List of monarchs of Luxembourg

Coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

The territory of Luxembourg was ruled successively by counts, dukes and grand dukes. It was part of the medieval Kingdom of Germany, and later the Holy Roman Empire until it became a sovereign state in 1815.

Counts of Luxembourg

Elder House of Luxembourg (Ardennes-Luxembourg)

Main article: House of Luxembourg
Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Siegfried 922 28 October 998 963
–
28 October 998
Henry I 964 27 February 1026 28 October 998
–
27 February 1026		 his son
 Henry II 1007 16 October 1047 27 February 1026
–
16 October 1047		 his nephew
 Giselbert 1007 14 August 1059 16 October 1047
–
14 August 1059		 his brother
 Conrad I 1040 8 August 1086 14 August 1059
–
8 August 1086		 his son
 Henry III 1070 1096 8 August 1086
–
1096		 his son
 William I 1081 1131 1096
–
1131		 his brother
 Conrad II 1106 1136 1131
–
1136		 his son

House of Luxembourg-Namur

Main article: House of Luxembourg
Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Henry IV
the Blind		 1112 14 August 1196 1136
–
14 August 1196		 his first cousin

House of Hohenstaufen

Main article: House of Hohenstaufen
Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
Otto June/July 1170 13 January 1200 1196
–
1197		 his third-cousin once removed

House of Luxembourg-Namur

Main article: House of Luxembourg
Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Ermesinde July 1186 12 February 1247 1197
–
12 February 1247		 Henry IV's only daughter and Otto's fourth cousin
 Theobald I 1158 13 February 1214 1197
–
13 February 1214		 her first husband and co-ruler
 Waleran 1180 2 July 1226 May 1214
–
2 July 1226		 her second husband and co-ruler

House of Luxembourg-Limburg

Main article: House of Luxembourg
Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Henry V
the Blond		 1216 24 December 1281 12 February 1247
–
24 December 1281		 their son
 Henry VI
the Condemned		 1240 5 June 1288 24 December 1281
–
5 June 1288		 his son
 Henry VII 1275/1270 24 August 1313 5 June 1288
–
24 August 1313		 his son
 John
the Blind		 10 August 1296 26 August 1346 24 August 1313
–
26 August 1346		 his son
 Charles I 14 May 1316 29 November 1378 26 August 1346
–
1353		 his son
 Wenceslaus I 25 February 1337 7 December 1383 1353
–
13 March 1354		 his brother

Dukes of Luxembourg

In 1354 the county was elevated to a duchy.

House of Luxembourg-Limburg

Main article: House of Luxembourg
Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Wenceslaus I 25 February 1337 7 December 1383 13 March 1354
–
7 December 1383		 himself as count
 Wenceslas II
the Lazy		 26 February 1361 16 August 1419 7 December 1383
–
1388		 his nephew
 Jobst December 1351 18 January 1411 1388
–
18 January 1411		 his cousin
 Elisabeth I November 1390 2 August 1451 18 January 1411
–
1443		 his heiress & first cousin once removed
Anthony August 1384 25 October 1415 18 January 1411
–
25 October 1415		 her first husband and co-ruler
 John II
the Pitiless		 1374 6 January 1425 10 March 1418
–
6 January 1425		 her second husband and co-ruler

As Elisabeth had no surviving children, she sold Luxembourg to Philip III, Duke of Burgundy in 1441 but only to succeed upon her death. Philip captured the city of Luxembourg in 1443, but did not assume the ducal title because of conflicting claims by Anne of Austria, the closest Luxembourg relative.

Claimants

Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Elisabeth I November 1390 2 August 1451 1443
–
2 August 1451
Ladislaus
the Posthumous		 22 February 1440 23 November 1457 2 August 1451
–
23 November 1457		 her first cousin once removed
 Anne 12 April 1432 13 November 1462 23 November 1457
–
13 November 1462		 his sister
 William
the Brave		 30 April 1425 17 September 1482 her husband and co-pretender
 Elisabeth II 1436 30 August 1505 13 November 1462
–
1467		 her sister
 Casimir Jagiellon 30 November 1427 7 June 1492 her husband and co-pretender
 George of Poděbrady 23 April 1420 22 March 1471 1458
–
1471		 claimed title as king of Bohemia[1]

House of Valois-Burgundy

In 1467, when Elisabeth II of Austria, last rival claimant to the title, renounced her rights, Philip III's son, Charles, Duke of Burgundy, assumed the title of duke of Luxembourg, making it a subsidiary title of the Duke of Burgundy.

Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Philip I
the Good		 31 July 1396 15 June 1467 1443
–
15 June 1467		 Elisabeth I's second cousin once removed and usurper
 Charles II
the Bold		 10 November 1433 5 January 1477 15 June 1467
–
5 January 1477		 his son
 Mary I
the Rich		 13 February 1457 27 March 1482 5 January 1477
–
27 March 1482		 his daughter
 Maximilian I
the Last Knight		 22 March 1459 12 January 1519 her husband and co-ruler

House of Habsburg

Main article: House of Habsburg

In 1482 Luxembourg passed to the House of Habsburg. After the abdication of Emperor Charles V, the duchy of Luxembourg fell to the Spanish line of the House of Habsburg.

Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Philip II
the Handsome		 22 July 1478 25 September 1506 27 March 1482
–
25 September 1506		 their son
 Charles III
the Golden One		 24 February 1500 21 September 1558 25 September 1506
–
16 January 1556		 his son
 Philip III
the Prudent		 21 May 1527 13 September 1598 16 January 1556
–
13 September 1598		 his son
 Isabella Clara Eugenia 12 August 1566 1 December 1633 6 May 1598
–
13 July 1621		 his daughter
Albert 15 November 1559 13 July 1621 his son-in-law
 Philip IV
the Great		 8 April 1605 17 September 1665 31 July 1621
–
17 September 1665		 their nephew
 Charles IV
the Bewitched		 6 November 1661 1 November 1700 17 September 1665
–
1 November 1700		 his son

During the War of Spanish Succession, 1701–1714, the duchy was disputed between Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, from the House of Bourbon and Charles of Austria, son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, from the House of Habsburg. In 1712 Luxembourg and Namur were ceded to Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria by his French allies, but with the end of the war in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht Max. Emanuel was restored Elector of Bavaria. In 1713 the duchy fell to the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg.

House of Bourbon

Main article: House of Bourbon
Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Philip V
Philippe de France		 19 December 1683 9 July 1746 1 November 1700
–
1712		 his grandnephew

House of Wittelsbach

Main article: House of Wittelsbach
Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Maximilian II
Maximilian Emanuel Ludwig Maria Joseph Kajetan
Anton Nikolaus Franz
Ignaz Felix		 11 July 1662 26 February 1726 1712
–
11 April 1713		 his uncle

House of Habsburg

Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Charles V
Karl Franz Joseph
Wenceslau Balthasar Johann
Anton Ignatius		 1 October 1685 20 October 1740 11 April 1713
–
20 October 1740		 his second cousin
 Maria II Theresa
Maria Theresa
Walburga Amalia Christina		 13 May 1717 29 November 1780 20 October 1740
–
29 November 1780		 his daughter

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Francis I
François Étienne		 8 December 1708 18 August 1765 21 November 1740
–
18 August 1765		 her husband
 Joseph
Joseph Benedikt August Johannes Anton Michael Adam		 13 March 1741 20 February 1790 29 November 1780
–
20 February 1790		 their son
 Leopold
Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard		 5 May 1747 1 March 1792 20 February 1790
–
1 March 1792		 his brother
 Francis II
Francis Joseph Charles		 12 February 1768 2 March 1835 1 March 1792
–
1794		 his son

Luxembourg was occupied by French revolutionaries between 1794 and 1813. At the Vienna Congress, it was elevated to a grand duchy and given in personal union to William I of the Netherlands.

Grand Dukes of Luxembourg

Grand Duke of Luxembourg's Standard.

The Grand Duke of Luxembourg (or Grand Duchess in the event of a female monarch) is the head of state of Luxembourg. Luxembourg is the world's only sovereign extant Grand Duchy, a status to which Luxembourg was promoted in 1815 upon its unification with the Netherlands under the House of Orange-Nassau.

