List of states during Late Antiquity

This article is about the period from 200 to 700 AD. For the preceding article, see List of Classical Age states. For the succeeding article, see List of states during the Middle Ages.

Ancient history
Preceded by Prehistory
Ancient Near East
Sumer Egypt Elam Akkad Babylonia Canaan Hittite Empire Crete (Minoan) Syro-Hittite states Georgia Anatolia Armenia Neo-Assyrian Empire Urartu Neo-Babylonian Empire Medes
Classical antiquity
Greece Persia (Achaemenid) Hellenism Rome Africa Late Antiquity
East Asia
China Korea Japan
South Asia
Indus Valley Vedic period Maha Janapadas Maurya Empire Chola Empire Satavahana Gupta Empire
See also
History of the world Ancient maritime history Protohistory Axial Age Iron Age Historiography Ancient literature Ancient warfare Cradle of civilization
Followed by the Postclassical Era

Late Antiquity is a historiographical term for the historical period from c. 200 AD to c. 700 AD, which marks the transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Precise boundaries for the period are a matter of debate, but historian Peter Brown proposed a period between the 2nd and 8th centuries. While generally, it can be thought of as from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century (c. 235 – 284) to the re-organization of the Eastern Roman Empire under Heraclius and the Muslim conquests in the mid-7th century, for the purposes of this page it will be considered the period 200 to 700 AD.

This list's the main types state that existed in Africa, Americas, Central Asia, East Asia, Europe, Eurasian Steppe, South Asia, and West Asia.

