List of consorts of rulers of China
The following is a list of consorts of rulers of China. This is a list of the consorts of Chinese monarchs. China has periodically parted in kingdoms as well as united in empires, and there has been consorts with the title Queen as well as Empress. The title Empress could also be given posthumously. Note that this is a list for the main consort of the monarch and holder of the title Empress or Queen.
Empress Consorts
The title of Empress could also be given posthumously. The posthumous Empresses are listed separately by the year they were given the title.
Zhou Dynasty
- 1099 BC – 1050 BC : Queen Taisi, consort to King Wen of Zhou
- 1046–1043 BC : Queen Yi Jiang, consort of King Wu of Zhou
- 827–782 BC : Queen Qiang, consort of King Xuan of Zhou
- 782–772 BC : Queen Shen, consort of King You of Zhou
Western Han Dynasty
- 202–195 BC : Empress Lü Zhi
- 192–188 BC : Empress Zhang Yan
- 180 BC : Empress Lü (Houshao)
- 179–157 BC : Empress Dou (Wen)
- 157–151 BC : Empress Bo
- 150–141 BC : Empress Wang Zhi
- 140–130 BC : Empress Chen Jiao
- 128–91 BC : Empress Wei Zifu
- 83–74 BC : Empress Shangguan
- 74–71 BC : Empress Xu Pingjun
- 70–66 BC : Empress Huo Chengjun
- 64–49 BC : Empress Wang (Xuan)
- 48–33 BC : Empress Wang Zhengjun
- 31–18 BC : Empress Xu (Cheng)
- 16–7 BC : Empress Zhao Feiyan
- 6–1 BC : Empress Fu (Ai)
- 1–5 : Empress Wang (Ping)
Xin Dynasty
- 9–21 : Empress Wang (Xin Dynasty)
- 23 : Empress Shi
Eastern Han Dynasty
- 26–41 : Guo Shengtong
- 41–57 : Empress Yin Lihua
- 60–75: Empress Ma (Han dynasty)
- 78–88 : Empress Dou (Zhang)
- 96–102 : Empress Yin (He)
- 102–106 : Empress Deng Sui
- 108–125 : Empress Yan Ji
- 132–144 : Empress Liang Na
- 147–159 : Empress Liang Nüying
- 159–165 : Empress Deng Mengnü
- 165–168 : Empress Dou Miao
- 171–178 : Empress Song (Han dynasty)
- 180–189 : Empress He (Han dynasty)
- 195–214 : Empress Fu Shou
- 215–220 : Empress Cao Jie
Three Kingdoms Period
Cao Wei Dynasty
- 222–226 : Empress Guo Nüwang
- 227–237 : Empress Mao (Ming)
- 238–239 : Empress Guo (Cao Rui's wife)
- 243–251 : Empress Zhen (Cao Fang)
- 252–254 : Empress Zhang (Cao Fang)
- 254 : Empress Wang (Cao Fang)
- 255–260 : Empress Bian (Cao Mao's wife)
- 263–265 : Empress Bian (Cao Huan's wife)
Shu Han Dynasty
- 221–223 : Empress Wu (Zhaolie)
- 223–237 : Empress Zhang (Liu Shan's first wife)
- 238–263 : Empress Zhang (Liu Shan's second wife)
Eastern Wu Dynasty
- 251–252 : Empress Pan
- 252–258 : Empress Quan Huijie
- 262–264 : Empress Zhu
- 264–280 : Empress Teng Fanglan
Jin Dynasty
- 265–274 : Empress Yang Yan
- 276–290 : Empress Yang Zhi
- 290–300 : Empress Jia Nanfeng
- 300–301, 301–304, 304, 304–305, 305, 306–307 : Yang Xianrong
- 307–311 : Empress Liang Lanbi
- 323–326 : Empress Yu Wenjun
- 336–341 : Empress Du
- 342–344 : Empress Chu Suanzi
- 357–361 : Empress He Fani
- 361–365 : Empress Wang Muzhi
- 365–366 : Empress Yu Daolian
- 375–380 : Empress Wang Fahui
- 396–403, 404–412 : Empress Wang Shen'ai
- 419–420 : Chu Lingyuan
Huan Chu Dynasty
- 403–404 : Empress Liu (Huan Xuan's wife)
Sixteen Kingdoms
