List of Arizona hurricanes

Arizona has been affected by hurricanes on numerous occasions. Usually, these storms originate in the eastern Pacific Ocean, make landfall in the Mexican states of Baja California or Sonora, and dissipate before crossing into the United States. Thus, in most cases, it is only the tropical cyclones' remnant moisture that produces heavy rainfall—and in some occasions, flooding—in portions of Arizona. However, approximately every five years, a tropical cyclone retains sufficient strength to enter the state as a tropical storm or a tropical depression. Arizonans can expect indirect flash floods caused by the remnants of tropical cyclones to occur about every two years.[1]

Tropical cyclones in Arizona are not common, since the predominant wind pattern steers most storms that form in the Eastern Pacific either parallel or away from the Pacific coast of northwestern Mexico. As a result, most storms that could affect Arizona are carried away from the United States, with only 6% of all Pacific hurricanes entering US territory.[2] Not all Arizona hurricanes originate from the Pacific Ocean, however; in July 2008 an Atlantic hurricane named Hurricane Dolly produced rainfall in the eastern portion of the state, and another Atlantic storm reached Arizona as a tropical depression. Many, but not all, of these systems also impacted California.

Despite their rarity, hurricanes are among Arizona's most significant weather makers. In years when Arizona is affected by a tropical cyclone, these can be responsible for up to 25% of the rainfall in areas along the Colorado River. Arizona hurricanes are also responsible for torrential rains in localized areas, with the state's 24-hour rainfall record—11.97 inches (304 mm) of precipitation[3]—occurring during Hurricane Nora's landfall in 1997. The heavy rainfall can trigger extensive flash floods, such as the ones produced by the remnants of Tropical Storm Octave in 1983, or the lingering moisture from Tropical Storm Emilia in 2006.

Climatology

Number of storms affecting Arizona
Month Number of storms
June
2
July
2
August
12
September
21
October
10

Tropical cyclones are not common over Arizona, but on average, a tropical storm or a tropical depression enters the state approximately every five years. However, indirect flash floods caused by the remnants of tropical cyclones are more common, as they tend to occur about every two years.[1]

Storms that approach the southwestern United States, and by extension Arizona, generally form closer to the Mexican shoreline than average, making them more likely to recurve northwards under the influence of an approaching trough. These troughs tend to extend farther to the south during the latter part of the Pacific hurricane season, in the period between late August and early October. These pronounced troughs thus produce a synoptic-scale flow that is conducive to steering hurricanes towards the southwestern United States.[4]

The infusions of tropical moisture from Arizona-bound tropical cyclones can be a significant portion of the rainfall in the region. In years when hurricanes approach Arizona, eastern and northern portions of the state receive on average 6–8% of the monsoon-season precipitation from tropical systems and their remnants. This percentage rises towards the southwestern corner of the state, which can receive up to a quarter of its monsoon-season rainfall from tropical cyclones.[4]

Storms

Tropical storms are one of Arizona's main sources of rainfall, as they infuse the monsoon over the southwestern United States with moisture, producing large-scale floods in occasions.[5] However, all of the storms that have impacted Arizona have formed in the latter parts of the Pacific hurricane season, and only storm remnants have affected the state before August.[2]

Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
Category Wind speeds
Five ≥70 m/s, ≥137 knots
≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h
Four 58–70 m/s, 113–136 knots
130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h
Three 50–58 m/s, 96–112 knots
111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h
Two 43–49 m/s, 83–95 knots
96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h
One 33–42 m/s, 64–82 knots
74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h
Related classifications
Tropical
storm
18–32 m/s, 34–63 knots
39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h
Tropical
depression
≤17 m/s, ≤33 knots
≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h
Chronology of tropical cyclones in Arizona
Storm Peak intensity Season Intensity Date[6]
Unnamed[7] Unknown 1921 Remnant low August 20, 1921
Unnamed[8] Unknown 1921 Tropical depression September 30, 1921
Unnamed[6] Unknown 1926 Remnant low September 20, 1926
Unnamed[6] Unknown 1927 Remnant low September 7, 1927
One[9] Category 1[9] 1929 Tropical depression June 30, 1929
Unnamed[10] Unknown 1935 Tropical storm August 22, 1935
Unnamed[11] Tropical storm[12] 1951 Tropical storm August 3, 1951
Unnamed[11] Category 1[12] 1958 Tropical storm October 6, 1958
Claudia[6] Tropical storm[12] 1962 Tropical storm September 25, 1962
Tillie[10] Tropical storm[12] 1964 Remnant low September 9, 1964
Emily[11] Category 1[12] 1965 Remnant low September 6, 1965
Kirsten[13] Tropical storm[12] 1967 Remnant low September 29, 1967
Katrina[6] Category 1[12] 1967 Tropical storm August 29, 1967
Hyacinth[11] Tropical storm[12] 1968 Tropical depression August 20, 1968
Pauline[14] Category 1[12] 1968 Remnant low October 3, 1968
Norma[6] Tropical storm[12] 1970 Remnant low September 4, 1970
Irene-Olivia[15] Category 3[12] 1971 Remnant low October 1, 1971
Joanne[6] Category 2[12] 1972 Tropical storm October 4, 1972
Kathleen[6] Category 1[12] 1976 Tropical storm September 10, 1976
Liza[16] Category 4[12] 1976 Remnant low October 2, 1976
Doreen[6] Category 1[12] 1977 Tropical storm August 13, 1977
Heather[6] Category 1[12] 1977 Tropical depression October 4, 1977
Octave[6] Tropical storm[12] 1983 Tropical storm September 28, 1983
Norbert[17] Category 4[12] 1984 Tropical depression September 25, 1984
Polo[18] Category 3[12] 1984 Remnant low October 3, 1984
Raymond[11] Category 3[12] 1989 Tropical depression October 5, 1989
Boris[19] Category 1[12] 1990 Remnant low[19] June 11, 1990
Lester[11] Category 1[20] 1992 Tropical storm August 22, 1992
Hilary[21] Category 3[12] 1993 Remnant low August 27, 1993
Flossie[22] Category 1[12] 1995 Remnant low August 11, 1995
Ismael[11] Category 1[12] 1995 Remnant low September 15, 1995
Nora[6] Category 4[12] 1997 Tropical storm September 25, 1997
Frank[23] Tropical storm[12] 1998 Remnant low August 9, 1998
Isis[24] Category 1[12] 1998 Remnant low September 5, 1998
Olivia[25] Tropical storm[12] 2000 Remnant low October 11, 2000
Juliette[26] Category 4[12] 2001 Remnant low October 3, 2001
Ignacio[27] Category 2[12] 2003 Remnant low August 25, 2003
Marty[11] Category 2[12] 2003 Remnant low September 22, 2003
Javier[28] Category 4[12] 2004 Remnant low September 20, 2004
Emilia[29] Tropical storm[12] 2006 Remnant low July 25, 2006
John[30] Category 4[12] 2006 Remnant low September 5, 2006
Henriette[31] Category 1[12] 2007 Remnant low September 6, 2007
Dolly[16] Category 2[12] 2008 Remnant low July 28, 2008
Julio[32] Tropical storm[12] 2008 Remnant low August 25, 2008
Jimena[33] Category 4[12] 2009 Remnant low September 5, 2009
Norbert[34] Category 3[35] 2014 Remnant low September 8, 2014
Odile[36] Category 4[37] 2014 Remnant low September 17, 2014

Storm systems

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Arizona
Highest known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref
Rank mm in
1 305.1 12.01 Nora 1997 Harquahala Mountains [38]
2 304.8 12.00 Octave 1983 Mount Graham [38]
3 210.8 8.30 Heather 1977 Nogales [38]
4 178.1 7.01 Doreen 1977 Yuma Valley [38]
5 177.8 7.00 Javier 2004 Walnut Creek [38]
6 155.0 6.09 Norbert 2014 Chandler [39]
7 133.9 5.27 Lester 1992 Irving [38]
8 117.1 4.61 TD Sixteen-E 2015 Dan Saddle [40]
9 96.0 3.78 Raymond 1989 Santa Rita Experiment Range [38]
10 83.3 3.28 Boris 1990 Santa Rita Experiment Range [38]

Several of these tropical cyclones have caused deaths or heavy property damage, usually due to flooding caused by rain.

Before 1960

Records of tropical cyclones in the East Pacific before 1950 are sparse, but there were still several storms that produced rainfall over Arizona in this period.

1960s

1970s

The rainfall produced by Hurricane Heather was concentrated along the United States–Mexico border.

1980s

Rainfall due to Tropical Storm Octave throughout its track

The 1980s saw destructive tropical cyclones pass through the state, as was the case with the previous decade.

1990s

During the 1990s, several tropical systems affected Arizona even after losing all tropical characteristics. However, two hurricanes survived long enough to reach Arizona while still considered tropical systems.

2000s

Hurricane Javier produced heavy precipitation in Arizona.

The last decade saw no storms reach Arizona while retaining tropical characteristics; however, numerous remnant lows caused heavy rainfall and flooding throughout the state.

2010s

See also

References

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