Senator for life

A senator for life is a member of the senate or equivalent upper chamber of a legislature who has life tenure. As of 2016, six Italian Senators out of 321, four out of the 47 Burundian Senators and all members of the British House of Lords (apart from the 26 Lords Spiritual appointed until retirement at the age of 70) have lifetime tenure (although Lords can choose to resign or retire or can be expelled in cases of misconduct). Several South American countries once granted lifetime membership to former presidents but have since abolished the practice.

Italy

Overview

In Italy, a Senatore a vita is a member of the Italian Senate appointed by the President of the Italian Republic "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". Former Presidents of the Republic are ex officio senators for life.

A limit of five senators for life, excluding former Presidents, is established by the Italian constitution, though there is a still unresolved debate as to whether five is the maximum allowed total number of senators for life, or if each President of the Republic has the right to name five senators for life. Until 1984 the former interpretation was considered correct, but in that year President Sandro Pertini applied the latter interpretation of the Constitution, and since then no measures have been taken to clarify the situation, made even more important by the key role senators for life had during the second Prodi Government. They have the same powers of elected senators, including the right to vote and be elected to the Presidency of the Senate. In addition, their mandate does not end with the dissolution of a Senate, allowing them to sit in any elected Senate for their whole lifetime. However, in 1992, with the Presidency of Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, the first interpretation was restored and followed by the successive Presidents, that elected five senators each, taking care that there were a maximum of five appointed senators in office in the same time.

Every President of the Italian Republic has made at least one appointment of a senator for life, with the exception of Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (since in his term they were more than five). Recent President Giorgio Napolitano appointed Professor Mario Monti on November 9, 2011 and conductor Claudio Abbado, researcher Elena Cattaneo, architect Renzo Piano and Nobel-laureate physicist Carlo Rubbia on August 30, 2013. The president who appointed the highest number of senators for life was Luigi Einaudi, who made eight appointments during his term.

List of Italian senators for life

As of 16 January 2016, there are six life senators in office:

• two ex officio senator for life:
  • Carlo Azeglio Ciampi – 95 years old.
  • Giorgio Napolitano – 90 years old.^[1]
• four appointed senators for life:
  • Elena Cattaneo – 53 years old;
  • Mario Monti – 72 years old;
  • Renzo Piano – 78 years old;
  • Carlo Rubbia – 81 years old.

Former senators for life:

Burundi

In Burundi, former heads of state serve in the Senate for life. At present there are four of these: Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, Sylvestre Ntibantunganya, Pierre Buyoya, and Domitien Ndayizeye.^[4][5]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

The 2006 constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo grants lifetime membership in the Senate to former Presidents of the Republic.^[6] As of 2011, there are no former presidents alive.

The 1964 Congolese constitution also provided for life membership in the Senate for former Presidents.^[7]

Paraguay

Former Presidents of the Republic, except for those who were impeached from office, are granted the speaking-but-non-voting position of senator for life.^[8]

Rwanda

The Rwandan constitution permits former Presidents of the country to become members of the Senate if they wish, by submitting a request to the Supreme Court.^[9]

Former systems

Canada

In a manner reminiscent of the British parliament, members of the Canadian Senate were appointed for life. Since the Constitution Act, 1965, however, senators must retire upon reaching the age of 75. Though senators appointed before the amendment were grandfathered in by the legislation, there are no longer any lifetime senators present in the Canadian Senate. Orville Howard Phillips, the last senator for life, resigned his seat in 1999.

France

In France, during the Third Republic, the Senate was composed of 300 members, 75 of which were inamovible ("unremovable"). Introduced in 1875, the status was abolished for new senators in 1884, but maintained for those already in office. Émile Deshayes de Marcère, the last surviving sénateur inamovible, died in 1918. Overall there had been 116 lifetime senators.^[10]

In 2005, there was questioning about the status of former Presidents of the Republic. According to the constitution of the Fifth Republic, former presidents are de jure members of the Constitutional Council, which poses a problem of possible partiality. Some members of Parliament and commentators suggested that it should be replaced by a life membership in the Senate.^[11][12] This proposal was, however, not enacted.

