List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions

2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 1912 eruption of Novarupta Yellowstone Caldera AD 79 Eruption of Mount Vesuvius 1092 eruption of Santa María 1280 eruption of Quilotoa 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull Yellowstone Caldera 1783 eruption of Laki 1477 eruption of Bárðarbunga 1650 eruption of Kolumbo Volcanic activity at Santorini Toba catastrophe theory Kuril Islands Baekdu Mountain Kikai Caldera 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo Long Island (Papua New Guinea) 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora 1883 eruption of Krakatoa 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi Billy Mitchell (volcano) Taupo Volcano Taupo Volcano Taupo Volcano Crater Lake
Clickable imagemap of notable volcanic eruptions. The apparent volume of each bubble is linearly proportional to the volume of tephra ejected, colour-coded by time of eruption as in the legend. Pink lines denote convergent boundaries, blue lines denote divergent boundaries and yellow spots denote hotspots.

This article is a list of volcanic eruptions of approximately magnitude 6 or more on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) or equivalent sulfur dioxide emission during the Holocene, and Pleistocene eruptions of the Decade Volcanoes (Avachinsky-Koryaksky, Kamchatka; Colima, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; Mount Etna, Sicily; Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone; Mauna Loa, Hawaii; Mount Merapi, Central Java; Mount Nyiragongo, East African Rift; Mount Rainier, Washington; Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture; Santamaria/ Santiaguito, Central America Volcanic Arc; Santorini, Cyclades; Taal Volcano, Luzon Volcanic Arc; Teide, Canary Islands; Ulawun, New Britain; Mount Unzen, Nagasaki Prefecture; Mount Vesuvius, Naples); Campania, Italy; South Aegean Volcanic Arc; Laguna de Bay, Luzon Volcanic Arc; Mount Pinatubo, Luzon Volcanic Arc; Toba, Sunda Arc; Mount Meager, Garibaldi Volcanic Belt; Yellowstone hotspot, Wyoming; and Taupo Volcanic Zone, greater than VEI 4.

The eruptions in the Holocene on the link: Holocene Volcanoes in Kamchatka were not added yet, but they are listed on the Peter L. Ward's supplemental table.[1] Some of the eruptions are not listed on the Global Volcanism Program timetable as well, at least not as VEI 6. The timetables of Global Volcanism Program;[2] Bristlecone pine tree-rings (Pinus longaeva, Pinus aristata, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus edulis, Pseudotsuga menziesii);[3] the 4 ka Yamal Peninsula Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) chronology;[4] the 7 ka Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) chronology from Finnish Lapland;[5][6] GISP2 ice core;[7][8] GRIP ice core;[9] Dye 3 ice core;[9] Bipolar comparison;[10] Antarctic ice core (Bunder and Cole-Dai, 2003);[11] Antarctic ice core (Cole-Dai et al., 1997);[12] Crête ice core, in central Greenland,[13] benthic foraminifera in deep sea sediment cores (Lisiecki, Raymo 2005),[14] do not agree with each other sometimes. The 536–547 AD dust-veil event might be an impact event.[3][15]

Holocene eruptions

The Holocene epoch begins 11,700 years BP,[16] (10 000 14C years ago)