Cheng Han
- 315–334 : Empress Ren
- 334–338? : Empress Yan
- 338–343 : Empress Yan
- 343–347 ? : Empress Li
Former Zhao
- 304–? : Empress Huyan
- 310 : Empress Dan
- 310–312 : Empress Huyan
- 313 : Empress Zhang
- 313–314 : Empress Liu
- 315–318 : Empress Jin Yueguang
- 315–318 : Left Empress Liu
- 315–318 : Empress Jin Yuehua
- 316–318 : Upper Empress Fan
- 318 : Left Empress Wang
- 318 : Middle Empress Xuan
- 318 : Empress Jin
- 319–322 : Empress Yang
- 325–326 : Empress Liu
- 326–329 ? : Empress Liu
Later Zhao
- 330–333 : Empress Liu
- 337 : Empress Zheng
- 337–348 : Empress Du
- 348–349 : Empress Liu
- 349 : Empress Zhang
Ran Wei
- 350–352 : Empress Dong
Former Liang
- 324?-346 : Princess Yan
- 346?-354 : Princess Pei
- 354–355 ? : Empress Xin
Later Liang
- 389–400 : Princess Shi
- 400–401 : Empress Yang
- 401–403 ? : Empress Yang
Western Liang
Northern Liang
- 401–433 : Princess Meng
- 433?-437 : Princess Li
- 437–439 : Princess Tuoba
Southern Liang
- 408–414? : Queen Zhejue
Former Qin
- 351–355 : Empress Qiang
- 355 : Empress Liang
- 357–385 : Empress Gou
- 385–386 : Empress Yang
- 387–389 : Empress Mao
- 392–393 : Empress Li
Later Qin
- 386–394 : Empress She
- 402–? : Empress Zhang
- 412–? : Empress Qi
- 416–417 : Yao Hong's empress
Western Qin
- 388–394,394–400,409–412 : Queen Bian
- 394 : Queen Fu
- 414–423 : Queen Tufa
- 429–431? : Queen Liang
Former Yan
- 337–348? : Princess Duan
- 348?–360 : Empress Kezuhun
- 369–370 : Empress Kezuhun
Later Yan
- 388–396 : Empress Duan
- 396–398 : Empress Duan
- 404–407 : Empress Fu
- 407–409 : Empress Li
Northern Yan
- 409–? : Princess Sun
- 430–? : Princess Murong
Southern Yan
- 398–405 : Empress Duan
- 408–410 : Empress Huyan
Xia
- 407–425 : Empress Kezuhun
- 425–427 : Helian Chang's empress
Northern and Southern dynasties
Liu Song Dynasty
- 422–424 : Empress Sima Maoying
- 424–440 : Empress Yuan Qigui
- 453 : Empress Yin Yuying
- 453–464 : Empress Wang Xianyuan
- 465 : Empress Lu (Liu Song dynasty)
- 465–472 : Empress Wang Zhenfeng
- 472–477 : Empress Jiang
- 478–479 : Empress Xie Fanjing
Southern Qi Dynasty
- 493–494 : He Jingying
- 494 : Wang Shaoming
- 498–501 : Chu Lingqu
- 501–502 : Wang Shunhua
Northern Wei
- 400–409 : Empress Murong
- 432–452 : Empress Helian
- 456–465 : Empress Feng (Wencheng)
- 493–497 : Empress Feng Qing
- 497–499 : Empress Feng Run
- 501–507 : Empress Yu (Northern Wei)
- 508–515 : Empress Gao (Xuanwu)
- 5??–528 : Empress Hu (Yuan Xu's wife)
- 528–530 : Empress Erzhu Ying'e
- 530–531 : Empress Erzhu (Yuan Ye's wife)
- 532 : Empress Erzhu (Yuan Gong's wife)
- 533–534 : Empress Gao (Xiaowu)
Western Wei
- 535–538 : Empress Yifu
- 538–540 : Empress Yujiulü
- 553–554 : Empress Yuwen
- 554–556 : Empress Ruogan
Eastern Wei
- 539–550 : Empress Gao (Xiaojing)
Northern Qi
- 550–559 : Empress Li Zu'e
- 560–561 : Empress Yuan (Northern Qi)
- 561–565 : Empress Dowager Hu (Northern Qi)
- 565–572 : Empress Hulü
- 572–573 : Empress Hu (Gao Wei's wife)
- 572–577 : Empress Mu
Liang Dynasty
- 551 : Empress Zhang (Liang dynasty)
- 560–561 : Empress Wang (Xiao Cha)
Northern Zhou
- 557–557 : Empress Yuan Humo
