List of Governors of Arkansas

Governor of Arkansas

Incumbent
Asa Hutchinson
since January 13, 2015
Style The Honorable
Residence Arkansas Governor's Mansion
Term length Four years, renewable once
Inaugural holder James Sevier Conway
Formation 1836; Constitution of Arkansas
Succession Every four years, unless re-elected.
Salary $86,890 (2013)[1]

The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansas's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arkansas Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.[2]

The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, totaling 55 distinct terms. Before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as state governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two distinct terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The shortest term for an elected governor was the 38 days served by John Sebastian Little before his nervous breakdown; one of the acting successors to his term, Jesse M. Martin, served only three days, the shortest stint overall. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13, 2015 after his election on November 4, 2014.

Governors

Governors of the Territory of Arkansas

For the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory.

Arkansaw Territory (renamed Arkansas Territory around 1822[lower-alpha 1]) was split from Missouri Territory on July 4, 1819. It lost land twice, on November 15, 1824, and May 6, 1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times; this land eventually became part of Oklahoma.

As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the appointed governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, since James Miller did not arrive in the territory until nine months after his appointment.[4]

# Picture Governor Term in office Appointed by Notes
1 James Miller March 3, 1819 – December 27, 1824 James Monroe [lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]
2 George Izard March 4, 1825 – November 22, 1828 [lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5]
John Quincy Adams
3 John Pope March 9, 1829[8] – March 9, 1835 Andrew Jackson [lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7]
4 William S. Fulton March 9, 1835 – June 15, 1836 [lower-alpha 8]

Governors of the State of Arkansas

Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15, 1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6, 1861, and joined the Confederate States of America on May 18, 1861; there was no Union government in exile, so there was a single line of governors, though as the state fell to Union forces there was a loyalist government put in place with an insignificant Confederate government in exile. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22, 1868.

The first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors,[12] which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution.[13] Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of both governor and lieutenant governor to four years.[14] Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of every twelve years,[12] but the 1874 constitution removed any term limit. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms.[15]

Until 1864, the constitutions provided that, should the office of governor be rendered vacant, the president of the senate would serve as acting governor until such time as a new governor were elected or the disability removed, or the acting governor's senate term expired.[16][17] This led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the next elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the state house of representatives.

The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor[18] who would also act as president of the senate,[19] and who would serve as acting governor in case of vacancy.[20] The 1868 constitution maintained the position,[21] but the 1874 constitution removed it and returned to the original line of succession.[22] Amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925,[23] recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governor's office.[24] The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket.

Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party. It elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 92 years passed before voters chose another Republican.

Parties

      Democratic (48)[lower-alpha 9]       Republican (7)[lower-alpha 10]