Since 2000 AD

Name and areaDateVEIProductsNotes
Chaitén Southern Chile 2008 5

1000-2000 AD

1809–10 ice core event
Name and areaDateVEIProductsNotes
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines 1991, Jun 156 6 to 16 km3 (1.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra[2] an estimated 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted[17]
Mt. St. Helens, Washington state, USA 1980, May 1851 to 1.1 km3 (0.2 to 0.3 cu mi) of tephra
Novarupta, Alaska Peninsula 1912, Jun 66 13 to 15 km3 (3.1 to 3.6 cu mi) of lava[18][19][20]
Santa Maria, Guatemala 1902, Oct 246 20 km3 (4.8 cu mi) of tephra[21]
Mount Tarawera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 1886, Jun 105 2 km3 (0.48 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Krakatoa, Indonesia 1883, August 26–276 21 km3 (5.0 cu mi) of tephra[22]
Mount Tambora, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia 1815, Apr 107 150 km3 (36 cu mi) of tephra[2] an estimated 10-120 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced the "Year Without a Summer"[23]
1808 ice core event Unknown eruption near equator, magnitude roughly half Tambora Emission of sulfur dioxide around the amount of the 1815 Tambora eruption (ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland).[24]
1808Major eruptions in Urzelina, Azores (Urzelina eruption, fissure vent), Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Kamchatka Peninsula,[25] and Taal Volcano, Philippines.[26]
Note: Thompson Island, northeast of Bouvet Island, South Atlantic Ocean, disappeared in the 19th century.[27]
Grímsvötn, Northeastern Iceland 1783–17846
Laki 1783–17846 14 cubic kilometres of lava an estimated 120 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced a Volcanic winter, 1783, on the North Hemisphere.[28]
Long Island (Papua New Guinea), northeast of New Guinea 1660 ±206 30 km3 (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Kolumbo, Santorini, Greece 1650, Sep 276 60 km3 (14.4 cu mi) of tephra[29]
Huaynaputina, Peru 1600, Feb 19 6 30 km3 (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[30]
Billy Mitchell, Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea 1580 ±206 14 km3 (3.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Bárðarbunga, Northeastern Iceland 14776 10 km3 (2.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
1452–53 ice core event, New Hebrides arc, Vanuatu.
Location is uncertain, may be Kuwae		 36 to 96 km3 (8.6 to 23.0 cu mi) of tephra 175-700 million tons of sulfuric acid;[31][32][33] only pyroclastic flows are found at Kuwae
Mount Tarawera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 1310 ±125 5 km3 (1.2 cu mi) of tephra (Kaharoa eruption)[2]
Quilotoa, Ecuador 1280(?)6 21 km3 (5.0 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Lombok Island, Indonesia 1257 40 km3 (dense-rock equivalent) of tephra Arctic and Antarctic ice cores provide compelling evidence to link the ice core sulfate spike of 1258/1259 A.D. to this volcano.[34][35][36]

1 to 1000 AD

Major volcanoes of Mexico
Name & areaDateVEIProductsNotes
Changbai Mountains (Changbaishan), Eastern China/ North Korea border,
also known as Tianchi eruption of the Baekdu Mountain		 969 AD ±20 years[37]7 76 to 116 km3 (18.2 to 27.8 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Eldgjá eruption, Laki system, Iceland 934-940 AD 4Estimated 18 km3 (4.3 cu mi) of lava[38]Estimated 219 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted[39]
Ceboruco, Northwest of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 930 AD ±200 6 11 km3 (2.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Dakataua, Northern tip of the Willaumez Peninsula, New Britain, Papua New Guinea 800 AD ±50 6? 10 km3 (2.4 cu mi)? of tephra[2]
Pago, East of Kimbe, New Britain, Papua New Guinea: Witori Caldera 710 AD ±75 6 30 km3 (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Churchill, eastern Alaska 700 AD ±200 6 20 km3 (4.8 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Rabaul, Rabaul Caldera, New Britain 540 AD ±100 6 11 km3 (2.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Ilopango, El Salvador 450 AD ±30 6 71 km3 (17 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Ksudach, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 240 AD ±l00 6 20 to 26 km3 (4.8 to 6.2 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Hatepe eruption of Taupo Volcano, New Zealand 230 AD ±16 7 120 km3 (29 cu mi) of tephra[40]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy 79 AD Oct 24 (?) 5? 2.8 to 3.8 km3 (0.7 to 0.9 cu mi) of tephra[2][41][42]Pompeii eruption
Mount Churchill, eastern Alaska 60 AD ±200 6 25 km3 (6.0 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Ambrym, Vanuatu 50 AD ±100 6 6 to 8 km3 (1.4 to 1.9 cu mi) of tephra[2]

Before the Common Era (BC/BCE)