- 568–568 : Queen Dugu
- 568–578 : Empress Ashina
- 578–579 : Yang Lihua
- 579–580 : Empress Sima Lingji
Sui Dynasty
- 581–602 : Empress Dugu, empress to Emperor Wen of Sui
- 605–618 : Empress Xiao, empress to Emperor Yang of Sui
Tang Dynasty
- 626–636 : Empress Zhangsun, empress to Emperor Taizong of Tang
- 650–655 : Empress Wang (Gaozong), first empress to Emperor Gaozong of Tang
- 655–684 : Wu Zetian, second empress to Emperor Gaozong of Tang, later also an empress regnant
- 684–684 : Empress Wei, empress to Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
- 684–690 : Empress Liu, empress to Emperor Ruizong of Tang
- 705–710 : Empress Wei (second time), empress to Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
- 710–710 : Empress Lu, empress to Emperor Shang of Tang
- 712–724 : Empress Wang (Xuanzong), empress to Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
- 758–762 : Empress Zhang, empress to Emperor Suzong of Tang
- 786–786 : Empress Wang (Dezong), empress to Emperor Dezong of Tang
- 898–900 : Empress He, empress to Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
- 901–904 : Empress He (second time), empress to Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
- Qin
- Dingyang
- Xia
- Yan
- Qi
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Qi
- 907–924 : Empress Liu, empress to Li Maozhen
Former Shu
- 908–918 : Empress Zhou, empress to Wang Jian
- 918–921 : Empress Gao, first empress to Wang Yan
- 921–926 : Empress Jin Feishan, second empress to Wang Yan
Yan
- 911–913 : Empress Li and Empress Zhu, empresses to Liu Shouguang
Later Liang
- 912–913 : Empress Zhang, empress to Zhu Yougui
Southern Han
- 919–935 : Empress Ma, empress to Liu Yan
Later Tang
- 924–926 : Empress Liu, empress to Li Cunxu
- 930–933 : Empress Cao, empress to Li Siyuan
- 934–934 : Empress Kong, empress to Li Conghou
- 934–936 : Empress Liu, empress to Li Congke
Wu
- 933–937 : Empress Wang, empress to Yang Pu
Min
- 935–935 : Empress Chen Jinfeng, empress to Wang Yanjun
- 936–939 : Empress Li Chunyan, empress to Wang Jipeng
- 942–944 : Empress Li, empress to Wang Yanxi
Southern Tang
- 937–943 : Empress Song, empress to Li Bian
- 943–961 : Empress Zhong, empress to Li Jing
- 961–965 : Queen Zhou the Elder, first queen to Li Yu
- 968–975 : Queen Zhou the Younger, second queen to Li Yu
Later Jin
- 941–942 : Empress Li, empress to Shi Jingtang
- 943–946 : Empress Feng, empress to Shi Chonggui
Yin
- 943 – ? : Empress Zhang, empress to Wang Yanzheng
Later Han
- 947–948 : Empress Li, empress to Liu Zhiyuan
Later Zhou
- 954–956 : Empress Fu the Elder, first empress to Chai Rong
- 959–959 : Empress Fu the Younger, second empress to Chai Rong
Northern Han
- ? – 968 : Empress Guo, empress to Liu Jun
- 968 – ? : Empress Ma, empress to Liu Jiyuan
Song Dynasty
- 960–963 : Empress Wang, first empress to Emperor Taizu of Song
- 968–976 : Empress Song, second empress to Emperor Taizu of Song
- 984–997 : Empress Li, empress to Emperor Taizong of Song
- 997–1007 : Empress Guo, first empress to Emperor Zhenzong of Song
- 1012–1022 : Empress Liu, second empress to Emperor Zhenzong of Song
