libjpeg

libjpeg

Developer(s)	Independent JPEG Group
Initial release	October 7, 1991 (1991-10-07)
Stable release	9b / January 17, 2016 (2016-01-17)
Development status	active
Written in	C
Operating system	Cross-platform
Type	library
License	Custom BSD-like (free software)
Website	ijg.org

libjpeg is a widely used free library with functions for handling the JPEG image data format. It implements a JPEG codec (encoding and decoding) alongside various utilities for handling JPEG data. It is written in C and distributed as free software together with its source code under the terms of a custom permissive (BSD-like) free software license, which basically demands attribution. The original variant is maintained and published by the Independent JPEG Group (IJG). Meanwhile, there are several mostly compatible forks with additional features like for example increased coding efficiency.

JPEG JFIF images are widely used on the Web. The amount of compression can be adjusted to achieve the desired trade-off between file size and visual quality.^[1]

Utilities

The following utility programs are shipped together with libjpeg:

cjpeg and djpeg,

for performing conversions between JPEG and some other popular image file formats,

rdjpgcom and wrjpgcom,

for inserting and extracting textual comments in JPEG files, and

jpegtran

a utility for transformation of existing JPEG files.

jpegtran

jpegtran transforms JPEG data without reencoding
(here with user interface CropGUI)

The command-line program jpegtran provides several features for reformatting and recoding the representation of the DCT coefficients, for transformation of actual image data and for discarding auxiliary data in JPEG files, respectively. The transformations regarding the representation of the coefficients comprise:

• optimisation of the Huffman coding layer of a JPEG file to increase compression and
• conversion between progressive and sequential JPEG formats as well as
• conversion between Huffman and Arithmetic coding in the entropy coding layer.^[2][3][4]

These transformations are each completely lossless and reversible. The transformations on the image data comprise:

• eliminate non-standard application-specific data inserted by some image programs, or
• to perform certain transformations on a file, such as:
  • discarding of colour channels (conversion to greyscale),
  • rotating and flipping in steps of 90 degrees,
  • cropping at image block borders (every 8×8 or 16×16 pixels), and
  • rescaling.^[5]

These are lossless and reversible only regarding the image data that is kept. Reencoding with repeated lossy quantisation of the image data (generation loss) does not take place.

There is an associated Windows application, Jpegcrop, which provides a user interface to jpegtran. For Unix-like systems like GNU/Linux there is the free CropGUI with similar functionality. More programs supporting JPEG lossless transformation functions based on the IJG code are given on the Lossless Applications List.

History

The JPEG implementation of the Independent JPEG Group (IJG) was first publicly released on the 7th of October 1991, and has been considerably developed since that time. The development was initially mainly done by Tom Lane. The Open Source software implementation of the IJG was one of the major Open Source packages, and was key to the success of the JPEG standard. many companies incorporated it into a variety of products such as image editors and web browsers.^[6]

For version 5, which was released on the 24th of September 1994, the whole code base was rewritten. It introduced the utility programs rdjpgcom and wrjpgcom for handling embedded text comments. The version 6 from the 2nd of August 1995 came with support for progressive JPEG and for the first time with the utility program jpegtran. This utility was extended with features to rotate and flip images and grayscale reduction in version 6b.

From version 6b of libjpeg of March 27, 1998, Miyasaka Masaru forked a branch named libjpeg/SIMD which included x86 SIMD optimisations. It got substantial contributions from the TigerVNC and the VirtualGL projects in 2009. On that basis the libjpeg-turbo project was created in 2010.^[7]

After eleven years and a change in leadership, the IJG released new versions of libjpeg (7 through 9), of which each broke ABI compatibility with previous versions.^[8] The changes that were held in prospect after the 6x series were not delivered.^[9] In version 7, support for arithmetic coding was introduced, which earlier has been rejected because of the patent situation, as well as the crop feature in jpegtran (-crop).^[9] Versions 8 and 9 served basically for the introduction of controversial^[10] incompatible format extensions. These are widely regarded as ineffective and inferior to existing, standardised solutions.^[11][12] Their standardisation was rejected after submission to the ITU-T. The original organiser Tom Lane and others talk about a break in the goals of the IJG.