Name & areadateVEIProductsNotes
Apoyeque, Nicaragua 50 BC ±100 6 18 km3 (4.3 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Okmok, Okmok Caldera, Aleutian Islands 100 BC ±50 6 4 to 6 km3 (1.0 to 1.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand 250 BC ±75 6 more than 10 km3 (2.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Meager, Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, Canada 400 BC ±50 5
Mount Tongariro, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 550 BC ±200 5 1.2 km3 (0.29 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines 1050 BC ±500 6 10 to 16 km3 (2.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Avachinsky, Kamchatka 1350 BC (?) 5 more than 1.2 km3 (0.29 cu mi) of tephratephra layer IIAV3[2]
Pago, east of Kimbe, New Britain, Papua New Guinea: Witori Caldera 1370 BC ±100 6 30 km3 (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Taupo, New Zealand 1460 BC ±40 6 17 km3 (4.1 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Avachinsky, Kamchatka 1500 BC (?) 5 more than 3.6 km3 (0.86 cu mi) of tephratephra layer AV1[2]
Santorini (Thera), Greece, Youngest Caldera: Minoan eruption 1610 BC ±14 years 7 99 km3 (24 cu mi) of tephra [2]Ended the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri and the Minoan age on Crete
Mount Aniakchak, Alaska Peninsula 1645 BC ±10 6 more than 50 km3 (12 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Veniaminof, Alaska Peninsula 1750 BC (?) 6 more than 50 km3 (12 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA 1860 BC (?) 6 15 km3 (3.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Hudson, Cerro, Southern Chile 1890 BC (?) 6 more than 10 km3 (2.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Black Peak, Alaska Peninsula 1900 BC ±150 6 10 to 50 km3 (2.4 to 12.0 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Long Island (Papua New Guinea), Northeast of New Guinea 2040 BC ± 100 6 more than 11 km3 (2.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy 2420 BC ±40 5? 3.9 km3 (0.94 cu mi) of tephraAvellino eruption[2][41][42][43]
Avachinsky, Kamchatka 3200 BC ±150 5 more than 1.1 km3 (0.26 cu mi) of tephratephra layer IAv20 AV3[2]
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines 3550 BC (?) 6 10 to 16 km3 (2.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Talisay (Taal) caldera (size: 15 x 20 km), island of Luzon, Philippines 3580 BC ±200 6 50 km3 (12 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Haroharo Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 3580 BC ±50 5 2.8 km3 (0.67 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Pago, New Britain 4000 BC ± 200 6? 10 km3 (2.4 cu mi)? of tephra[2]
Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua 4050 BC (?) 6 more than 13 km3 (3.1 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Avachinsky, Kamchatka 4340 BC ±75 5 more than 1.3 km3 (0.31 cu mi) of tephratephra layer IAv12 AV4[2]
Kikai Caldera (size: 19 km), Ryukyu Islands, Japan: Akahoya eruption 4350 BC (?) 7 80 to 220 km3 (19.2 to 52.8 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Macauley Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand 4360 BC ±200 6 100 km3 (24 cu mi)? of tephra[2][44]
Mount Hudson, Cerro, Southern Chile 4750 BC (?) 6 18 km3 (4.3 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Aniakchak, Alaska Peninsula 5250 BC ±1000 6 10 to 50 km3 (2.4 to 12.0 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mashu, Hokkaido, Japan 5550 BC ±100 6 19 km3 (4.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Tao-Rusyr Caldera, Kuril Islands 5550 BC ±75 6 30 to 36 cubic kilometers (7.2 to 8.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mayor Island/Tuhua, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 5060 BC ±200 5 1.6 km3 (0.38 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Crater Lake (Mount Mazama), Oregon, USA 5677 BC ±150 7 150 km3 (36 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Khangar, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 5700 BC ± 16 6 14 to 16 km3 (3.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Crater Lake (Mount Mazama), Oregon, USA 5900 BC ± 50 6 8 to 28 km3 (1.9 to 6.7 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Avachinsky, Kamchatka 5980 BC ±100 5 more than 8 to 10 km3 (1.9 to 2.4 cu mi) of tephratephra layer IAv1[2]
Menengai, East African Rift, Kenya 6050 BC (?) 6 70 km3 (17 cu mi)? of tephra[2]
Haroharo Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 6060 BC ±50 5 1.2 km3 (0.29 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Sakurajima, island of Kyūshū, Japan: Aira Caldera 6200 BC ±1000 6 12 km3 (2.9 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Kurile Caldera (size: 8 x 14 km), Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 6440 BC ± 25 years 7 140 to 180 km3 (33.6 to 43.2 cu mi) of tephraIlinsky eruption[2]
Karymsky, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 6600 BC (?) 6 50 to 350 km3 (12.0 to 84.0 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy 6940 BC ±100 5? 2.75 to 2.85 km3 (0.7 to 0.7 cu mi) of tephraMercato eruption[2][41][42]
Fisher Caldera, Unimak Island, Aleutian Islands 7420 BC ±200 6 more than 50 km3 (12 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines 7460 BC ±150 6?[2]
Lvinaya Past, Kuril Islands 7480 BC ±50 6 7 to 8 km3 (1.7 to 1.9 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Rotoma Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 7560 BC ±18 5 more than 5.6 km3 (1.3 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Taupo Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 8130 BC ±200 5 4.7 km3 (1.1 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Grímsvötn, Northeastern Iceland 8230 BC ±50 6 more than 15 km3 (3.6 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Ulleung, Korea 8750 BC (?) 6 more than 10 km3 (2.4 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Tongariro, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 9450 BC (?) 5 1.7 km3 (0.41 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Taupo Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 9460 BC ±200 5 1.4 km3 (0.34 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Mount Tongariro, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 9650 BC (?) 5 1.6 km3 (0.38 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Nevado de Toluca, State of Mexico, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 10.5 ka 6 14 km3 (3.4 cu mi) of tephraUpper Toluca Pumice[2][45]
GISP2 ice core event[1]11.258 ka

Pleistocene eruptions

2.588 ± 0.005 million years BP, the Quaternary period and Pleistocene epoch begin.

