September 4, 1981: The French ambassdor to Lebanon, Louis Delamare was assassinated on a Beirut street in a bungled kidnap attempt.^[13]
• September 23, 1981: Five Greek Cypriots are injured in a grenade attack on shipping offices in Limassol.^[14]
• October 6, 1981: PLO officer Majed Abu Sharar was assassinated by a bomb hidden in his hotel room in Rome, Italy. ANO claimed he was compromising the principles of the revolution.^[15]
• November 7, 1981: A kidnap attempt on a Saudi Arabian diplomat is foiled in Beirut.^[16]

1982

• June 3, 1982: Attempted assassination in London of Shlomo Argov, Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom. The Israeli government blamed the PLO for the attack, and this was one of the incidents which provoked a large-scale invasion of Lebanon on June 6. Argov was permanently disabled and died of his injuries 21 years later.^[17]
• June 4, 1982: A Kuwaiti diplomat is assassinated outside his home in New Delhi, India.^[18]
• July 7, 1982: A Jordanian diplomat was assassinated and another seriously injured in an attack on an Athens street in Greece.^[19]
• August 9, 1982: Gun and grenade attack on Goldenberg Restaurant in Jewish quarter of Paris, France leaves six dead, 22 wounded.^[20]
• August 26, 1982: Two failed assassination attempts - on the United Arab Emirates consul in Bombay and a Kuwaiti diplomat in Karachi, Pakistan.
• 1982: Assassination of PLO official in Madrid, Spain.
• September 16, 1982: Kuwaiti diplomat Najeed Sayed al-Rafaia is assassinated in Madrid, Spain when he was mistaken for the ambassador.
• September 18, 1982: Four people are wounded when a synagogue in Brussels is attacked in a "shoot and run" incident.^[21]
• October 9, 1982: 1982 Great Synagogue of Rome attack: five elegantly dressed attackers threw at least three hand grenades and sprayed a crowd of people with submachine fire, as they were leaving the central synagogue in Rome, Italy. A 2-year-old toddler (Stefano Gaj Taché) was killed in the attack, and 37 people were injured.^[22]

1983

• April 10, 1983: Noted PLO dove and Arafat aide Issam Sartawi is killed at the Socialist International conference in Albufeira, Portugal.^[23]
• 1983: Attack on the Jordanian ambassador to Italy, in Rome, who survives.
• August 29, 1983: A French aircraft was hijacked from Vienna, Austria and taken to Tehran. No one was hurt in the incident.^[24]
• September 23, 1983: Bombing of Gulf Air Flight 771. 117 people killed.
• October 26, 1983: Jordanian ambassador to India was shot six times in an ambush in New Delhi, but survived his injuries.^[25]
• October 27, 1983: Jordanian ambassador to Italy, Taysir AlaEddin Toukan, was shot and wounded along with his driver during an ambush by two gunmen in Rome. Both men survived.^[26]
• November 7, 1983: Attack on the Jordanian embassy in Athens, Greece. A guard is killed.
• December 26, 1983: Two people are injured by a bomb explosion outside a Marks and Spencers department store in London, England. The Provisional Irish Republican Army are blamed, but it later emerges that the ANO is responsible.^[27]
• December 1983: Accused of responsibility for the bombing of the French Cultural Center in İzmir, Turkey.
• December 29, 1983: The Jordanian ambassador to Spain is assassinated in Madrid.

