List of Kim Jong-il's titles
When Kim Jong-il, former leader of North Korea, is mentioned in North Korean media and publications, he is not simply addressed by name. At least one special title is used, and his name is emphasised by a special bold font, for example: "The great leader Comrade Kim Jong-il provides on-the-spot guidance to the Ragwon Machine Complex."[1] Alternatively, a larger than normal font may be used.[2] The titles themselves were developed by the Central Committee of the Workers' Party. The same applies to Kim Jong-il's father, Kim Il-sung, who ruled North Korea from 1948 to 1994. Scholars have collected the following list of Kim Jong-il’s titles.[3][4]
List
| Korean (Hanja) | English | Comment |
|---|---|---|
(黨中央) |
The first of Kim Jong-il’s titles. Has been in use since 1973 after Kim was secretly appointed as his father’s successor and until it was officially announced in order to mention Kim Jong-il in press without calling him by name.[4] | |
| The title has been in use since the middle of the 1970s.[4] | ||
(親愛하는 指導者) |
This title was the most common one during Kim Il-sung’s rule.[4] | |
(尊敬하는 指導者) |
The title has been in use since the middle of the 1970s.[4] | |
(賢明한 指導者) |
||
(英明하신 指導者) |
||
(唯一한 指導者) |
The title has been in use since June 1975.[4] | |
| In use since the mid-1980s on special occasions.[4] | ||
(最高司令官) |
First mentioned in the middle of the 1980s before Kim was officially appointed as Korean People's Army Commander-in-Chief.[4] | |
(偉大한 領導者) |
The most common of current Kim Jong-il's titles.[4] | |
(人民의 어버이) |
In use since February 1986.[4] | |
(共産主義 未來의 太陽) |
In use since the middle of the 1980s.[4] | |
(百頭光明星) |
||
| In use since December 21, 1991, when Kim Jong-il became Commander-in-Chief of the Korean People's Army.[4] | ||
(民族의 命運) |
||
(首領) |
Became common after Kim Il-sung's death.[4] | |
(將軍) |
One of the most common titles. In use since 1994.[4] | |
| In use since 1994.[4] | ||
(偉大한 將軍님) |
||
(偉大한 首領) |
When Kim Il-sung was alive, this title was used only to refer to him.[4] | |
(百戰百勝의 鋼鐵의 靈將) |
In use since 1997 after the 3-year mourning for Kim Il-sung ended.[4] | |
(社會主義 太陽) |
||
(民族의 太陽) |
||
(民族의 偉大한 太陽) |
In use since 1999 after the new DPRK constitution was accepted in 1998.[4] | |
(民族의 어버이) |
||
(21世紀의 世界 首領) |
In use since 2000.[4] | |
(21世紀 찬란한 太陽) |
||
(21世紀 偉大한 太陽) |
||
(21世紀 嚮導者) |
||
(稀世의 政治家) |
||
(天出偉人) |
||
| Since April 2012.[5] |
References
- ↑ "55-year-long History of Development of Foreign Trade". Foreign trade. March 2005. Retrieved 2010-01-05. Article from North Korean magazine.
- ↑ Martyn Williams (July 20, 2011). "Coding the Kims". North Korea Tech. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ 김, 봉기. 영원히 우리와 함께 계신다 [He is always with us]. 조선민주주의인민공화국 바로읽기 시리즈 (in Korean). 서울: 판문점트레블센타. p. 599. ISBN 89-5556-491-0.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 전, 영선 (2006). 다시 고쳐 쓴 북한의 사회와 문화 [A New View of North Korean Society and Culture]. 역락. ISBN 89-5556-491-0.
- ↑ Gambino, Lauren (11 April 2012). "Kim Jong-il made General Secretary for Eternity at North Korea ceremony". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
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