Political entities

Map of the Old World in 477 AD

Location	Name	Capital(s)	State type	Existed
Africa: Central	Sao civilisation	Various	Tribal city states	6th century BC – 16th century AD
Africa: North	Garamantes	Garama	Tribal Confederation/Empire	500 BC – 700 AD
Africa: North; Asia: West; Europe: West	Umayyad Caliphate	Dammascus, Harran	Empire	661 – 750 AD
Africa: North, Europe: South	Vandal Kingdom	Carthage	Kingdom	435 – 534 AD
Africa: Northeast	Kingdom of Aksum	Aksum	Kingdom	c.100 – c.940 AD
Africa: Northeast	Alodia	Soba	Empire	680 – 1504 AD
Africa: Northeast	Blemmyes		Tribal Kingdom	600 BC – 8th century AD
Africa: Northeast	Kush	Kerma; Napata; Meroe	Kingdom	1070 BC – 350 AD
Africa: Northeast	Makuria	Dongola	Kingdom	340 – 1312 AD
Africa: Northeast	Nobatia	Pachoras	Kingdom	350 – 650 AD
Africa: Northwest	Gaetulia		Tribal confederation	c. 350 BC – 550 AD
Africa: Northwest	Garmul	Altava	Kingdom	530 – 578 AD
Africa: Northwest	Mauretania	Julia Caesara	Kingdom/Client Kingdom	285 BC – 431 AD
Africa: West	Ghana Empire	Koumbi Saleh	Empire	c. 400 – 1235 AD
Africa: West	Nok culture	Various	Tribal Chiefdoms/Kingdom	1000 BC – 300 AD
Americas: Central	Maya	Various	Kingdom City States	2000 BC – 900AD
Americas: Central	Zapotec	Various	Kingdom City States	700 BC – 1521 AD
Americas: North	Pueblo	Various	Tribal chiefdom's	12th century BC – 14th century AD
Americas: North	Teotihuacan Empire	Teotihuacan	Empire	100 BC – 8th century AD
Americas: South	Cañari	Tumebamba	Tribal Confederacy	500 – 1533 AD
Americas: South	Moche	Moche-Trujillo.	United Independent Polities	100 – 800 AD
Americas: South	Nazca	Various	Tribal chiefdom's	100 BC – 800 AD
Americas: South	Tiwanaku empire	Tiwanaku	Empire	300 – 1000 AD
Americas: South	Wari Empire	Huari	Empire	500 – 1100 AD
Europe: Balkans	Avar Khaganate		Khaganate	567 – 804 AD
Europe: Balkans	Basternae	Various	Tribal Confederation	200 BC – 300AD
Europe: Balkans, Asia: West; Africa: Northeast	Byzantine Empire	Constantinople	Empire	330 – 1453 AD
Europe: Balkans	First Bulgarian Empire	Various	Empire	681 – 1018 AD
Europe: Balkans	Gepids	Sirmium	Kingdom	454 – 567 AD
Europe: Balkans	Getae		Tribal Kingdom	7th century BC – 4th century AD
Europe: Balkans	Narentines		Tribal chiefdom/countship/dukedom	6th – 10th centuries AD
Europe: Balkans	Paeonia		Principality/Kingdom/Client	535 BC – 681 AD
Europe: Balkans	Serbian Sklavinia		Tribal kingdom	520 – 768 AD
Europe: British Isles	Ailech	Grianán Ailigh	Kingdom	450 – 1283 AD
Europe: British Isles	Airgíalla	Clogher	Tribal Federation/Kingdom	331 – 1590 AD
Europe: British Isles	Bernicia	Bamburgh	Kingdom	420 – 634 AD
Europe: British Isles	Kingdom of Breifne	Croghan	Kingdom	700 – 1256 AD
Europe: British Isles	Brycheiniog	Talgarth	Kingdom	450 – 1045 AD
Europe: British Isles	Cai		Tribal kingdom	25 – 871 AD
Europe: British Isles	Ce		Tribal kingdom	1st century – 900 AD
Europe: British Isles	Ceredigion		Kingdom	475 – 680 AD
Europe: British Isles	Connacht		Tribal chiefdom/kingdom	c. 10th century BC – 1474 AD
Europe: British Isles	Cornovii		Tribal kingdom	4th century BC – 343 AD
Europe: British Isles	Dál Riata	Dunadd	Kingdom	501 – 878 AD
Europe: British Isles	Deira	York	Kingdom	559 – 664 AD
Europe: British Isles	Dumnonia	Isca Dumnoniorum	Dukedom/principality	290 – 875 AD
Europe: British Isles	Dyfed		Kingdom	410 – 910 AD
Europe: British Isles	Kingdom of East Anglia	Rendlesham, Dommoc	Kingdom	6th C – 918 AD
Europe: British Isles	Fortriu		Tribal kingdom	1 – 850 AD
Europe: British Isles	Glywysing	Cardiff	Kingdom	490 – 1063 AD
Europe: British Isles	Gododdin		Kingdom	5th – 8th century AD
Europe: British Isles	Gwent	Caerwent, Porth-is-Coed	Kingdom	420 – 1081 AD
Europe: British Isles	Gwynedd	Various	Kingdom	420 – 1261 AD
Europe: British Isles	Haestingas	Hastings	Tribal kingdom	6th century – 771 AD
Europe: British Isles	Iverni	Ivernis	Tribal federated chiefdom's	500 BC – 400 AD
