List of Palmyrene monarchs

House of Odaenathus

Portrait Name Ruler From Ruler Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title Notes
Odaenathus 260 267 King of Palmyra Also King of Kings of the East
Hairan I 263 267  • Son of Odaeanthus King of Palmyra Made co-King of Kings by his father.[1]
Maeonius 267 267  • Odaenathus' cousin.[2] Emperor No evidence exist for his reign.[3][4]
Vaballathus 267 272  • Son of Odaenathus King of Kings
Rex
Emperor		 Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271.[5] Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia.[6]
Zenobia 267 272  • Mother of Vaballathus Queen
Empress		 Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right.[7]
Antiochus 273 273  • Possibly a son of Zenobia.[8] Emperor

Al-Fadl dynasty

References

  1. ↑ Maurice Sartre (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. p. 353.
  2. ↑ Trevor Bryce (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 292.
  3. ↑ Edward Gibbon, Thomas Bowdler (1826). History of the decline and fall of the Roman empire for the use of families and young persons: reprinted from the original text, with the careful omission of all passagers of an irreligious tendency, Volume 1. p. 321.
  4. ↑ George C. Brauer (1975). The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244-284. p. 163.
  5. ↑ Andrew M. Smith II (2013). Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. p. 179.
  6. ↑ Pat Southern (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. p. 92.
  7. ↑ Pat Southern (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. p. 92.
  8. ↑ Alaric Watson (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. p. 81.
  9. ↑ محمد عدنان قيطاز (1998). "مهنّا (أسرة)". الموسوعة العربية (in Arabic) 19. هيئة الموسوعة العربية. p. 788.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Khayr al-Dīn Ziriklī (1926). al-Aʻlām,: qāmūs tarājim al-ashʾhur al-rijāl wa-al-nisāʾ min al-ʻArab wa-al-mustaʻrabīn wa-al-mustashriqīn, Volume 7 (in Arabic). p. 73.
  11. ↑ Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī (1451). al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī (in Arabic). p. 373.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Ibn Khaldūn (1375). Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 5 - Part 30 (in Arabic). p. 105.
  13. 1 2 3 Khalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī (1363). al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.28 (in Arabic). p. 345.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Khalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī (1363). al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.7 (in Arabic). p. 192.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ibn Khaldūn (1375). Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 6 - Part 11 (in Arabic). p. 11.
  16. ↑ Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī (1451). al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī, Volume 6 (in Arabic). p. 48.
  17. 1 2 Aḥmad Ibn-ʻAlī Ibn-ʻAbdalqādir al- Maqrīzī (1441). as-Sulūk li-maʻrifat duwal al-mulūk (in Arabic). p. 801.
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