Name and areaDateVEIProductsNotes
GISP2 ice core event[1]12.657 ka
Eifel hotspot, Laacher See, Vulkan Eifel, Germany 12.900 ka6 6 km3 (1.4 cu mi) of tephra.[46][47][48][49]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy 16 ka5 Green Pumice[41][42]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy 18.3 ka6 Basal Pumice[41][42]
Santorini (Thera), Greece: Cape Riva Caldera about 21 ka[2]
Aira Caldera, south of the island of Kyūshū, Japan about 22 ka7 more than 400 km3 (96.0 cu mi) of tephra.[50]
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Oruanui eruption, Taupo volcano, New Zealand around 24.5 ka 8 Approximately 1,170 km3 (280.7 cu mi) of tephra[51][52][53][54]
Laguna Caldera (size: 10 x 20 km), South-East of Manila, island of Luzon 27-29 ka[2]
Campi Flegrei, Naples, Italy 39.280 ka ± 0.11 [55] 200 cubic kilometres of lavaCampanian Tuff [1]
Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone, Colombian department of Nariño 40 ka 2 km3 (0.5 cu mi) of tephra
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Rotoiti Ignimbrite, North Island, New Zealandabout 50 ka 7 about 240 km3 (57.6 cu mi) of tephra.[56]
Santorini (Thera), Greece: Skaros Caldera about 70 ka[2]
Lake Toba (size: 100 x 30 km), Sumatra, Indonesia 73 ka ±4 2,500 to 3,000 km3 (599.8 to 719.7 cu mi) of tephra probably 6,000 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted (Youngest Toba Tuff).[17][57][58][59][60]
Yellowstone hotspot: Yellowstone Caldera between 70 and 150 ka 1,000 km3 (239.9 cu mi) intracaldera rhyolitic lava flows.[2]
Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone, Colombian department of Nariño 150 ka 2 km3 (0.5 cu mi) of tephra
Kos-Nisyros Caldera, Greece 161 ka 110 km3 (26 cu mi) Kos Plateau Tuff.[1]
Taal Caldera, island of Luzon, Philippinesbetween 500 and 100 ka 25–30 km caldera formed by four explosive eruptions
Santorini (Thera), Greece: Southern Caldera about 180 ka[2]
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Rotorua Caldera (size: 22 km wide), New Zealand 220 ka more than 340 km3 (81.6 cu mi) of tephra.[1]
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Maroa Caldera (size: 16 x 25 km), New Zealand 230 ka 140 km3 (33.6 cu mi) of tephra.[1]
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Reporoa Caldera (size: 10 x 15 km), New Zealand 230 ka7 around 100 km3 (24.0 cu mi) of tephra[2]
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Whakamaru Caldera (size: 30 x 40 km), North Island, New Zealand around 254 ka8 1,200 to 2,000 km3 (288 to 480 cu mi) of tephraWhakamaru Ignimbrite/Mount Curl Tephra[61][62]
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Matahina Ignimbrite, Haroharo Caldera, North Island, New Zealand 280 ka7 about 120 km3 (28.8 cu mi) of tephra.[63]
Sabatini volcanic complex, Sabatini, Italy 374 ka more than 200 km3 (48 cu mi) Morphi tephra.[1]
Roccamonfina Caldera (size: 65 x 55 km), Roccamonfina, Italy 385 ka 100 to 125 km3 (24.0 to 30.0 cu mi) of tephra.[1]
Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia 501 ka ±5 Middle Toba Tuff[59]
Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone, Colombian department of Nariño 560 ka 15 km3 (3.6 cu mi) of tephra
Yellowstone hotspot: Yellowstone Caldera (size: 45 x 85 km) 640 ka8 more than 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) of tephraLava Creek Tuff[2]
Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia 840 ka ±30 Oldest Toba Tuff[59]
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Mangakino Caldera, North Island, New Zealand 0.97 Ma more than 300 km3 (72.0 cu mi)Rocky Hill Ignimbrite[1]
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Mangakino Caldera, North Island, New Zealand 1.01 Ma more than 300 km3 (72.0 cu mi)Unit E[1]
Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia 1.2 ±0.16 Ma Haranggoal Dacite Tuff[59]
Taupo Volcanic Zone, Mangakino Caldera, North Island, New Zealand 1.23 Ma more than 300 km3 (72.0 cu mi)Ongatit Ignimbrite[1][64]
Yellowstone hotspot: Henry's Fork Caldera (size: 16 km wide) 1.3 Ma 7 280 km3 (67.2 cu mi) Mesa Falls Tuff.[2]
Yellowstone hotspot: Island Park Caldera (size: 100 x 50 km) 2.1 Ma8 2,450 km3 (588 cu mi) Huckleberry Ridge Tuff.[1][2]