1984

• 1984: Assassination of Jordanian ambassador in India.
• 1984: Assassination of Jordanian ambassador in Spain.
• 1984: Assassination of Jordanian ambassador in Italy.
• February 8, 1984: The United Arab Emirates' ambassador to France, Khalifa Abdel Aziz al-Mubarak, was assassinated on a Paris street.^[28]
• March 7, 1984: Three were killed and nine injured in the bombing of a civilian bus in Ashdod, Israel.^[29]
• March 24, 1984: In Amman, a bomb was found and removed at the Intercontinental Hotel, coinciding with the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to Jordan.^[30]
• March 28, 1984: British Cultural Attache and British Council representative Kenneth Whitty was assassinated on an Athens street in Greece by a single gunman, coinciding with the start of a European tour of A School For Scandal, to celebrate the British Councils 50th anniversary, which opened in Athens three days later on 31 March.^[2][31]
• April 2, 1984: 48 people are wounded by a machine gun attack on a crowded shopping mall in Jerusalem, Israel.^[32]
• May 24, 1984; Bomb explodes in an Athens restaurant, no one is hurt.^[33]
• June 5, 1984: Assassination attempt on Israeli diplomat in Cairo, Egypt.
• October 4, 1984: A car bomb exploded in the Israeli embassy car park in Nicosia, Cyprus. One person was hurt^[34]
• October 4, 1984: An Israeli intelligence agent was killed with four other people in an ambush on a Beirut street.^[35]
• October 26, 1984: The attempted assassination of a senior UAE diplomat in Rome, Italy, leaves him in a coma and a woman bystander dead.^[36]
• November 28, 1984: Percy Norris, British Deputy High Commissioner in Bombay, India, is shot and killed by an unidentified gunman as he drove through traffic.^[37][38]
• November 29, 1984: British Airways' offices in Beirut, Lebanon, are bombed.
• November 1984: Attempted assassination of Jordanian diplomat in Greece.
• December 4, 1984: Kills a Jordanian diplomat in Bucharest, Romania, using the name Black September.
• December 26, 1984: Bombing of the home of veteran Fatah and PLO leader Hani al-Hassan (a.k.a. Abu Tariq, Abu al-Hassan), in Amman, Jordan. Uses the name Black September.
• December 29, 1984: Assassination in Amman, Jordan of former Hebron mayor and West Bank moderate Fahd Qawasma, who had previously been deported by Israel for alleged incitement to violence; in Amman, Jordan; uses the name Black September.

1985

• March 25, 1985: British journalist Alec Collett, working for the UN, was kidnapped in Beirut, Lebanon along with an Austrian who was soon released. On 23 April 1986, he was hanged in revenge for Operation El Dorado Canyon.^[39]
• 1985: Bombing of British Airways office in Madrid, Spain, killing one.
• 1985: Attack on resort hotel in Athens, Greece. 13 wounded.
• March 21, 1985: Bombing of the Royal Jordanian Airlines (ALIA) offices in Rome, Italy, under the name Black September.
• March 21, 1985: Bombing of the Royal Jordanian Airlines (ALIA) offices in Athens, Greece, under the name Black September.
• March 21, 1985: Bombing of the Royal Jordanian Airlines (ALIA) offices in Nicosia, Cyprus, under the name Black September.
• April 3, 1985: Rocket attack on ALIA airliner taking off from Athens Airport. No casualties.
• April 4, 1985: Rocket attack against Jordanian embassy in Italy.
• May 1, 1985: An assassination attempt on a Kuwaiti newspaper editor believed to be soft on Israel failed.^[40]
• July 11, 1985: Eleven people were killed and 90 injured in two large bomb explosions in cafés in Kuwait City. Amongst the dead was the target of the bombings, the head of Kuwait's investigative branch of the police. A third bomb was successfully defused.^[41]
• July 7, 1985: A yacht carrying French and Belgian Jews was hijacked off the Gaza Strip and sailed to Libya with eight civilian hostages. These people are then used as "bargaining chips" in Libyan dealings with France, and Abu Nidal dealing with Belgium, until they are all released in 1990. Abu Nidal takes responsibility for this act in November 1987 (Silco incident).^[42]
• July 22, 1985: Failed bombing of the US embassy in Egypt.
• July 21, 1985: A Kuwati Airlines office was destroyed in Beirut. No one was hurt.^[43]
• July 24, 1985: Jordanian diplomat Zayed Sati was assassinated in Istanbul, Turkey.^[44]
• July 1985: Bombing of the British Airways office in Madrid, Spain. One person was killed, 27 wounded. Near simultaneous attack on ALIA offices nearby, with two wounded.
• September 16, 1985: Grenades were thrown into a popular tourist attraction, the Cafe de Paris in Rome, Italy, wounding 38 people.^[45]
• November 1985: Hijacking of EgyptAir Flight 648 at Malta. Resolved after Egyptian commandos stormed the plane, slaying 1 of the 3 hijackers, one of which had been killed in an in-flight shootout with a sky marshal, although 58 of the 91 passengers died.
• October 7, 1985: Eleven people were injured by a bomb which exploded in a residential building in Jerusalem.^[46]
• November 20, 1985: Two Palestinians were assassinated in Jordan by ANO because they were apparently associated with Yasser Arafat.^[47]
• December 19, 1985: A courtroom in Nantes. France was held hostage by a gunman for several hours in a symbolic protest. No one was hurt.
• December 27, 1985: Attacks on Israeli El Al airport counters in Rome and Vienna. 18 dead, 111 wounded.