- 1024–1033 : Empress Guo, first empress to Emperor Renzong of Song
- 1034–1063 : Empress Cao, second empress to Emperor Renzong of Song
- 1065–1067 : Empress Gao, empress to Emperor Yingzong of Song
- 1068–1085 : Empress Xiang, empress to Emperor Shenzong of Song
- 1092–1096 : Empress Meng, first empress to Emperor Zhezong of Song
- 1099–1100 : Empress Liu, second empress to Emperor Zhezong of Song
- 1100–1108 : Empress Wang, first empress to Emperor Huizong of Song
- 1111–1126 : Empress Zheng, second empress to Emperor Huizong of Song
- 1126–1127 : Empress Zhu, empress to Emperor Qinzong of Song
- 1127–1139 : Empress Xing, first empress to Emperor Gaozong of Song
- 1143–1162 : Empress Wu, second empress to Emperor Gaozong of Song
- 1162–1167 : Empress Xia, first empress to Emperor Xiaozong of Song
- 1167–1189 : Empress Xie, second empress to Emperor Xiaozong of Song
- 1189–1194 : Empress Li Fengniang, empress to Emperor Guangzong of Song
- 1194–1200 : Empress Han, first empress to Emperor Ningzong of Song
- 1200–1224 : Empress Yang, second empress to Emperor Ningzong of Song
- 1227–1264 : Empress Xie Daoqing, empress to Emperor Lizong of Song
- 1267–1274 : Empress Quan, empress to Emperor Duzong of Song
Yuan Dynasty
- 1260–1281 : Chabi, first empress to Kublai Khan
- 1283–1294 : Nambui, second empress to Kublai Khan
- 1295–1307 : Bulugan, empress to Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan
- 1310–1311 : Zhenge, empress to Külüg Khan, Emperor Wuzong of Yuan
- 1313–1320 : Radnashiri, empress to Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, Emperor Renzong of Yuan
- 1321–1323 : Sugabala, empress to Gegeen Khan, Emperor Yingzong of Yuan
- 1324–1328 : Babukhan Khatun, empress to Yesün Temür Khan, Emperor Taiding of Yuan
- 1328–1329 : Budashiri, empress to Jayaatu Khan, Emperor Wenzong of Yuan
- 1329–1329 : Babusha, empress to Khutughtu Khan, Emperor Mingzong of Yuan
- 1329–1332 : Budashiri (second time), empress to Jayaatu Khan, Emperor Wenzong of Yuan
- 1332–1332 : Daliyetemishi, empress to Rinchinbal Khan, Emperor Ningzong of Yuan
- 1333–1335 : Danashri, first empress to Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan
- 1337–1365 : Bayan Khutugh, second empress to Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan
- 1340–1370 : Empress Gi, third empress to Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan
Ming Dynasty
- 1368–1382 : Empress Ma, empress to the Hongwu Emperor
- 1399–1402 : Empress Ma, empress to the Jianwen Emperor
- 1402–1407 : Empress Xu, empress to the Yongle Emperor
- 1424–1425 : Empress Zhang, empress to the Hongxi Emperor
- 1425–1428 : Empress Hu Shanxiang, first empress to the Xuande Emperor
- 1428–1435 : Empress Sun, second empress to the Xuande Emperor
- 1442–1449 : Empress Qian, empress to the Zhengtong Emperor
- 1449–1452 : Empress Wang, first empress to the Jingtai Emperor
- 1452–1456 : Empress Hang, second empress to the Jingtai Emperor
- 1457–1464 : Empress Qian (second time), empress to the Tianshun Emperor (Zhengtong Emperor)