Europe: British Isles	Kent	Durovernum	Kingdom	455 – 871 AD
Europe: British Isles	Leinster		Kingdom	436 – 1632 AD
Europe: British Isles	Lindsey	Lindum	Kingdom/Client	410 – 775 AD
Europe: British Isles	Meath	Dublin	Kingdom	1st century – 1173 AD
Europe: British Isles	Mercia	Tamworth	Kingdom	527 – 918 AD
Europe: British Isles	Kingdom of Northumbria	Bamburgh	Kingdom	653 – 954 AD
Europe: British Isles	Osraige	Kilkenny	Kingdom	150 – 1185 AD
Europe: British Isles	Pictland		Kingdom	250 BC – 850 AD^[1]
Europe: British Isles	Powys	Various	Kingdom	488 – 1160 AD
Europe: British Isles	Rheged		Kingdom	550 – 650 AD
Europe: British Isles	Strathclyde	Dumbarton, Govan	Kingdom	450 – 1093 AD
Europe: British Isles	Sussex	Selsey	Kingdom	477 – 860 AD
Europe: British Isles	Tyrconnell	Dun na nGall	Kingdom	464 – 1607 AD
Europe: British Isles	Uí Failghe	Rathangan, Daingean	Kingdom	507 – 1550 AD
Europe: British Isles	Ulster		Kingdom	465 – 1177 AD
Europe: British Isles	Wessex	Winchester	Kingdom	519 – 1018 AD
Europe: East; Asia, Central	Barsils		Tribal union	600 – 700 AD
Europe: East	Bulgars	Balkh/Phanagoria	Tribal confederation	c. 5th century – 7th century AD
Europe: East	Cimmerian Bosporus	Panticapaeum	Kingdom/Client	480 BC – 370 AD
Europe: East	Gelonia	Gelonos	Tribal kingdom	5th century BC – 5th century AD
Europe: East, West, Central, Balkans	Hunnic Empire		Tribal Empire	370s – 469 AD
Europe: East; Asia: Central	Huns		Nomadic confederation	1st century – 370 AD
Europe: East; Asia, Central; Eurasian: Caucasus	Khazar Khaganate	Various	Nomadic Kingdom	618 – 1048 AD
Europe: East	Kutrigurs		Nomadic confederation/client	453 – 8th century AD
Europe: East	Magyar		Tribal Confederation/Principality	1100 BC – 895 AD
Europe: East	Old Great Bulgaria	Phanagoria	Kingdom	632 – 668 AD
Europe: East	Sarmatians	Tarki (Makhachkala)	Tribal Confederation	450BC – 400 AD
Europe: East	Venedae		Tribal Confederation	400 BC – 7th century AD
Europe: East	Volga Bulgaria	Bolghar, Bilär	Kingdom	660 – 1236 AD
Europe: South	Duchy of Benevento after 774, Principality of Benevento	Benevento	Dukedom/Principality/Client	571 – 1074 AD
Europe: South	Kingdom of the Lombards	Pavia	Kingdom	568 – 774 AD
Europe: South	Odoacer's Kingdom	Ravenna	Kingdom	476 – 493 AD
Europe: South	Ostrogoths	Ravenna	Kingdom	493 – 553 AD
Europe: South, West, Balkans, British Isles; Africa: North; Asia: West	Roman Empire	Rome	Empire	27 BC – 476 AD
Europe: South	San Marino	San Marino	Republic	301 AD – present
Europe: South	Duchy of Tridentum	Benevento	Dukedom/Principality	574 – 1802 AD
Europe: South	Republic of Venice	Venice	Republic	697 – 1797 AD
Europe: West	Alamannia		Kingdom	213 AD – 496 AD
Europe: West	Alemanni		Tribal Confederation	85 BC – 213 AD
Europe: West	Armorica		Kingdom/dukedom	343 – 1532 AD
Europe: West	Austrasia	Metz	Kingdom	511 – 751 AD
Europe: West	Bavaria		Dukedom	508 – 788 AD^[2]
Europe: West	Kingdom of the Burgundians	Borbetomagus, Lugdunum	Kingdom	410 – 534 AD
Europe: West	Carantania	Karnburg	Principality	658 – 828 AD
Europe: West	Cornouaille		Principality	430 – 1084 AD
Europe: West	Francia	Tournai, Paris	Kingdom/Empire	481 – 843 AD
Europe: West	Franks	Various	Tribal Confederation	210 – 481 AD
Europe: West	Frisian Kingdom	Dorestad, Utrecht	Kingdom	600 – 734 AD
Europe: West	Kingdom of Galicia	Santiago de Compostela	Kingdom	409 – 1833 AD
Europe: West, British Isles	Gallic Empire	Colonia Agrippina, Augusta Treverorum	Empire	260 – 274 AD
Europe: West	Poher	Vorgium	Principality	520 – 936 AD
Europe: West	Raetia Curiensis	Chur	Bishopric (religious state)	452 – 1160 AD
Europe: West	Rugiland	Vindobona	Kingdom	467 – 487 AD
Europe: West	Saxons (Continental)		Tribal confederation	5th century BC – 754 AD
Europe: West	Kingdom of Soissons	Noviodunum	Kingdom	457 – 486 AD
Europe: West	Suebi		Tribal Confederation	60 BC – 409 AD
Europe: West	Kingdom of the Suebi	Braga	Kingdom	409 – 585 AD