1986

• March 28, 1986: Two professors working in Beirut, Leigh Douglas, British and Philip Padfield, American, were kidnapped by ANO operatives. Both were executed on the 17 April in a reprisal for Operation El Dorado Canyon.
• April 2, 1986: Four people are killed in the bombing of TWA Flight 840 over Corfu.
• April 17, 1986: British journalist John McCarthy was kidnapped in Beirut in response to Operation El Dorado Canyon. He was released in 1991.
• April 27, 1986: British tourist Paul Appelby was abducted and murdered in Jerusalem.^[48]
• May 27, 1986: One person was killed and five injured in six bomb attacks on Saudi Airlines and Pan Am offices in Karachi, Pakistan.^[49][50]
• June 21, 1986: A rocket attack on the Iraqi embassy in Vienna, Austria was foiled.
• September 5, 1986: 19 people killed during the hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 in Karachi.
• September 6, 1986: Gunmen stormed the Neve Shalom synagogue in Istanbul, Turkey during the Sabbath. They shot 22 people dead and set fire to the building before being killed in the (possibly deliberate) detonation of a grenade.^[51]
• September 11, 1986: Syrian executive of the International Lions Club, Victor Kano, was kidnapped in Beirut, but later released unharmed.^[52]
• November 5, 1986: Rockets hit the Romanian embassies in Bahrain and Lebanon in protest at the Romanian support for the peace process. No one was hurt.^[53][54]

1987

• January 19, 1987: Two Israeli youths were non-fatally stabbed in Jerusalem, apparently after stumbling upon some ANO operatives by accident.^[55]
• March 5, 1987: Two Palestinian men were abducted and hanged in Turkey on unproven "charges" of being Jordanian secret agents.^[56]

1988

• 1988: Car bomb outside the Israeli embassy in Cyprus. Three dead.
• February 5, 1988 Two Scandinavian aid workers were kidnapped in Beirut and released a month later.^[57]
• March 23, 1988: A man fired on a bus in Bombay, India, which was carrying an Alitalia flight crew. One person wounded. Two days later, grenades were discovered and removed from the Saudi Arabian consulate in the city.^[58][59]
• May 15, 1988: Simultaneous gun and grenade attacks on the Acropole Hotel and the Sudan Club in Khartoum aimed at Western diplomats and their families. Four Britons, three Americans and two Sudanese killed, 21 people wounded.^[60]
• May 11, 1988: A large truck bomb explodes close to the Israeli embassy in Nicosia, Cyprus. The driver is one of the three people killed, apparently when an accomplise remotely detonated the device early. 19 people were injured.^[61]
• July 11, 1988: A car bomb explodes prematurely at a pier in Athens, killing two ANO members. This is followed by an attack on the cruise ship City of Poros, which leaves nine dead and 98 wounded.
• August 20, 1988: 25 people are injured in a hand grenade explosion at a shopping centre in Haifa, Israel.^[62]
• November 17, 1988: A Swiss Red Cross worker was kidnapped in Sidon, Lebanon, and held for a month before being released unharmed.^[63]

1989

• January 4, 1989: A Saudi diplomat, Salah Al-Maliki, is killed and another man injured near the embassy in Bangkok, Thailand^[64]
• March 29, 1989: Two Muslim clerics opposed to the Salman Rushdie fatwah were assassinated in a mosque in Brussels, Belgium.^[65]
• October 4, 1989: Dr Joseph Wybran, a Belgian Jew and peace activist was assassinated in Brussels.^[66]
• October 6, 1989: Two Swiss Red Cross workers were kidnapped in Beirut. Both were released unharmed in August 1990.^[67]
• 1989: Orders a purge of the ANO/Fatah-RC. 150 members are believed to have been tied up and machine-gunned.