- 1464–1464 : Empress Wu, first empress to the Chenghua Emperor
- 1464–1487 : Empress Wang, second empress to the Chenghua Emperor
- 1487–1505 : Empress Zhang, empress to the Hongzhi Emperor
- 1506–1521 : Empress Xia, empress to the Zhengde Emperor
- 1522–1528 : Empress Chen, first empress to the Jiajing Emperor
- 1528–1534 : Empress Zhang, second empress to the Jiajing Emperor
- 1534–1547 : Empress Fang, third empress to the Jiajing Emperor
- 1566–1572 : Empress Chen, empress to the Longqing Emperor
- 1578–1620 : Empress Wang Xijie, empress to the Wanli Emperor
- 1621–1627 : Empress Zhang Baozhu, empress to the Tianqi Emperor
- 1628–1644 : Empress Zhou, empress to the Chongzhen Emperor
Southern Ming Dynasty
- 1645–1646 : Empress Zeng, empress to the Longwu Emperor
- 1646–1662 : Empress Wang, empress to the Yongli Emperor
Qing Dynasty
- 1651–1653 : Borjigit, Demoted Empress
- 1654–1661 : Empress Xiaohuizhang
- 1665–1674 : Empress Xiaochengren
- 1677–1678 : Empress Xiaozhaoren
- 1689–1689 : Empress Xiaoyiren
- 1722–1723 : Empress Xiaojingxian
- 1738–1748 : Empress Xiaoxianchun
- 1750–1765 : Ulanara, the Step Empress
- 1796–1797 : Empress Xiaoshurui
- 1801–1820 : Empress Xiaoherui
- 1822–1833 : Empress Xiaoshencheng
- 1833–1840 : Empress Xiaoquancheng
- 1852–1861 : Empress Zhen
- 1872–1875 : Empress Xiaozheyi
- 1889–1908 : Empress Longyu
- 1924–1946 : Wanrong, Empress Xiaokemin
Empress Dowagers
The title of Empress Dowager was not a title automatically given to a former Empress Consort and widow of an Emperor. The title Empress Dowager could be granted a widow of an Emperor even when she had not been the Empress Consort during the reign of her spouse. Therefore, a separate list is given of the Empress Dowagers, which in some cases equals the list of Empress Consorts, and in other cases not.
Han dynasty
- Empress Dowager Lü
- Empress Dowager Bo
- Empress Dowager Dou
- Empress Dowager Wang
- Empress Dowager Shangguan
- Empress Dowager Wang
- Empress Dowager Wang
- Empress Dowager Zhao
- Grand Empress Dowager Fu
- Empress Dowager Ding
- Empress Dowager Wang
- Empress Dowager Yin
- Empress Dowager Ma
- Empress Dowager Dou
- Empress Dowager Deng
- Empress Dowager Yan
- Empress Dowager Liang
- Empress Dowager Dou
- Empress Dowager He
Northern Dynasties
Northern Wei
- Princess Dowager Helan
- Empress Dowager Helian
- Nurse empress dowager
- Empress Dowager Feng(Empress Dowager Wenming)
- Empress Dowager Gao
- Empress Dowager Hu
Tang Dynasty
- 683–690 : Empress Dowager Wu
- 710 : Empress Dowager Wei
- 805–816 : Empress Dowager Wang
- 820–848 : Empress Dowager Guo
- 824–845 : Empress Dowager Wang
- 826–847 : Empress Dowager Xiao
- 846–865 : Empress Dowager Zheng
- 904–906 : Empress Dowager He
Song Dynasty
- Empress Dowager Du
- Empress Dowager Li
- Empress Dowager Liu
- Empress Dowager Yang
- Empress Dowager Cao
- Empress Dowager Gao
- Empress Dowager Xiang
- Empress Dowager Meng
- Empress Dowager Liu
- Empress Dowager Zheng
- Empress Dowager Wei
- Empress Dowager Wu
- Empress Dowager Xie
- Empress Dowager Li
- Empress Dowager Yang
- Empress Dowager Xie
- Empress Dowager Quan