Notes

Grímsvötn
Laki
Eldgjá
Katla
Bárðarbunga
Torfajökull
Askja
Loki
Eyjafjallajökull
Iceland: volcanoes
Volcanism in Iceland

Nomenclature

Each state/ country seem to have a slightly different approach, but there is an order:

In the Basin and Range Province the volcanic fields are nested. The McDermit volcanic field, is also named Orevada rift volcanic field. The Latir-Questa volcanic locus and the Taos Plateau volcanic field seem to be in a similar area. The Southwest Nevada volcanic field, the Crater Flat-Lunar Crater volcanic zone, the Central Nevada volcanic field, the Indian Peak volcanic field and the Marysvale volcanic field seem to have no transition between each other; the Ocate volcanic field is also known as the Mora volcanic field; and the Red Hill volcanic field is also known as Quemado volcanic field.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm Large Holocene Eruptions Archived February 13, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  3. 1 2 Salzer, Matthew W.; Malcolm K. Hughes (2007). "Bristlecone pine tree rings and volcanic eruptions over the last 5000 yr" (PDF). Quaternary Research 67: 57–68. Bibcode:2007QuRes..67...57S. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.004. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
  4. ↑ Hantemirov, Rashit M.; Shiyatov, Stepan G. (2002). "A continuous multimillennial ring-width chronology in Yamal, northwestern Siberia". The Holocene 12 (6): 717–726. doi:10.1191/0959683602hl585rp.
  5. ↑ Eronen, Matti; Pentti Zetterberg; Keith R. Briffa; Markus Lindholm; Jouko Meriläinen; Mauri Timonen (2002). "The supra-long Scots pine tree-ring record for Finnish Lapland: Part 1, chronology construction and initial inferences". The Holocene 12 (6): 673–680. doi:10.1191/0959683602hl580rp.
  6. ↑ Helama, Samuli; Markus Lindholm; Mauri Timonen; Jouko Meriläinen; Matti Eronen (2002). "The supra-long Scots pine tree-ring record for Finnish Lapland: Part 2, interannual to centennial variability in summer temperatures for 7500 years". The Holocene 12 (6): 681–7. doi:10.1191/0959683602hl581rp.
  7. ↑ Zielinski, Gregory A.; Mayewski, P.A.; Meeker, L.D.; Whitlow, S.; Twickler, M.S.; Morrison, M.; Meese, D.A.; Gow, A.J.; Alley, R.B. (13 May 1994). "Record of volcanism since 7000 B.C. from the GISP2 Greenland ice core and implications for the volcano–climate system". Science 264 (5161): 948–952. Bibcode:1994Sci...264..948Z. doi:10.1126/science.264.5161.948. PMID 17830082.
  8. ↑ Zielinski, Gregory A. (1995). "Stratospheric loading and optical depth estimates of explosive volcanism over the last 2100 years derived from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core". Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (D10): 20937–20955. Bibcode:1995JGR...10020937Z. doi:10.1029/95JD01751. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  9. 1 2 Clausen, H.B.; Hammer, C.U.; Hvidberg, C.S.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Steffensen, J.P.; Kipfstuhl, J.; Legrand, M. (1997). "A comparison of volcanic records over the past 4000 years from the Greenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice cores.". Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (C12): 26707–23. Bibcode:1997JGR...10226707C. doi:10.1029/97JC00587. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  10. ↑ Langway, C.C.; Osada, K.; Clausen, H.B.; Hammer, C.U.; Shoji, H. (1995). "A 10-century comparison of prominent bipolar volcanic events in ice cores.". Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (D8): 16241–16247. Bibcode:1995JGR...10016241L. doi:10.1029/95JD01175. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  11. ↑ Budner, Drew and Cole-Dai, Jihong (2003). "The number and magnitude of explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865 A.D.: Quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice core" (PDF). In Robock, A. and Oppenheimer, C. Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere. Geophysical Monograph Series 139. American Geophysical Union. pp. 165–176. doi:10.1029/139GM10. ISBN 0-87590-998-1. The number and magnitude of large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865 A.D.: Quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice core
  12. ↑ Cole-Dai, J.; Mosley-Thompson, E.; Thompson, L.G. (1997). "Annually resolved southern hemisphere volcanic history from two Antarctic ice cores" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research 102: 16761–71. Bibcode:1997JGR...10216761C. doi:10.1029/97JD01394. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  13. ↑ Crowley, Thomas J.; Criste, Tamara A.; Smith, Neil R. (1993). "Reassessment of Crete (Greenland) ice core acidity/volcanism link to climate change". Geophysical Research Letters 20 (3): 209–212. Bibcode:1993GeoRL..20..209C. doi:10.1029/93GL00207. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  14. ↑ Lisiecki, L. E.; Raymo, M. E. (January 2005). "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records" (PDF). Paleoceanography 20: PA1003. Bibcode:2005PalOc..20.1003L. doi:10.1029/2004PA001071.