1990

• July 25, 1990: A prominent member of the Israeli community in Lima, Peru was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt.^[68]
• October 12, 1990: An Egyptian politician was shot and killed in Cairo. Egyptian and Iraqi backed ANO forces believed responsible.^[69]

1991

• January 14, 1991: Assassination in Tunis of Abu Iyad, a top-ranking Fatah leader, who was Arafat's closest aide and the PLO's second-in-command. Also killed is the PLO Western (Israel) Sector commander Abu Hul and one of their bodyguards.^[70]
• October 29, 1991: A rocket struck the US Embassy compound in Beirut. No one was hurt.^[71]

1992

• June 8, 1992: PLO officer Atef Bseiso was assassinated in Paris. ANO claimed credit, but PLO statement accused Mossad.^[72]
• June 30, 1992: Four PLO fighters were assassinated in a co-ordinated ambush in Sidon, Lebanon. One of the dead was Anwar Madi, PLO commander in Southern Lebanon.^[73]

1993

• November 15, 1993: A PLO official was assassinated in Sidon, Lebanon.^[74]

1994

• January 29, 1994: Assassination of Naeb Imran Maaytah, Jordanian diplomat, on a Beirut street. Jordanian authorities hinted that the ANO conducted this attack on behalf of Libya.^[75][76]

1997

• 1997: Killing of two ANO/Fatah-RC members in Lebanon over accusations of embezzlement.
• 1997: Accused of assassinating Egyptian Islamist Sheikh Moutaleb in Yemen.

References

• Melman, Yossi. The Master Terrorist: The true story behind Abu Nidal, 1986

External links

• Robert Fisk reports: Turns out Abu Nidal was also a US Spy "Abu Nidal, notorious Palestinian mercenary, 'was a US spy'. Secret papers claim the feared assassin was hired to find links between Saddam & al-Qa'ida. ", Independent UK, Sat.25.Oct.08. Obviously, more is to be revealed about Abu Nidal than the mainstream press might have originally understood from military press releases.
• US Navy on Abu Nidal
• LexicOrient on Abu Nidal
• International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT)
• MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
• Incidents attributed to the Abu Nidal Organization on the START database
• Qaddafi's Link to Abu Nidal from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
• Jordanian Ambassador, Taysir Toukan, Shot
• Gunmen Shoot Jordan's Ambassador to Rome
• Jordanian Ambassador Taysir Toukan wounded

Inline Citations

1. ↑ Russell, George (June 21, 2005). "Master of Mystery and Murder: Abu Nidal". Time. Retrieved May 8, 2010. 
2. 1 2 3 Archer, Graeme. The Daily Telegraph (London) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/08/20/db2001.xml. Retrieved May 8, 2010.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
3. ↑ Bent Blüdnikow (2009). Bombeterror i København. Gyldendal. ISBN 978-87-02-07581-6.  Pages 84–86
4. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
5. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
6. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
7. 1 2 ICT - International Institute for Counter-Terrorism
8. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
9. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
10. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
11. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
12. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
13. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
14. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
15. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
16. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
17. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
18. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
19. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
20. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
21. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
22. ↑
23. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
24. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
25. ↑ "Jordan's Envoy Is Shot By a Gunman in India". The New York Times. October 26, 1983. Retrieved May 8, 2010. 
26. ↑ "2 Gunmen Shoot Jordan's Ambassador To Rome". The New York Times. October 27, 1983. Retrieved May 8, 2010. 
27. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
28. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
29. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
30. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
31. ↑ Philps, Alan (August 20, 2002). "Mystery end of Abu Nidal - the retired terrorist". The Daily Telegraph (London). 
32. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
33. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
34. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
35. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
36. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
37. ↑ "British Diplomat In India Is Slain On Way To His Office In Bombay". The New York Times. November 28, 1984. Retrieved May 8, 2010. 
38. ↑ "Bombay Slaying: Arab Link Seen". The New York Times. November 29, 1984. Retrieved May 8, 2010. 
39. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
40. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
41. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
42. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
43. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
44. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
45. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
46. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
47. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
48. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
49. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
50. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
51. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
52. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
53. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
54. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
55. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
56. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
57. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
58. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
59. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
60. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
61. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
62. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
63. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
64. ↑ ICT - International Institute for Counter-Terrorism
65. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
66. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
67. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
68. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
69. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
70. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
71. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
72. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
73. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
74. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
75. ↑ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
76. ↑ ICT - International Institute for Counter-Terrorism