The Luxembourgian constitution defines the Grand Duke's position:

“ The Grand Duke is the head of state, symbol of its unity, and guarantor of national independence. He exercises executive power in accordance with the Constitution and the laws of the country.[2] ”

House of Orange-Nassau

Image Name Date of birth Date of death Reign Relationship with predecessor
 Guillaume I
Willem Frederik
(Prince William VI of Orange)		 24 August 1772 12 December 1843 15 March 1815
–
7 October 1840		 Francis' third cousin
and
Anne's direct descendant
 Guillaume II
Willem Frederik George Lodewijk		 6 December 1792 17 March 1849 7 October 1840
–
17 March 1849		 his son
 Guillaume III
Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk		 17 February 1817 23 November 1890 17 March 1849
–
23 November 1890		 his son

House of Nassau-Weilburg

Under the 1783 Nassau Family Pact, those territories of the Nassau family in the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Pact (Luxembourg and Nassau) were bound by semi-Salic law, which allowed inheritance by females or through the female line only upon extinction of male members of the dynasty. When William III died leaving only his daughter Wilhelmina as an heir, the crown of the Netherlands, not being bound by the family pact, passed to Wilhelmina. However, the crown of Luxembourg passed to a male of another branch of the House of Nassau: Adolphe, the dispossessed Duke of Nassau and head of the branch of Nassau-Weilburg.

In 1905, Grand Duke Adolphe's younger half-brother, Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau, died, having left a son Georg Nikolaus, Count von Merenberg who was, however, the product of a morganatic marriage, and therefore not legally a member of the House of Nassau. In 1907, Adolphe's only son, William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, obtained passage of a law confirming the right of his eldest daughter, Marie-Adélaïde, to succeed to the throne in virtue of the absence of any remaining dynastic males of the House of Nassau, as originally stipulated in the Nassau Family Pact. She became the grand duchy's first reigning female monarch upon her father's death in 1912, and upon her own abdication in 1919, was succeeded by her younger sister Charlotte, who married Felix of Bourbon-Parma, a prince of the former Duchy of Parma. Charlotte's descendants have since reigned as the continued dynasty of Nassau, and also constitute a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon-Parma.

NamePortraitBirthMarriagesDeathSuccession right
Adolphe
23 November 1890 –
17 November 1905
24 July 1817
Wiesbaden (Prussia)		 (1) Grand Duchess Elizabeth
31 January 1844
[1 child (stillborn)]
(2) Grand Duchess Adelheid-Marie
23 April 1851
[5 children]		 17 November 1905
Colmar-Berg		 Nephew of
William III
Guillaume IV
17 November 1905 –
25 February 1912
22 April 1852
Wiesbaden (Prussia)		 Grand Duchess Marie Anne
[6 children]		 25 February 1912
Colmar-Berg		 Son of
Adolphe
Marie-Adélaïde
25 February 1912 –
14 January 1919
(abdicated)
14 June 1894
Colmar-Berg		 Unmarried
[childless]		 24 January 1924
Lenggries (Germany)		 Daughter of
William IV
Charlotte
14 January 1919 –
12 November 1964
(abdicated)
23 January 1896
Colmar-Berg		 Prince Felix
6 November 1919
[6 children]		 9 July 1985
Fischbach		 Daughter of
William IV /
Sister of
Marie-Adélaïde
Jean
12 November 1964 –
7 October 2000
(abdicated)
5 January 1921
Colmar-Berg		 Grand Duchess Joséphine Charlotte
9 April 1953
[5 children]		 Living Son of
Charlotte
Henri
7 October 2000 –
present
16 April 1955
Betzdorf		 Grand Duchess Maria Teresa
4 February/14 February 1981
[5 children]		 Living Son of
Jean
Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg William III of the Netherlands William II of the Netherlands William I of the Netherlands

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ History of the Bohemian royal titles based on contemporary documents
  2. ↑ "Constitution de Luxembourg" (PDF) (in French). Service central de législation. Retrieved 1 July 2007.

External links

References

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