- Empress Dowager Yang
Yuan Dynasty
- Empress Dowager Khongirad
- Empress Dowager Naimans
- Empress Dowager Oirats
- Empress Dowager Khongirad
- Empress Dowager Khongirad
- Empress Dowager Khongirad
- Empress Dowager Khongirad
- Empress Dowager Qi
Ming Dynasty
- Empress Dowager Lü
- Empress Dowager Zhang
- Empress Dowager Sun
- Empress Dowager Wu
- Empress Dowager Qian
- Empress Dowager Zhou
- Empress Dowager Wang
- Empress Dowager Zhang
- Empress Dowager Shao
- Empress Dowager Jiang
- Empress Dowager Chen
- Empress Dowager Li
- Empress Dowager Xie
- Empress Dowager Li
- Empress Dowager Zou
- Empress Dowager Ma
- Empress Dowager Wang
Qing Dynasty
- 1643–1649 : Empress Xiaoduanwen
- 1643–1688 : Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang
- 1661–1663 : Empress Xiaokangzhang
- 1661–1717 : Empress Xiaohuizhang
- 1722–1723 : Empress Xiaogongren
- 1735–1777 : Empress Xiaoshengxian
- 1820–1850 : Empress Xiaoherui
- 1855 : Empress Xiaojingcheng
- 1861–1881 : Empress Dowager Ci'an
- 1861–1908 : Empress Dowager Cixi
- 1908–1913 : Empress Dowager Longyu
Empresses whose titles were granted posthumously
Sui Dynasty
- 581 : Empress Lü Gutao, mother of Emperor Wen of Sui
Song Dynasty
- 961 : Empress Dowager Du, mother of Emperor Taizu of Song and Emperor Taizong of Song
- 960 : Empress He, married to Emperor Taizu of Song
- 976 : Empress Yin, married to Emperor Taizong of Song
- 976 : Empress Fu, married to Emperor Taizong of Song
- 997 : Empress Li, mother of Emperor Zhenzong of Song
- 997 : Princess Pan, married to Emperor Zhenzong of Song
- 1033 : Consort Li, mother of Emperor Renzong of Song
- 1036 : Empress Yang, married to Emperor Zhenzong of Song
- 1054 : Empress Zhang, married to Emperor Renzong of Song
- 1101 : Empress Chen, mother of Emperor Huizong of Song
- 1102 : Empress Zhu, mother of Emperor Zhezong of Song
- 1113 : Empress Mingda, married to Emperor Huizong of Song
- 1121 : Empress Mingzhe, married to Emperor Huizong of Song
- 1159 : Empress Xianren, mother of Emperor Gaozong of Song
- 1162 : Empress Chengmu, married to Emperor Xiaozong of Song
Yuan Dynasty
- 1336 : Mailaiti, mother to Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan
Ming Dynasty and Southern Ming Dynasty
- 1504 : Empress Xiao Su, mother of Chenghua Emperor
- 1566 : Empress Xiao Ke, mother of Longqing Emperor
- 1566 : Empress Xiao Yi Zhuan, married to Longqing Emperor
- 1614 : Empress Xiao Ding, mother of Wanli Emperor
- 1620 : Empress Xiao Jing, mother of Taichang Emperor
- 1644 : Empress Xiao Zhe Jian
- 1644 : Empress Xiao Yi
- 1644 : Empress Xiao Xu
Qing Dynasty
- 1626 : Empress Xiaoliewu
- 1636 : Empress Xiaocigao
- 1660 : Consort Donggo
- 1663 : Empress Xiaokangzhang
- 1777 : Empress Xiaoshengxian
- 1796 : Empress Xiaoyichun
- 1820 : Empress Xiaomucheng
- 1850 : Empress Xiaodexian
- 1855 : Empress Xiaojingcheng
See also
- Chinese nobility
- Ranks of Imperial Consorts in China
- Imperial consorts of Tang China
- Grand empress dowager
- Empress dowager
- Nurse empress dowager
- Consort clan
- List of Chinese monarchs
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