List of Earth flybys

Earth imaged by MESSENGER during its 2005 flyby

List of Earth flybys is a list of cases where spacecraft incidentally performed Earth flybys, typically for a gravity assist to another body.

Spacecraft Organization Date Type Closest Approach Status Notes Image Ref
Giotto
(first pass)		 ESA 2 July 1990 flyby 22,730 km success first Earth flyby, en route to Comet Grigg-Skjellerup [1]
Galileo
(first pass)		 United States NASA 8 December 1990 flyby 301 km success gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 960 km [2]
Sakigake
(first pass)		 Japan ISAS 8 January 1992 flyby 88,790 km success previously visited Halley's comet [3]
Suisei Japan ISAS 20 August 1992 flyby failure failure previously visited Halley's comet; hydrazine depleted, further planned comet flybys abandoned [4]
Galileo
(second pass)		 United States NASA 8 December 1992 flyby success gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 305 km [5]
Sakigake
(second and third passes)		 Japan ISAS 14 June 1993 flyby [6]
28 October 1994 flyby out of fuel; telemetry contact lost November 1995
NEAR Shoemaker United States NASA 23 January 1998 flyby 540 km success gravity assist en route to Eros [7]
Nozomi
(first pass)		 Japan ISAS 20 December 1998 flyby 1000 km partial success gravity assist on planned mission to Mars; valve malfunction during flyby required extra burn, which later forced alternate trajectory plan [8]
Giotto
(second pass)		 ESA 1 July 1999 flyby failure n/a already defunct [1]
Cassini United States NASA/
ESA/
Italy ASI		 August, 1999 flyby success gravity assist en route to Saturn [9]
Stardust
(first pass)		 United States NASA 15 January 2001 flyby 6000 km success gravity assist en route to comet 81P/Wild [10]
Nozomi
(second pass)		 Japan ISAS December, 2002 flyby 11,000 km success gravity assist en route to Mars [8]
Nozomi
(third pass)		 Japan ISAS 19 June 2003 flyby 1000 km success gravity assist en route to Mars [8]
Hayabusa Japan ISAS 19 May 2004 flyby 20,000 km success en route to Itokawa [11]
Rosetta
(first pass)		 ESA 4 March 2005 flyby 1950 km success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters [12]
MESSENGER United States NASA 2 August 2005 flyby 2348 km success en route to Venus and Mercury [13]
Stardust
(second pass)		 United States NASA 15 January 2006 flyby success drop-off of sample return capsule [10]
Rosetta
(second pass)		 ESA 13 November 2007 flyby success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (first pass) United States NASA 31 December 2007[14] flyby 15,567 success previously visited Comet 9P/Tempel; gravity assist en route to encounter with Comet 103P/Hartley [15]
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (second pass) United States NASA December 2008[14][16] flyby 43,450 km success gravity assist [15]
Stardust
(third pass)		 United States NASA 14 January 2009 flyby 9200 km success[17] mission extension to Comet 9P/Tempel; minimum distance 9200 km [10]
Rosetta
(third pass)		 ESA 13 November 2009 flyby success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (third pass) United States NASA June 2009[14] distant flyby success [15]
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fourth pass) United States NASA December 2009[14][16] distant flyby success [15]
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fifth pass) United States NASA June 2010[14] flyby 36,900 km success [15]
Juno United States NASA 17–18 October 2013 flyby 563 km en route Gravity assist en route to Jupiter [18]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  2. ↑ "Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site". 2.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  3. ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  4. ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  5. ↑ "Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site". .jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  6. ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  7. ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  8. 1 2 3 "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  9. ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  10. 1 2 3 "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  11. ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  12. ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  13. ↑ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission". Epoxi.umd.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  16. 1 2 "Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Name: D: Deep Impact-EPOXI". Sse.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  17. ↑ "Stardust-NExT: Status Report 2009". Stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  18. ↑ "Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Target: Jupiter: Present: Juno". Sse.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
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