#[lower-alpha 11] Portrait Governor Term in office[lower-alpha 12] Party Term[lower-alpha 13] Lt. Governor[lower-alpha 14][lower-alpha 15]
1   James Sevier Conway September 13, 1836 – November 4, 1840 Democratic 1 Office did not exist
2 Archibald Yell November 4, 1840 – April 29, 1844 Democratic 2[lower-alpha 16]
— Samuel Adams April 29, 1844 – November 5, 1844 Democratic
3 Thomas Stevenson Drew November 5, 1844 – January 10, 1849 Democratic 3
4[lower-alpha 17]
— Richard C. Byrd January 10, 1849 – April 19, 1849 Democratic
4 John Selden Roane April 19, 1849 – November 15, 1852 Democratic
5 Elias Nelson Conway November 15, 1852 – November 16, 1860 Democratic 5
6
6 Henry Massey Rector November 16, 1860 – November 4, 1862 Democratic 7[lower-alpha 18][lower-alpha 19]
— Thomas Fletcher November 4, 1862 – November 15, 1862 Democratic
7 Harris Flanagin November 15, 1862 – May 26, 1865[lower-alpha 20] Democratic 8[lower-alpha 21][lower-alpha 22]
8 Isaac Murphy April 18, 1864 – July 2, 1868 Republican 9[lower-alpha 21]   Calvin C. Bliss[37]
9 Powell Clayton July 2, 1868 – March 17, 1871 Republican 10[lower-alpha 23] James M. Johnson[39][lower-alpha 24]
Vacant
— Ozra Amander Hadley[lower-alpha 25] March 17, 1871 – January 6, 1873 Republican
10 Elisha Baxter January 6, 1873 – November 12, 1874 Republican 11[lower-alpha 26][lower-alpha 27] Volney V. Smith[41]
11 Augustus Hill Garland November 12, 1874 – January 11, 1877 Democratic 12 Office did not exist
13
12 William Read Miller January 11, 1877 – January 13, 1881 Democratic 14
15
13 Thomas James Churchill January 13, 1881 – January 13, 1883 Democratic 16
14 James Henderson Berry January 13, 1883 – January 15, 1885[lower-alpha 28] Democratic 17
15 Simon Pollard Hughes, Jr. January 17, 1885[lower-alpha 28] – January 17, 1889 Democratic 18
19
16 James Philip Eagle January 17, 1889 – January 14, 1893 Democratic 20
21
17 William Meade Fishback January 14, 1893 – January 18, 1895 Democratic 22
18 James Paul Clarke January 18, 1895 – January 18, 1897 Democratic 23
19 Daniel Webster Jones January 18, 1897 – January 18, 1901 Democratic 24
25
20 Jeff Davis January 18, 1901 – January 18, 1907 Democratic 26
27
28
21 John Sebastian Little January 18, 1907 – February 11, 1907[lower-alpha 29] Democratic 29[lower-alpha 30]
— John Isaac Moore February 11, 1907[lower-alpha 29] – May 14, 1907 Democratic
— Xenophon Overton Pindall May 14, 1907 – January 11, 1909 Democratic
— Jesse M. Martin January 11, 1909 – January 14, 1909 Democratic
22 George Washington Donaghey January 14, 1909 – January 16, 1913 Democratic 30
31
23 Joseph Taylor Robinson January 16, 1913 – March 8, 1913 Democratic 32[lower-alpha 31]
— William Kavanaugh Oldham March 8, 1913 – March 13, 1913 Democratic
— Junius Marion Futrell March 13, 1913 – August 6, 1913[lower-alpha 32] Democratic
24 George Washington Hays August 6, 1913[lower-alpha 32] – January 10, 1917[lower-alpha 33] Democratic Vacant
25 Charles Hillman Brough January 10, 1917[lower-alpha 33] – January 11, 1921[lower-alpha 34] Democratic 33
34
26 Thomas Chipman McRae January 11, 1921[lower-alpha 34] – January 13, 1925[58] Democratic 35
36
27 Tom Jefferson Terral January 13, 1925[58] – January 11, 1927 Democratic 37
28 John Ellis Martineau January 11, 1927 – March 2, 1928 Democratic 38[lower-alpha 35] Harvey Parnell
29 Harvey Parnell March 2, 1928 – January 10, 1933 Democratic Vacant
39 William Lee Cazort
40 Lawrence Elery Wilson
30 Junius Marion Futrell January 10, 1933 – January 12, 1937 Democratic 41 William Lee Cazort
42
31 Carl Edward Bailey January 12, 1937 – January 14, 1941 Democratic 43 Robert L. Bailey
44
32 Homer Martin Adkins January 14, 1941 – January 9, 1945 Democratic 45
46 James L. Shaver
33 Benjamin Travis Laney January 9, 1945 – January 11, 1949 Democratic 47
48 Nathan Green Gordon
34 Sid McMath January 11, 1949 – January 13, 1953 Democratic 49
50
35 Francis Cherry January 13, 1953 – January 11, 1955 Democratic 51
36 Orval Faubus January 11, 1955 – January 10, 1967 Democratic 52
53
54
55
56
57
37 Winthrop Rockefeller January 10, 1967 – January 12, 1971 Republican 58 Maurice Britt
59
38 Dale Bumpers January 12, 1971 – January 3, 1975[60] Democratic 60 Bob C. Riley
61[lower-alpha 36]
— Bob C. Riley January 3, 1975[60] – January 14, 1975 Democratic Acting as governor
39 David Pryor January 14, 1975 – January 3, 1979 Democratic 62 Joe Purcell
63[lower-alpha 37]
— Joe Purcell January 3, 1979 – January 9, 1979 Democratic Acting as governor
40 Bill Clinton January 9, 1979 – January 19, 1981 Democratic 64 Joe Purcell
41 Frank D. White January 19, 1981 – January 11, 1983 Republican 65 Winston Bryant[lower-alpha 38]
42 Bill Clinton January 11, 1983 – December 12, 1992 Democratic 66
67
68[lower-alpha 39]
69[lower-alpha 40] Jim Guy Tucker
43 Jim Guy Tucker December 12, 1992 – July 15, 1996 Democratic Vacant
70[lower-alpha 41] Mike Huckabee[lower-alpha 42]
44 Mike Huckabee July 15, 1996 – January 9, 2007 Republican Vacant
Winthrop P. Rockefeller[lower-alpha 5]
71
72
Vacant
45 Mike Beebe January 9, 2007 – January 13, 2015 Democratic 73 Bill Halter
74 Mark Darr[lower-alpha 42]
Vacant
46 Asa Hutchinson January 13, 2015 – Incumbent Republican 75[lower-alpha 43] Tim Griffin