Europe: West	Duchy of Thuringia		Duchy	631 – 1440 AD
Europe: West	Vandals		Tribal chiefdoms	2nd century BC – 409 AD
Europe: West	Visigothic Kingdom	Various	Kingdom	418 – 720 AD
Eurasian: Caucasus	Arminiya	Dvin	Principality/client	653 – 884 AD
Eurasian: Caucasus	Caspiane		Tribal Kingdom/Client	650 BC – 387 AD
Eurasian: Caucasus	Caucasian Albania	Kabalak, Partav	Kingdom/Client	65 BC – 628 AD
Eurasian: Caucasus	Kingdom of Iberia	Various	Kingdom	302 BC – 580 AD
Eurasian: Caucasus	Principality of Iberia	Tbilisi	Principality	580 – 891 AD
Eurasian: Caucasus	Lazica	Phasis	Kingdom/client	1st century BC – 7th century AD
Eurasian: Caucasus	Sarir	Humraj	Kingdom/Client	453 – 12th century AD
Asia: West	Adiabene	Arbela	Kingdom/Client	15 – 310 AD
Asia: West	Araba	Hatra	Kingdom	3rd century BC – 300AD
Asia: West	Armenia	Van	Kingdom	553 BC – 428AD
Asia: West	Atropatene	Ganzak	Kingdom/Client	320 BC – 226AD
Asia: West	Carmania		Kingdom/client	600 BC – 651 AD
Asia: West	Characene	Charax Spasinou	Kingdom	127 BC – 222 AD
Asia: West	Corduene		Principality/kingdom/client	800 BC – 653 AD
Asia: West	Elymais	Susa	Kingdom/Client	147 BC – 224 AD
Asia: West	Gardman	Parisos	Principality/Kingdom/Client	66 – 428 AD
Asia: West	Ghassanid	Balka, Harith, Petra, Sideir	Kingdom/Client	220 – 712 AD
Asia: West	Hadhramaut		Kingdom	700 BC – 320 AD
Asia: West	Kindah	Qaryat Dhāt Kāhil	Tribal kingdom	2nd century BC – 525 AD
Asia: West	Lakhmids	Al-Hirah	Kingdom	300 – 602 AD
Asia: West	Osroene	Edessa	Kingdom/Client	134 BC – 244 AD
Asia: West	Palmyrene Empire	Palmyra	Empire	260 – 273 AD
Asia: West	Parthian Persian Empire	Ctesiphon	Empire	247 BC – 224 AD
Asia: West; Africa, Northeast	Rashidun Caliphate	Medina, Kuffa	Empire	632 – 661 AD
Asia: West, Central, Eurasian: Caucasus	Sasanian Persian Empire	Estakhr, Ctesiphon	Empire	224 – 637 AD
Asia: West	Zabdicene		Principality/client	780 BC – 5th century AD
Asia: Central	Afrighids	Kath	Kingdom/Client	305 – 995 AD
Asia: Central	Dayuan		Kingdom/Client	329 BC – 280 AD
Asia: Central	Fergana	Khokand	Kingdom	220 BC – 590 AD
Asia: Central	Hephthalite Empire	Various	Empire	408 – 670 AD
Asia: Central	Kangju		Tribal Federation	280 BC – 585 AD
Asia: Central	Kashgar	Kashgar	Kingdom/Client	80 – 850 AD
Asia: Central	Khotan	Khotan	Kingdom	56 – 1006 AD
Asia: Central	Kucha	Kucha	Buddhist Kingdom	46 – 658 AD
Asia: Central, East	Rouran Khaganate		Confederation	330 – 555 AD
Asia: Central	Sumpa		Tribal chiefdom/client	1600 BC – 7th century AD
Asia: East, Central	Tang dynasty	Chang'an, Luoyang	Empire	618 – 907 AD
Asia: Central, East	Tibetan Empire	Lhasa, Pho brang	Empire	618 – 907 AD
Asia: Central	Turgesh Khaganate	Balasagun	Nomadic Empire	699 – 766 AD
Asia: Central, East	Turkic Khaganate	Ordu Baliq	Confederation	552 – 747 AD
Asia: Central	Turpan	Turpan	Buddhist Kingdom	480 – 640 AD
Asia: Central	Tuyuhun	Fuqi	Nomadic Kingdom	285 – 670 AD
Asia: Central	Xionites		Tribal federation	320 – late 5th century AD
Asia: South	Anuradhapura	Anuradhapura	Kingdom	377 BC – 1017 AD
Asia: South	Ay	Aykudi	Kingdom	4th century BC – 12th century AD
Asia: South	Kingdom of Bumthang	Chakhar Gutho	Kingdom	7th – 17th centuries AD
Asia: South	Chera Kingdom		Kingdom	5th century BC – 1102 AD
Asia: South	Eastern Chalukyas	Vengi, Rajamundry	Kingdom	624 – 1129 AD
Asia: South	Gauda Kingdom	Karnasuvarna	Kingdom	590 – 626 AD
Asia: South	Gupta Empire	Pataliputra	Empire	320 – 620 AD
Asia: South	Gurjara-Pratihara	Kannauj	Empire	650 – 1036 AD
Asia: South	Harsha	Kanauj	Empire	606 – 647 AD
Asia: South	Indo-Scythians	Sigal, Taxila, Mathura	Kingdom	200 BC – 400 AD
Asia: South	Kabul Shahi	Kabul, Waihind	Kingdom/Empire	6th century – 1026 AD
Asia: South	Kamarupa	Various	Kingdom	350 – 1140 AD
Asia: South	Kuninda	Shravasti	Kingdom	500 BC – 300 AD
Asia: South, Central	Kushan Empire	Various	Empire	30 – 375 AD
Asia: South	Maitraka	Vallabhi	Empire	475 – 767 AD