    Lisiecki, L. E.; Raymo, M. E. (May 2005). "Correction to "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records"". Paleoceanography 20 (2): PA2007. Bibcode:2005PalOc..20.2007L. doi:10.1029/2005PA001164.
    data: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.704257.
  15. ↑ Baillie, M.G.L. (1994). "Dendrochronology raises questions about the nature of the AD 536 dust-veil event". The Holocene 4 (2): 212–7. doi:10.1177/095968369400400211.
  16. ↑ "International Stratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  17. 1 2 Robock, A., C.M. Ammann, L. Oman, D. Shindell, S. Levis, and G. Stenchikov (2009). "Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ~74k BP produce widespread glaciation?". Journal of Geophysical Research 114: D10107. Bibcode:2009JGRD..11410107R. doi:10.1029/2008JD011652.
  18. ↑ Brantley, Steven R. (1999-01-04). Volcanoes of the United States. Online Version 1.1. United States Geological Survey. p. 30. ISBN 0-16-045054-3. OCLC 156941033 30835169 44858915. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  19. ↑ Judy Fierstein; Wes Hildreth; James W. Hendley II; Peter H. Stauffer (1998). "Can Another Great Volcanic Eruption Happen in Alaska? - U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 075-98". Version 1.0. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
  20. ↑ Fierstein, Judy; Wes Hildreth (2004-12-11). "The plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska". Bulletin of Volcanology (Springer) 54 (8): 646. Bibcode:1992BVol...54..646F. doi:10.1007/BF00430778.
  21. ↑ "Santa Maria". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  22. ↑ Hopkinson, Deborah (Jan 2004). "The Volcano That Shook the world: Krakatoa 1883" 11 (4). New York: Scholastic.com: 8.
  23. ↑ Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography 27 (2): 230–259. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra.
  24. ↑ Dai, Jihong; Mosley-Thompson, Ellen; Thompson, Lonnie G. (1991). "Ice core evidence for an explosive tropical volcanic eruption six years preceding Tambora". Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres) 96 (D9): 17, 361–17,366. doi:10.1029/91jd01634.
  25. ↑ http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/volcanoes/Klyuchevskoy/index_eng.html
  26. ↑ http://www.iml.rwth-aachen.de/Petrographie/taal-mas/ta-maso.htm
  27. ↑ Baker, P. E. (1967). "Historical and geological notes on Bouvetoya" (PDF). British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 13: 71–84. Retrieved 17 June 2010. Abstract: it is suggested that "Thompson Island",... may have disappeared as a result of a volcanic eruption during the nineteenth century.
  28. ↑ BBC Timewatch: "Killer Cloud", broadcast 19 January 2007
  29. ↑ Haraldur Sigurdsson, S. Carey, C. Mandeville (1990). Assessment of mass, dynamics and environmental effects of the Minoan eruption of the Santorini volcano. Thera and the Aegean World III: Proceedings of the Third Thera Conference. pp. 100–12.
  30. ↑ "Huaynaputina". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
  31. ↑ Nemeth, Karoly; Shane J. Cronin; James D.L. White (2007). "Kuwae caldera and climate confusion". The Open Geology Journal 1 (5): 7–11. Bibcode:2007OGJ.....1....7N. doi:10.2174/1874262900701010007.
  32. ↑ Gao, Chaochao; Robock, A.; Self, S.; Witter, J. B.; Steffenson, J. P.; Clausen, H. B.; Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L.; Johnsen, S.; Mayewski, P. A.; Ammann, C. (27 June 2006). "The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae eruption signal derived from multiple ice core records: Greatest volcanic sulfate event of the past 700 years". Journal of Geophysical Research 111: D12107. Bibcode:2006JGRD..11112107G. doi:10.1029/2005JD006710. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  33. ↑ Witter, J.B.; Self S. (January 2007). "The Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption of AD 1452: potential magnitude and volatile release". Bulletin of Volcanology 69 (3): 301–318. Bibcode:2007BVol...69..301W. doi:10.1007/s00445-006-0075-4.