Living former U.S. governors of Arkansas

As of January 2016, there are five former U.S. governors of Arkansas who are currently living at this time, the oldest U.S. governor of Arkansas being David Pryor (1975–1979, born 1934). The most recent death of a former U.S. governor of Arkansas was that of Dale Bumpers (1971–1975), who died on January 1, 2016. The most recently serving governor to die was Frank D. White, who served from 1981 to 1983 and died on May 21, 2003.

Governor Gubernatorial term Date of birth (and age)
David Pryor 1975–1979 August 29, 1934
Bill Clinton 1979–1981
1983–1992		 August 19, 1946
Jim Guy Tucker 1992–1996 June 12, 1943
Mike Huckabee 1996–2007 August 24, 1955
Mike Beebe 2007–2015 December 28, 1946

Notes

  1. ↑ The territory was formally organized with the name "Arkansaw", but spellings including "Arkansas" and "Arkansa" remained common until around 1822, when the popularity of the Arkansas Gazette helped standardize the spelling as "Arkansas".[3]
  2. ↑ James Miller was appointed territorial governor on March 3, 1819, the same date the bill organizing Arkansaw Territory was signed. However, to avoid the hot southern summer, he delayed his departure from New Hampshire until September, and took a non-direct route, finally arriving in the territory on December 26, 1819.[5] Robert Crittenden, secretary of the territory, served as acting governor while Miller was delayed.[4]
  3. ↑ Resigned citing poor health. At the time of his resignation, he had been absent from the territory for 18 months.[6]
  4. ↑ George Izard did not arrive in Arkansas Territory until May 31, 1825; Robert Crittenden, Secretary of the territory, acted as governor in his stead, though Crittenden himself was out of state when Izard arrived.[7]
  5. 1 2 Died in office.
  6. ↑ The office was vacant from November 22, 1828, until March 9, 1829. By the time notice of George Izard's death reached Washington, D.C., Andrew Jackson had been elected president, and the United States Senate refused to approve John Quincy Adams's choice for governor, preferring to wait until Jackson took office.[9]
  7. ↑ Pope arrived in the territory in May 1829.[10]
  8. ↑ William S. Fulton served as governor until statehood, when he was elected to the United States Senate.[11]
  9. ↑ Includes one term served by a repeat governor and nine terms served by acting governors.
  10. ↑ Includes one term served by an acting governor.
  11. ↑ The official numbering includes repeat governors and omits acting governors. Subsequent terms for repeat governors are marked with their original number italicized.
  12. ↑ Most dates come from the Encyclopedia of Arkansas list of governors;[25] when differing, either the date was different in the actual articles on the governors and that agreed with other sources, or specific sourcing is supplied to explain the discrepancy.
  13. ↑ Each term for which a governor is elected is listed here; if multiple governors served in a single term, due to resignations, deaths, and the like, then that term will be shared among those governors. If a governor was elected multiple times, then there will be multiple terms listed for that governor.
  14. ↑ The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1864 and abolished in 1874. It was recreated in 1914, and was not filled until 1926. The amendment to the constitution creating the office was narrowly voted in by the electorate in 1914. The Speaker of the House declared that the measure had lost because it did not receive a majority of the highest vote total from that election. In 1925, it was discovered that a 1910 law amended this requirement such that only a majority of the votes on the specific question was required. Therefore, the 1914 initiative was declared to be valid.[23]
  15. ↑ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  16. ↑ Yell resigned to run for the United States House of Representatives, winning the election.[26] As president of the senate, Adams acted as governor for the remainder of the term.
  17. ↑ Drew resigned due to the low salary he received as governor.[27] As president of the senate, Byrd acted as governor[28] until Roane was elected in a special election to fill the remainder of the term.[29]
  18. ↑ The 1861 constitution was enacted during Rector's term; while term lengths remained at four years, a new election schedule was created, calling for elections in 1862, two years into his term.[30]
  19. ↑ Rector resigned two weeks before the end of his term. Most sources state it was due to badly losing his bid for re-election[31][32] but at least one source states it was due to unhappiness that the new constitution would shorten his term.[33] Governor-elect Flanagin was not sworn in until November 15;[34] in the interim, as president of the senate, Thomas Fletcher acted as governor.[33] Fletcher is omitted from most lists of Arkansas governors.