Asia: South	Maukhari	Kannauj	Empire	550s – 8th century AD
Asia: South	Mushika	Ezhimalai	Kingdom	3rd century BC – 4th century AD
Asia: South	Pallava Empire	Kanchi	Empire	250 BC – 800 AD
Asia: South	Pundra	Pundravardhana	Kingdom	1300 BC – 550 AD
Asia: South	Rai dynasty	Aror	Empire	489 – 690 AD
Asia: South	Rajarata	Various	Kingdom	377 BC – 1310 AD
Asia: South	Ror	Rori	Kingdom	450 BC – 489 AD
Asia: South	Ruhuna	Magama	Principality	200 BC – 450 AD
Asia: South	Satavahana Empire	Vatsagulma	Empire	250 – 500 AD
Asia: South	Vakataka Empire	Amaravati	Empire	230 BC – 230 AD
Asia: South	Vanga	Gange	Kingdom	1300 BC – 580 AD
Asia: South	Vishnukundina	Indrapalanagara	Empire	420 – 624 AD
Asia: South	Western Ganga dynasty	Kolar, Talakad	Kingdom	350 – 1000 AD
Asia: South	Western Satraps	Ozone, Barygaza	Kingdom	35 – 405 AD
Asia: Southeast	Bruneian Empire	Various	Empire	7th century – 1888 AD
Asia: Southeast	Champa	Various	Kingdom	192 – 1832 AD
Asia: Southeast	Chenla Kingdom	Bhavapura, Isanapura	Kingdom	550 – 706 AD
Asia: Southeast	Chi Tu		Kingdom	100 BC – 7th century AD
Asia: Southeast	Funan	Various	Kingdom	60 – 550 AD
Asia: Southeast	Gangga Negara	Gangga Negara	Kingdom	2nd – 11th centuries AD
Asia: Southeast	Langkasuka	Kedah, Pattani	Kingdom	100 – 1516 AD
Asia: Southeast	Lavo Kingdom	Lavo, Ayodhaya	Kingdom	450 – 1388 AD
Asia: Southeast	Melayu Kingdom	Jambi	Kingdom	4th – 13th centuries AD
Asia: Southeast	Pyu city-states	Sri Ksetra	Federated City States	250 BC – 1085 AD
Asia: Southeast	Sunda Kingdom	Various	Kingdom	669 – 1579 AD
Asia: Southeast	Tarumanagara	Sundapura	Kingdom	358 – 669 AD
Asia: Southeast	Thaton Kingdom	Thaton	Kingdom	300 BC – 1085 AD
Asia: East, China	Cao Wei	Various	Kingdom	220 – 265 AD
Asia: East, China	Cheng Han	Chengdu	Kingdom	304 – 347 AD
Asia: East, China	Chouchi	Lüeyang	Principality	184 – 511 AD
Asia: East, China	Duan		Tribal Chiefdom/Dukedom	250 – 338 AD
Asia: East, China	Eastern Wu	Wuchang, Jianye	Kingdom	229 – 280 AD
Asia: East, China	Former Zhao	Lishi	Kingdom	304 – 329 AD
Asia: East, China	Han Empire	Various	Empire	206 BC – 220 AD
Asia: East, China	Khitans	Shangjing	Kingdom/Client	388 – 1211 AD
Asia: East, China	Liu Song dynasty	Jiankang	Empire	420 – 479 AD
Asia: East, China	Northern Liang	Jiankang	Kingdom/Client	397 – 460 AD
Asia: East, China	Northern Wei	Shengle	Empire	386 – 585 AD
Asia: East, China	Shu Han	Chengdu	Kingdom	221 – 263 AD
Asia: East, China	Southern Qi	Jiankang	Kingdom	477 – 502 AD
Asia: East, China	Western Qin	Yongshicheng	Kingdom	385 – 431 AD
Asia: East, China	Xianbei state		Nomadic (Empire)	93 – 234 AD
Asia: East, Japan	Japan	Various	Principalities/Empire	660 BC – present
Asia: East, Japan	Yamatai		Kingdom	1st century – 3rd century AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Baekje	Various	Kingdom	18 BC – 660 AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Balhae	Dongmo	Empire	698 – 926 AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Buyeo	Buyeoseong	Kingdom	189 BC – 494 AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Dongye		Chiefdom	3rd century BC – 5th century AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Gaya confederacy	Gaya	Confederacy	42 – 562 AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Goguryeo	Various	Kingdom	37 BC – 668 AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Mahan confederacy	Cheonan	Confederacy	98 BC – 250 AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Okjeo		Tribal state	2nd century BC – 5th century AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Samhan		Confederacy	1st century BC – 4th century AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Siljik		Kingdom	102 – 6th century AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Silla	Gyeongju	Kingdom	55 BC – 935 AD
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula	Usan		Kingdom	512 – 930 AD