On March 4, 2014, the first version of the filesize-optimising fork mozjpeg was published. For this version Josh Aas from Mozilla Research reworked the Perl script jpegcrush from x264's main developer Loren Merritt and integrated it into the code base of libjpeg-turbo.^[13] On July 10, Mozilla released version 2.0 which mainly added Trellis quantisation and is now able to reduce the size of baseline JPEGs, also. Facebook, Inc. donated 60.000 dollars for the development of the next version^[14] and CloudFlare assigned a developer for the improvement of mozjpeg.^[15]

Summary

There are currently two conditions which trigger a major version bump of the JPEG library:

1. New types of files can be created which are not compatible with prior releases, and
2. Changes in the master records which break the binary compatibility (usually addition of entries for new functions).

In all major upgrades since v6 both conditions 1. and 2. came together, while the source compatibility (API) could largely be retained.

For version 7 both conditions were different subjects (arith_code entry already existed), other versions are same subject.

Timeline

Forks

More well-known forks are libjpeg-turbo, which optimises for speed of execution, and mozjpeg, which optimises for smaller file sizes. Beside these there is also a libjpeg from the ISO, which aims to be a complete implementation of all JPEG 1 standards.^[20]

libjpeg-turbo

libjpeg

Developer(s)	libjpeg-turbo Project
Initial release	2010 (2010)
Stable release	1.4.2 / September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)
Development status	active
Website	libjpeg-turbo.org

libjpeg-turbo is a fork of libjpeg that uses SIMD instructions to accelerate baseline JPEG encoding and decoding. Many projects are now using libjpeg-turbo instead of libjpeg, including popular GNU/Linux distributions (Fedora, Debian, Mageia, openSUSE, ...), Mozilla, and Chrome.^[21][22][23] Apart from performance, some projects have chosen to use libjpeg-turbo because it allows them to retain backward ABI compatibility with the older libjpeg v6b release.^[24] libjpeg v7, v8 and v9 broke ABI compatibility with prior releases.^[8]

libjpeg-turbo can be configured to be compatible with the libjpeg v7 or v8 ABI, but it does not implement the complete set of features in recent IJG releases, including the SmartScale format extension.^[25] The libjpeg-turbo Project has chosen not to support SmartScale, citing concerns regarding the fact that it is not an ITU-T standard and citing their own research that questions the usefulness of the feature. By extension, since the only major new feature in libjpeg v9 is specific to the SmartScale format, the libjpeg-turbo Project has chosen to forgo emulating libjpeg v9.^[11] Therefore, SmartScale files created by libjpeg v8 and later will not be decompressed correctly by libjpeg-turbo.

mozjpeg

libjpeg

mozjpeg tries several partitionings of the spectrum of DCT coefficients
Developer(s)	Mozilla Research
Initial release	March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)
Stable release	3.1 / May 18, 2015 (2015-05-18)
Development status	active
Website	github.com/mozilla/mozjpeg

mozjpeg is a fork from libjpeg-turbo done by Josh Aas and others from Mozilla Research. It aims to speed up loading times of webpages by achieving a reduction in file size (of about 10 %) and therefore transmission time through improvement of coding efficiency at unchanged image quality. To achieve this, it uses more processing power for the encoding (asymmetry) while retaining full compatibility with the JPEG standard and requiring no changes on the decoder side. It is actually done by optimising Huffman trees, using progressive coding with optimised splitting of the spectrum of DCT coefficients into separate scans and through the use of Trellis quantisation. Additionally, the presets are aggressively tuned towards the minimisation of file sizes. Besides libjpeg-turbo, mozjpeg builds also on jpegcrush, a Perl script by Loren Merritt.^[13][26]

See also

• Lossless editing

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to libjpeg.

• Website of the Independent JPEG Group
• JPEG FAQs
• JPEGclub – Additional features for libjpeg
• Binary package of libjpeg for Windows (at GnuWin32 in SourceForge.net)
• libjpeg-turbo, an ABI-/API-compatible fork of libjpeg that uses x86 SIMD instructions to achieve a substantial speedup over the reference implementation.
• mozjpeg, the filesize-optimising fork
• Josh Aas, Robert Nyman; August 2014: Using mozjpeg to Create Efficient JPEGs – practical overview over mozjpeg