  20. ↑ Some sources state Flanagin left office on April 18, 1864, but that was when Isaac Murphy was sworn in as provisional governor; Flanagin remained governor of the Confederate government-in-exile until May 26, 1865.[25]
  21. 1 2 Flanagin fled Little Rock as it fell to Union forces on September 10, 1863, leading a largely inept government in exile in Washington, Arkansas until 1865. Murphy was elected provisional governor by a loyalist government set up after Union control of the state was established, taking office on April 18, 1864, causing a slight overlap in terms, though due to the collapse of the Confederate effort in Arkansas, Flanagin had no authority over the state.[35]
  22. ↑ The 1864 constitution was enacted during Flanagin's term; however, it was drafted by the Union occupation, and had no effect on his government. While term lengths remained at four years, a new election schedule was created, calling for elections in 1864.[36]
  23. ↑ Clayton resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. The office of lieutenant governor was vacant at the time, so as the president pro tempore of the senate, Hadley acted as governor for the remainder of the term.[38]
  24. ↑ Resigned to take office as secretary of state.
  25. ↑ Ozra Amander Hadley's first name is sometimes spelled "Ozro" in sources; it is unknown which is correct.[38]
  26. ↑ Baxter was removed from office for a short time due to the Brooks–Baxter War.[40]
  27. ↑ The 1874 constitution was enacted during Baxter's term, which shortened his tenure to two years as new elections were scheduled.
  28. 1 2 Sources disagree on when Hughes succeeded Berry, with the National Governors Association saying January 17,[42] contemporary sourcing saying January 15,[43] and the Encyclopedia of Arkansas using both dates.[25][44] This list uses the contemporary source as the least likely to be mistaken.
  29. 1 2 Sources disagree on when Little resigned. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas says February 7, but the National Governors Association and a book by University of Arkansas Press[45] say February 11. Due to wider use, February 11 is the date used here.
  30. ↑ Little resigned after suffering a nervous breakdown soon after taking office.[46] As president of the senate, Moore acted as governor until the legislature adjourned,[47] at which time a new president pro tempore of the senate was chosen, Pindall, who acted as governor until his senate term expired.[48] For the remaining three days of the term, Martin, the new president pro tempore of the senate, acted as governor.[49]
  31. ↑ Robinson resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. As president of the senate, Oldham acted as governor for six days before a new president of the senate was elected.[50] The new president, Futrell, acted as governor[51] until Hays was elected in a special election to fill the remainder of the term.[52] Conflict over whether or not Futrell could succeed Oldham as acting governor led to the Arkansas Supreme Court ruling that he could.[53]
  32. 1 2 Some sources state Hays succeeded Futrell on July 23, but that was when the special election that chose Hays occurred; he was sworn in on August 6.[54][55]
  33. 1 2 Sources disagree on whether Brough succeeded Futrell on January 10 or January 11; a contemporary source states January 10,[56] so this list uses that date.
  34. 1 2 Sources disagree on whether McRae succeeded Brough on January 11 or January 12; a slim majority of sources say January 12.[57]
  35. ↑ Martineau resigned to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas.[59] As lieutenant governor, Parnell became governor.
  36. ↑ Bumpers resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. As lieutenant governor, Riley acted as governor for the remainder of the term.
  37. ↑ Pryor resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. As lieutenant governor, Purcell acted as governor for the remainder of the term.
  38. ↑ Represented the Democratic Party.
  39. ↑ Gubernatorial terms changed from two years to four years during Clinton's term; he was elected for two-year terms in 1982 and 1984, and for four-year terms in 1986 and 1990.
  40. ↑ Clinton resigned to be President of the United States. As lieutenant governor, Tucker acted as governor for the remainder of the term.
  41. ↑ Resigned after being convicted of mail fraud in the Whitewater scandal.[61] As lieutenant governor, Huckabee acted as governor for the remainder of the term.
  42. 1 2 Represented the Republican Party.
  43. ↑ Governor Hutchinson's term expires on January 8, 2019; he is not yet term-limited.