Types of state

Types of state

Chiefdom	A chiefdom is a form of hierarchical political organization in ancient tribal societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'. These elites form a political-ideological aristocracy relative to the general group.^[3] A chiefdom is thus led by a highly ranked incumbent of an inherited political role, tribal chief or king: chiefs lead because of their ascribed status, not their achieved status, examples of this type of state would be, Aedui, Brigantes.

City state	A city-state is an independent or autonomous entity, not administered as a part of another local government, whose territory consists of a sovereign city its dependencies and possibly its surrounding territory, examples of this type of state would be, Sparta, Tyre.

Client state	A client state is a state that is economically, politically or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state in international affairs.^[4] Types of client states include: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state and tributary state, More powerful ancient states would create client states by making the leaders of that state subservient out of those it defeated, examples of this type of state would be, Armenia, Ammon, Zheng.

Confederation	A confederation, in the context of the history, may refer to a semi-permanent political and military alliance consisting of multiple "nations" or "chiefdoms" or "tribes" which maintained their separate leadership, examples of this type of state would be, the Alemanni, Caledonii, Xiongnu.

Dukedom	A dukedom or, duchy is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. Some historic duchies were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era, examples of this type of state would be the Qin and Swabia.

Earldom	An earldom is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by an Earl, Count or Countess in which case it would be called a Countship. Some historic earldom's/countship's were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the post-classical era.

Empire	The English word empire derives from the Latin imperium (power, authority). Politically, an empire is a geographically extensive group of states and peoples (ethnic groups) united and ruled either by a monarch (emperor, empress) or an oligarchy. An imperial political structure is established and maintained in two ways: (i) as a territorial empire of direct conquest and control with force (direct, physical action to compel the emperor's goals) or (ii) as a coercive, hegemonic empire of indirect conquest and control with power (the perception that the emperor can physically enforce his desired goals). Examples of this type of state would be, the Athenian Empire, Median Empire and Roman Empire.

Federation	A federation is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. Several ancient chiefdoms and kingdoms, such as the 4th-century BC League of Corinth, Noricum in Central Europe, and the Haudenosaunee Confederation in pre-Columbian North America, could be described as federations or confederations. The Old Swiss Confederacy was an early example of formal non-unitary statehood.

Khanate	A khanate, or chanat, is a Turco-Mongol-originated word used to describe a political entity ruled by a khan. In modern Turkish, the word used is kağanlık or hanlık and in modern Azeri of the Republic of Azerbaijan, xanlıq. In Mongolian the word khanlig is used, as in "Khereidiin Khanlig" meaning the khanate of the Kerait. This political entity is typical for people from the Eurasian Steppe and it can be equivalent to tribal chiefdom, principality, kingdom or even empire. Examples of this type of state would be, the Göktürk Khaganate,

Kingdom	A kingdom is a state ruled by a king or queen) is a form of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in a single individual (the monarch).^[5] Forms of monarchy differ widely based on the level of legal autonomy the monarch holds in governance, the method of selection of the monarch, and any predetermined limits on the length of their tenure. When the monarch has no or few legal restraints in state and political matters, it is called an absolute monarchy and is a form of autocracy. Examples of this type of state would be, Epirus, Nabatea and Pontus.