Romania

The 1923 Constitution instituted the membership by right (senator de drept) in the Senate for:

• the heir to the throne
• Metropolitan bishops and diocesan bishops of the Orthodox and Greek-Catholic churches
• heads of state-recognised religious bodies
• the president of the Romanian Academy
• former presidents of the Council of Ministers
• former ministers with at least six years’ seniority
• former presidents of either legislative chamber who held this function for at least eight ordinary sessions
• former senators and deputies elected to at least ten legislatures, irrespective of their duration
• former presidents of the High Court of Cassation and Justice
• reserve and retired generals
• former presidents of the National Assemblies at Chişinău, Cernăuţi and Alba Iulia, which proclaimed their respective provinces’ union with Romania in 1918 (see Union of Transylvania with Romania, Union of Bessarabia with Romania)

The membership by right was maintained under the 1938 Constitution and it was abolished together with the Senate on July 15, 1946, by the Communist Party-dominated government of Petru Groza.

The current constitution of Romania, although it re-established the bicameral parliament in 1991, did not reinstate the office of senator by right.

South and Central America

The constitutions of a number of countries in South America have granted former presidents the right to be senator for life (senador vitalicio), possibly recalling the entirely unelected Senate of Simón Bolívar's theory (see Bolivar's tricameralism). Most of these countries have since excised these provisions as they are increasingly seen as antidemocratic. The Constitution of Paraguay still has such a provision. Former presidents are permitted to speak but not vote. Probably the most familiar case is that of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet (1998–2002) whose parliamentary immunity protected him from prosecution for human rights violations until the Chilean Supreme Court revoked it in 2000.

• In Venezuela, lifetime Senate seats existed from 1961 to 1999. The former Presidents who held this position were: Rómulo Betancourt (1964–1981), Raúl Leoni (1969–1972), Rafael Caldera (1974–1994, 1999), Carlos Andrés Pérez (1979–1989, 1994–1996), Luis Herrera Campins (1984–1999) and Jaime Lusinchi (1989–1999). The Venezuelan Senate was abolished with the 1999 constitution.
• In Peru, the practice was extant from 1979 to 1993. Francisco Morales Bermúdez, Fernando Belaúnde Terry and Alan García Pérez were the only lifetime senators until the abolition of the senate in 1993 and the introduction of a unicameral parliament.
• In Chile, under the 1980 Constitution, two ex-Presidents have become senators-for-life: Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1998–2002) and Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (2000–2006).^[13] The provision was abolished by constitutional reforms in 2005.
• In Nicaragua, the 1974 Constitution granted lifetime membership in that country's Senate to former Presidents of the Republic.^[14]

Brazil

The senators of the Empire of Brazil were appointed for lifetime (1826–1889). The emperor appointed the senator for each constituency from a list of three, indirectly elected, candidates. For details, see Senate of Brazil: History

There were about 250 senators of the Empire of Brazil. For the list of senators, see pt:Lista de senadores do Brasil

Peru

Under its 1979 Constitution, José Luis Bustamante y Rivero, Fernando Belaúnde Terry and Alan García Pérez were the only ones to hold that position, before the adoption of the Constitution of 1993, which eliminated the Senate and established a unicameral Congress.

Somalia

A variation of the "senator for life" theme existed in the Somali Republic (1960–1969). While the 1960 constitution did not provide for a senate (the legislature, known as the National Assembly, was unicameral), it did grant lifetime membership in the legislature to ex-Presidents of the Republic.^[15]

See also

• Lords Spiritual
• Lords Temporal
• Term limits
• List of Senators for life in Italy

Notes

External links

• Senato.it: Senatori a vita (Italian) — Italian lifetime senators (February 2013)