References

General
Constitutions
Specific
  1. ↑ "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  2. ↑ AR Const. art. VI
  3. ↑ "Timeline – 1822: Indian Peace Treaty". Historic Arkansas Museum. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  4. 1 2 "Robert Crittenden (1797–1834)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
  5. ↑ "James Miller (1776–1851)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  6. ↑ "Timeline – 1824: Expansion". Historic Arkansas Museum. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
  7. ↑ "George Izard (1776–1828)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  8. ↑ Bruce, Henry Addington (1909). The Romance of American Expansion. Moffat, Yard & Company. p. 86.
  9. ↑ "Timeline – 1828: Final Indian Treaty". Historic Arkansas Museum. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  10. ↑ Williams, Nancy A.; Jeannie M. Whayne (2000). Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives. University of Arkansas Press. p. 226. ISBN 1-55728-587-X.
  11. ↑ "Fulton, William Savin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  12. 1 2 1836 Const. art. V, § 4
  13. ↑ AR Const. art. VI, § 1
  14. ↑ AR Const. amendment 63
  15. ↑ "State Gubernatorial Term Limits". Retrieved September 9, 2007.
  16. ↑ 1836 Const. art. V, § 18
  17. ↑ 1861 Const. art. V, § 18
  18. ↑ 1864 Const. art. VI, § 19
  19. ↑ 1864 Const. art. VI, § 20
  20. ↑ 1864 Const. art. VI, § 23
  21. ↑ 1868 Const. art. VI, § 1
  22. ↑ AR Const. art. VI, § 12
  23. 1 2 "About The Office – Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas". Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  24. ↑ Arkansas Supreme Court, Bryant v. English, 311 Ark. 187, 843 S.W.2d 308 (1992).
  25. 1 2 3 "Office of the Governor". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  26. ↑ "Arkansas Governor Archibald Yell". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  27. ↑ "Arkansas Governor Thomas Stevenson Drew". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  28. ↑ "Arkansas Governor Richard C. Byrd". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  29. ↑ "Arkansas Governor John Selden Roane". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  30. ↑ 1861 Const. art. IV, § 8
  31. ↑ "Henry Massie Rector". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  32. ↑ The Confederate Governors. p. 51. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  33. 1 2 Historical Review of Arkansas: Its Commerce, Industry and Modern Affairs, Volume 1. p. 250. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Harris Flanagin". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  35. ↑ "Harris Flanagin (1817–1874)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
  36. ↑ 1864 Const. art. IV, § 8
  37. ↑ Herndon p. 287
  38. 1 2 "Ozro Amander Hadley (1826–1915)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  39. ↑ Herndon p. 293
  40. ↑ "Arkansas Governor Elisha Baxter". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  41. ↑ Herndon p. 306
  42. ↑ "Arkansas Governor James Henderson Berry". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  43. ↑ Arkansas Biennial Report of the Auditor of State. Office of Auditor of State, Arkansas. 1886. p. 39. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  44. ↑ "Simon Pollard Hughes". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  45. ↑ Governors of Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  46. ↑ "Arkansas Governor John Sebastian Little". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  47. ↑ "Arkansas Governor John Isaac Moore". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  48. ↑ "Arkansas Governor Xenophon Overton Pindall". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  49. ↑ "John Sebastian Little (1851–1916)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  50. ↑ "Arkansas Governor William Kavanaugh Oldham". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  51. ↑ "Arkansas Governor Junius Marion Futrell". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  52. ↑ "Arkansas Governor George Washington Hays". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  53. ↑ Futrell v. Oldham, accessed September 9, 2015
  54. ↑ New International Yearbook: A Compendium of the World's Progress. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1914. p. 63. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  55. ↑ Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Somerset Publishers, Inc. 1998. p. 145. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  56. ↑ Monthly Checklist of State Publications. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1917. p. 61. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  57. ↑ Encyclopedia of Arkansas. p. 147. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  58. 1 2 Encylcopedia of Arkansas. p. 148. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  59. ↑ "Arkansas Governor John Ellis Martineau". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  60. 1 2 "Bob Cowley Riley". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  61. ↑ R.H., Melton; Michael Haddigan (May 5, 1996). "Three Guilty in Arkansas Fraud Trial". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

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