Marquess	A marquess or marquisate is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a Marquis or marchioness .Some historic marquisate's were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era, examples of this type of state would be the Jin.

Principality	A principality, or princedom, can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of prince or by a monarch with another title within the generic use of the term prince. Most of these states have historically been a polity, but in some occasions were rather territories in respect of which a princely style is held. The prince's estate and wealth may be located mainly or wholly outside the geographical confines of the principality. Examples of this type of state would be: Gardman, Corduene.

Republic	A republic is a form of government in which power is exercised by the public at large, and affairs of state are a concern of the public sphere (from Latin: res publica), rather than privately accommodated (such as through inheritance or divine mandate). In modern times the definition of a republic is also commonly limited to a government which excludes a monarch. Examples: Roman Republic, and Kalinga.

Viscountcy	A viscountcy, or county, is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a viscount or viscountess. Some historic viscountcies were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms, others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era. Examples of this type of state would be: Xu, Chu.

References

↑ Salway, Peter. "Gaelic Kingdoms: Kingdoms of Caledonia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
↑ "Early Germanic tribes". 2013. Regnal Chronologies. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
↑ Helms, Mary W. (198). Access to Origins: Affines, Ancestors and Aristocrats. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 4.
↑ Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.
↑ Stuart Berg Flexner and Leonore Crary Hauck, editors, Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Random House, New York (1993)

External links

Lists of sovereign states by year

AD (CE)

Current list of sovereign states

Centuries: 1st; 2nd; 3rd; 4th; 5th; 6th; 7th; 8th; 9th; 10th; 11th; 19th

Years
12th–18th century: 1143; 1400; 1494; 1496; 1500; 1528; 1648; 1660; 1661; 1768; 1769; 1776

19th century: 1820; 1821; 1822; 1823; 1824; 1825; 1826; 1827; 1828; 1829; 1830; 1831; 1832; 1833; 1834; 1835; 1836; 1837; 1838; 1839; 1840; 1841; 1842; 1843; 1844; 1845; 1846; 1847; 1848; 1849; 1850; 1851; 1852; 1853; 1854; 1855; 1856; 1857; 1858; 1859; 1860; 1861; 1862; 1863; 1864; 1865; 1866; 1867; 1868; 1869; 1870; 1871; 1872; 1873; 1874; 1875; 1876; 1877; 1878; 1879; 1880; 1881; 1882; 1883; 1884; 1885; 1886; 1887; 1888; 1889; 1890; 1891; 1892; 1893; 1894; 1895; 1896; 1897; 1898; 1899

20th century: 1901; 1902; 1903; 1904; 1905; 1906; 1907; 1908; 1909; 1910; 1911; 1912; 1913; 1914; 1915; 1916; 1917; 1918; 1919; 1920; 1921; 1922; 1923; 1924; 1925; 1926; 1927; 1928; 1929; 1930; 1931; 1932; 1933; 1934; 1935; 1936; 1937; 1938; 1939; 1940; 1941; 1942; 1943; 1944; 1945; 1946; 1947; 1948; 1949; 1970; 1971; 1980; 1981; 1989; 1990; 1991; 1992; 1993; 1994; 1995; 1996; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000

21st century: 2001; 2002; 2003; 2004; 2005; 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009; 2010; 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016

Decades: 1950s; 1960s; 1970s; 1980s; 1990s; 2000s; 2010s

Ages: Classical; Late Antiquity; Middle

BC (BCE)

100 BC Centuries 35th BC 21st BC 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC Ages Copper Bronze Iron Classical

Centuries and millennia

Millennium	Century
BC (BCE)
4th	40th	39th	38th	37th	36th	35th	34th	33rd	32nd	31st
3rd	30th	29th	28th	27th	26th	25th	24th	23rd	22nd	21st
2nd	20th	19th	18th	17th	16th	15th	14th	13th	12th	11th
1st	10th	9th	8th	7th	6th	5th	4th	3rd	2nd	1st
AD (CE)
1st	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th
2nd	11th	12th	13th	14th	15th	16th	17th	18th	19th	20th
3rd	21st	22nd	23rd	24th	25th	26th	27th	28th	29th	30th

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List of states during Late Antiquity

Political entities

Types of state

See also

References

External links