  34. ↑ Lavigne, Franck (4 September 2013). "Source of the great A.D. 1257 mystery eruption unveiled, Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Indonesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  35. ↑ "Mystery 13th Century eruption traced to Lombok, Indonesia". BBC News. 30 September 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  36. ↑ Oppenheimer, Clive (19 Mar 2003). "Ice core and palaeoclimatic evidence for the timing and nature of the great mid-13th century volcanic eruption". International Journal of Climatology (Royal Meteorological Society) 23 (4): 417–426. Bibcode:2003IJCli..23..417O. doi:10.1002/joc.891.
  37. ↑ Horn, Susanne; Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2000). "Volatile emission during the eruption of Baitoushan Volcano (China/North Korea) ca. 969 AD". Bulletin of Volcanology 61 (8): 537–555. doi:10.1007/s004450050004.
  38. ↑ "Katla: Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  39. ↑ "Laki and Eldgjá—two good reasons to live in Hawai`". USGS - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. 26 November 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
  40. ↑ "Taupo - Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 "Summary of the eruptive history of Mt. Vesuvius". Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. Archived from the original on December 3, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 "Somma-Vesuvius". Department of Physics, University of Rome. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
  43. ↑ "An ancient Bronze Age village (3500 bp) destroyed by the pumice eruption in Avellino (Nola-Campania)". Retrieved 2006-12-08.
  44. ↑ Latter, J. H.|| Lloyd, E. F.|| Smith, I. E. M.|| Nathan, S. (1992). Volcanic hazards in the Kermadec Islands and at submarine volcanoes between southern Tonga and New Zealand, Volcanic hazards information series 4. Wellington, New Zealand. Ministry of Civil Defence. 44 p.
  45. ↑ Arce, J. L.; Macías, J. L.; Vázquez-Selem, L. (2003). "The 10.5 ka Plinian eruption of Nevado de Toluca volcano, Mexico: Stratigraphy and hazard implications". Geological Society of America Bulletin 115 (2): 230–248. Bibcode:2003GSAB..115..230A. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0230:TKPEON>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
  46. ↑ van den Bogaard, P (1995). "40Ar/(39Ar) ages of sanidine phenocrysts from Laacher See Tephra (12,900 yr BP): Chronostratigraphic and petrological significance". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 133 (1–2): 163–174. Bibcode:1995E&PSL.133..163V. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(95)00066-L.
  47. ↑ P de Klerk, W Janke, P Kühn and M Theuerkauf (December 2008). "Environmental impact of the Laacher See eruption at a large distance from the volcano: Integrated palaeoecological studies from Vorpommern (NE Germany)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 270 (1–2): 196–214. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.09.013.
  48. ↑ Baales, Michael; Jöris, Olaf; Street, Martin; Bittmann, Felix; Weninger, Bernhard; Wiethold, Julian (November 2002). "Impact of the Late Glacial Eruption of the Laacher See Volcano, Central Rhineland, Germany". Quaternary Research 58 (3): 273–288. Bibcode:2002QuRes..58..273B. doi:10.1006/qres.2002.2379.
  49. ↑ Forscher warnen vor Vulkan-Gefahr in der Eifel. Spiegel Online, 13. Februar 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2008
  50. ↑ Aramaki, Shigeo (1984). "Formation of the Aira Caldera, Southern Kyushu, ∼22,000 Years Ago". Journal of Geophysical Research 89 (B10): 8485–8501. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.8485A. doi:10.1029/JB089iB10p08485.
  51. ↑ Wilson, Colin J. N. (2001). "The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 112: 133–174. Bibcode:2001JVGR..112..133W. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6.
  52. ↑ Manville, Vern & Wilson, Colin J. N. (2004). "The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: a review of the roles of volcanism and climate in the post-eruptive sedimentary response". New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics 47 (3): 525–547. doi:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515074.
  53. ↑ Wilson CJ, Blake S, Charlier BL, Sutton AN (2006). "The 26.5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body". Journal of Petrology 47 (1): 35–69. doi:10.1093/petrology/egi066.
  54. ↑ Richard Smith, David J. Lowe and Ian Wright. 'Volcanoes - Lake Taupo', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 16-Apr-2007
  55. ↑ De Vivo, B.; Rolandi, G.; Gans, P. B.; Calvert, A.; Bohrson, W. A.; Spera, F. J.; Belkin, H. E. (November 2001). "New constraints on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the Campanian volcanic Plain (Italy)". Mineralogy and Petrology (Springer Wien) 73 (1–3): 47–65. Bibcode:2001MinPe..73...47D. doi:10.1007/s007100170010. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  56. ↑ Froggatt, P. C. and Lowe, D. J. (1990). "A review of late Quaternary silicic and some other tephra formations from New Zealand: their stratigraphy, nomenclature, distribution, volume, and age". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 33: 89–109. doi:10.1080/00288306.1990.10427576.
  57. ↑ Twickler and K. Taylor, G. A.; Mayewski, P. A.; Meeker, L. D.; Whitlow, S.; Twickler, M. S.; Taylor, K. (1996). "Potential Atmospheric impact of the Toba mega-eruption ~71'000 years ago". Geophysical Research Letters (American Geophysical Union) 23 (8): 837–840. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23..837Z. doi:10.1029/96GL00706.
  58. ↑ Jones, S.C. (2007) The Toba supervolcanic eruption: Tephra-fall deposits in India and Paleoanthropological implications|| in The evolution and history of human populations in South Asia (eds.) M D Petraglia and B Allchin (New York: Springer Press) pp 173-200
  59. 1 2 3 4 Chesner, C.A.; Westgate, J.A.; Rose, W.I.; Drake, R.; Deino, A. (March 1991). "Eruptive History of Earth's Largest Quaternary caldera (Toba, Indonesia) Clarified" (PDF). Geology 19 (3): 200–203. Bibcode:1991Geo....19..200C. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0200:EHOESL>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
  60. ↑ Ninkovich, D.; Shackleton, N.J.; Abdel-Monem, A.A.; Obradovich, J.D.; Izett, G. (7 December 1978). "K−Ar age of the late Pleistocene eruption of Toba, north Sumatra". Nature (Nature Publishing Group) 276 (276): 574–577. Bibcode:1978Natur.276..574N. doi:10.1038/276574a0.
  61. ↑ Froggatt, P. C.; Nelson, C. S.; Carter, L.; Griggs, G.; Black, K. P. (13 February 1986). "An exceptionally large late Quaternary eruption from New Zealand". Nature 319 (6054): 578–582. Bibcode:1986Natur.319..578F. doi:10.1038/319578a0. The minimum total volume of tephra is 1,200 km³ but probably nearer 2,000 km³, ....
  62. ↑ Bryan, Scott E.; Teal R. Riley; Dougal A. Jerram; Christopher J. Stephens; Philip T. Leat (2002). "Silicic volcanism: An undervalued component of large igneous provinces and volcanic rifted margins" (PDF). Geological Society of America (Special Paper 362). Retrieved 2010-03-23.
  63. ↑ Bailet, R. A. and Carr, R. G. (1994). "Physical geology and eruptive history of the Matahina Ignimbrite, Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 37 (3): 319–344. doi:10.1080/00288306.1994.9514624.
  64. ↑ Briggs, R.M.; Gifford, M.G.; Moyle, A.R.; Taylor, S.R.; Normaff, M.D.; Houghton, B.F.; Wilson, C.J.N. (1993). "Geochemical zoning and eruptive mixing in ignimbrites from Mangakino volcano, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 56 (3): 175–203. Bibcode:1993JVGR...56..175B. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90016-K..
  65. ↑ "Reykjanes". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  66. ↑ Gudmundsson, Magnús T.; Thórdís Högnadóttir (January 2007). "Volcanic systems and calderas in the Vatnajökull region, central Iceland: Constraints on crustal structure from gravity data". Journal of Geodynamics 43 (1): 153–169. Bibcode:2007JGeo...43..153G. doi:10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.015.
  67. ↑ T. Thordarson and G. Larsen (January 2007). "Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history". Journal of Geodynamics 43 (1): 118–152. Bibcode:2007JGeo...43..118T. doi:10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.005.
  68. ↑ "Surtsey Nomination Report 2007" (PDF). Surtsey, Island. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  69. ↑ Cole, J.W. (1990). "Structural control and origin of volcanism in the Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand". Bulletin of Volcanology 52 (6): 445–459. Bibcode:1990BVol...52..445C. doi:10.1007/BF00268925.
  70. ↑ L. M. Parson and I. C. Wright (1996). "The Lau-Havre-Taupo back-arc basin: A southward-propagating, multi-stage evolution from rifting to spreading". Tectonophysics 263: 1–22. Bibcode:1996Tectp.263....1P. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00029-7.
  71. ↑ Krippner, Stephen J. P., Briggs, Roger M., Wilson, Colin J. N., Cole, James W. (1998). "Petrography and geochemistry of lithic fragments in ignimbrites from the Mangakino Volcanic Centre: implications for the composition of the subvolcanic crust in western Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 41 (2): 187–199. doi:10.1080/00288306.1998.9514803.
  72. ↑ The South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc: Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives By Michaēl Phytikas, Georges E. Vougioukalakis, 2005, Elsevier, 398 pages, ISBN 0-444-52046-5

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, February 11, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.